双抗夹心ELISA检测小鹅瘟病毒的研究

采用双抗夹心ELISA方法快速检测样品中的小鹅瘟病毒。结果表明,该方法特异性较好,灵敏度可达0.7412μg/mL。该方法可以用于鹅细小病毒(GPV)的临床诊断及样品中有效抗原组分的检测,结果准确、快速、重复性好,且EL1SA效价与AGP效价具有相关性。     

小鹅瘟和雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎二联PCR检测试剂盒组装和初步应用

本试验旨在研制小鹅瘟和雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎二联PCR检测试剂盒,观察临床应用效果。根据小鹅瘟和鹅病毒性肠炎基因序列,设计合成一对特异性引物,对PCR反应条件进行优化,并分别对试剂盒的特异性、敏感性、重复性和保存期进行研究,之后进行临床扩大试验。该二联PCR诊断试剂盒能扩增出预期的小鹅瘟375 bp核酸片段和鹅病毒性肠炎223 bp核酸片段,与鸭瘟病毒、鹅副黏病毒无交叉反应;最低能检测到小鹅瘟病毒10⁴ ELD₅₀/mL,雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒2.5×10^-1ELD₅₀;不同批次的试剂盒对同一样品检测结果一致;常温下至少可保存5个月;临床应用效果显著。该二联PCR检测试剂盒能够对小鹅瘟和雏鹅病毒性肠炎早期诊断、流行病学调查和卫生检疫提供了检测手段。     

兔源肺炎克雷伯氏菌重组酶聚合酶扩增检测方法的建立

为建立一种检测兔源肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)重组酶聚合酶扩增方法(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA),根据肺炎克雷伯氏菌的phoE基因保守序列设计引物,扩增片段大小为277 bp,并对反应条件进一步优化,最终建立了适宜于快速准确检测兔源肺炎克雷伯氏菌的重组酶聚合酶等温扩增方法。该方法可特异性检测出兔源肺炎克雷伯氏菌,最低检出细菌量为8.3×10~1 CFU/mL,灵敏度比传统PCR高100倍。本研究建立的肺炎克雷伯氏菌RPA检测方法特异性强、操作简单,从而为生产中的兔源肺炎克雷伯氏菌现场快速检测提供了一种新方法。     

小鹅瘟病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

采用PCR方法扩增GPV VP1基因173 bp的基因片段,克隆到PMD18-T载体上,将纯化后的质粒做为模板,建立扩增反应的标准曲线,最终建立了小鹅瘟病毒(GPV)SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法。该方法检测灵敏性高,可检测2×101拷贝/μL的模板量;特异性好,与鹅副黏病毒、鹅流感病毒、鹅源鸭瘟病毒、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、曲霉菌均不发生交叉反应。建立的GPV荧光定量PCR具有特异性好、敏感度高、检测时间短、结果重复性好等优点,可用于小鹅瘟的临床诊断和流行病学调查。     

小鹅瘟病毒PCR诊断方法的建立及初步应用

为了建立小鹅瘟病毒PCR诊断方法,试验根据GenBank发表的小鹅瘟病毒B株基因序列设计1对VP3基因的特异性引物进行PCR扩增。结果表明:该法能特异性地扩增出406 bp的小鹅瘟病毒VP3基因片段,而对其他病毒基因组DNA均没有扩增出条带;病料中小鹅瘟病毒基因组DNA的最小检测量为2.175 fg/μL;用该法对延边地区疑似小鹅瘟的44只病死雏鹅进行了检测,阳性检出率为91%。     

免疫酶琼脂扩散试验在小鹅瘟诊断中的应用

利用抗小鹅瘟病毒酶标单克隆抗体建立了一种新的诊断方法一免疫酶琼脂扩散试验.该方法在检测小鹅瘟病毒抗原时,灵敏度比常规琼脂扩散试验高256倍左右.可直接检出鹅胚尿囊液及病料组织中的小鹅瘟病毒.15例自然病例肝组织的检验结果与病毒分离结果一致.在检测血清抗小鹅瘟病毒抗体时,灵敏度比常规琼脂扩散试验提高256倍。该方法灵敏、简便、快速、准确,适用于小鹅瘟临床诊断及免疫鹅抗体水平的监测.     

小鹅瘟套式PCR诊断方法的建立及初步应用

本试验根据GenBank发表的小鹅瘟病毒B株基因序列,设计了两对VP3基因的特异性引物,进行PCR扩增,建立了小鹅瘟病毒套式PCR诊断方法,该方法能特异性地扩增出406 bp的小鹅瘟病毒VP3基因片段而对其他病毒基因组DNA均没有扩增出条带。本方法对病料中小鹅瘟病毒基因组DNA的最小检测量为0.02175 fg/μL。通过对延边地区疑似小鹅瘟的80只病死雏鹅进行了检测,阳性检出率为95%。结果表明,本试验建立的小鹅瘟病毒套式PCR诊断方法具有极高的敏感性和特异性且检出率极高,可作为一种有效的临床诊断方法。     

基于VP1基因的小鹅瘟病毒PCR快速检测方法的建立和应用

根据Gen Bank公布的小鹅瘟病毒VP1基因保守序列设计了一对引物,建立了检测小鹅瘟病毒PCR方法,并对其特异性、敏感性进行了研究。该PCR方法对小鹅瘟病毒扩增结果为阳性,对照毒株扩增结果均为阴性;对小鹅瘟病毒检测的灵敏性为1pg总DNA量。以上结果表明,该PCR方法特异性强、敏感性高、简便、快速,可用于小鹅瘟的早期确诊和病毒鉴定。     

小鹅瘟病毒荧光PCR检测方法的建立

依据GenBank小鹅瘟病毒(GPV)的NS基因保守区设计一对特异性引物,利用PCR扩增NS区片段,克隆、测序,采取Taqman探针法,构建小鹅瘟病毒的荧光PCR检测方法.结果表明,该方法检测GPV具有很高的特异性和敏感性,可以用于小鹅瘟病毒的检测.     

鹅细小病毒荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

利用已经分离得到的小鹅瘟病毒GPVSP株,设计合成1对特异性的引物和TaqMan探针,通过特异性试验、敏感性试验建立了GPVTaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法。同时饲养产蛋种鹅,接种小鹅瘟病毒,在不同的时间段采取病料,并且利用荧光定量PCR检测病毒的存在与含量,得到了小鹅瘟病毒在产蛋种鹅体内的定植规律。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.