利用木糖产乙醇酵母菌株的构建

以酿酒酵母缺陷型(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)与黏红酵母(Rhodotorula glutinis)为亲本菌株,分别采用聚乙二醇(PEG)和电击方法进行原生质体融合。对得到的融合细胞进行木糖发酵验证,通过检测发酵液中乙醇的含量,筛选出1株产乙醇的重组酵母菌株。利用该重组酵母进行木糖、葡萄糖共发酵,发酵条件为接种量3%,发酵温度27~30 ℃,pH 5.5~6.5,发酵组分为4%木糖、3%蛋白胨、2%酵母浸粉和12%葡萄糖,发酵周期40 h,结果重组酵母可发酵木糖,木糖消耗速率明显低于葡萄糖,乙醇浓度为72 g/L。     

L-色氨酸生产菌株TPO1发酵条件研究

对L-色氨酸生产基因工程菌TP01发酵的接种量、发酵温度和溶氧等条件进行了研究。结果表明,该菌株的最佳发酵条件初始培养基组成为葡萄糖30 g/L、硫酸铵40 g/L、酪氨酸0.2 g/L、玉米浆25 mL/L、磷酸氢二钾10 g/L、磷酸二氢钾5 g/L、七水硫酸镁2 g/L、硫酸钠0.002 g/L、七水硫酸亚铁0.01 g/L、维生素B1 100 μg/L、维生素H 50 μg/L,流加糖为浓度70%的葡萄糖(质量体积比),pH为7.0,温度为37 ℃,接种量为10%,溶氧控制在20%~30%。     

以菊芋粉为原料同步糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇

利用粟酒裂殖酵母（Schizosaccharomyces pombe）能发酵菊芋未水解糖液高产乙醇的特点提出了以菊芋粉为原料,同步糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇的新工艺。在摇瓶中考察了原料预处理方法、原料浓度和初始pH值对乙醇发酵的影响,进而在5 L发酵罐中考察了未调控pH值和恒定pH值与通气情况对乙醇发酵的影响。结果表明：该菌株最适pH值为4.0;100目筛分的菊芋粉发酵效果良好,115℃灭菌处理优于121℃,在此条件下,菊芋粉浓度200 g/L时,乙醇产量达到66.58 g/L,理论转化率为85.88%;发酵液pH值下降对乙醇发酵没有影响,通入适量氧气会导致乙醇产量的下降,这表明粟酒裂殖酵母进行乙醇发酵时不需要供氧;通入氮气保持厌氧环境不能显著提高乙醇产量,不通气进行乙醇发酵也达到高的转化率,因此在工业生产中,不必保持厌氧发酵环境。在此基础上,对菊芋粉补料发酵进行了试验,补料至菊芋粉终浓度为300 g/L,发酵终点乙醇浓度为94.81 g/L,理论转化率为81.54%。这些研究工作,为以菊芋为原料的燃料乙醇工业化生产提供技术依据。     

甜高粱茎汁固定化酵母乙醇发酵工艺优化的试验研究

以可溶性糖含量为113 g/L的甜高粱茎汁为试验原料,采用响应面法建立了甜高粱茎汁固定化酵母乙醇生产过程中,乙醇产量随温度、pH值和发酵时间变化的二次多项式数学模型.根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优选,以乙醇产量为指标,试验所得甜高粱茎汁固定化酵母乙醇生产优化工艺条件为:温度31.14℃,pH值4.53,发酵时间13.26 h,该条件下乙醇产量为39.51 g/L.并对模型进行了检验,验证了数学模型的有效性.     

利用甜高粱秸秆汁发酵生产丁醇、丙酮

该试验以甜高粱秸秆汁作为生产丙酮、丁醇的发酵原料,从5种丙酮-丁醇菌中选出能够利用甜高粱秸秆汁且丁醇产量高的Bacillus acetobutylicum Bd3菌作为试验菌株,并对该菌株的发酵条件进行优化,得到的优化条件为:糖度为10oBrix的甜高粱秸秆汁,玉米浆含量5 g/L,接种量6%(v/v),(NH4)2SO4 5 g/L,KH2PO4 0.4 g/L,CaCO3 6 g/L,温度32℃,pH6.8,丁醇产量达到10.29 g/L。     

汽爆玉米秸秆同步糖化发酵产乙醇的工艺优化

该文对同步糖化发酵玉米秸秆生产纤维乙醇的工艺条件进行了研究,分别利用单因素试验和正交试验考察了影响发酵的工艺条件。结果显示：温度37℃、pH值4.8、底物15%（质量分数）、表面活性剂Tween-20 0.15%（质量分数）、纤维素酶用量30 U/g、酵母用2%的葡萄糖溶液活化,接种量5‰（相对底物干质量）、培养基的组成：KH2PO4 2.5 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 2.0 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.15 g/L,CaCl2 0.35 g/L、发酵时间60 h为同步糖化发酵（SSF）生产乙醇的最优工艺条件,该条件下乙醇的体积分数为2.85%,乙醇得率达理论值的88.12%。     

卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2培养条件优化及产油特性

前期工作构建了苹果酸转运蛋白基因过表达的卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2,该菌株的脂质含量大幅度提高。该研究从培养基成分筛选、微生物生长控制以及发酵模式等方面深入探讨Mc-MT-2菌株发酵产油脂的调控策略。结果表明,Mc-MT-2菌株最佳生长及产孢培养条件是以葡萄糖与苹果酸为复合碳源且复合配比为9∶1,氮源为胰蛋白胨,其他成分同Kendrick培养基,初始pH值为5。经分批培养获得生物量、脂质含量和脂质产量分别为11.2 g/L,24%和2.6 g/L。在3 L发酵罐扩大培养中,补料培养Mc-MT-2菌株获得生物量、脂质含量和脂质产量最大值为15.4 g/L、28.6%和4.4 g/L,比分批培养分别提高1.38、1.19和1.69倍。该研究为卷枝毛霉重组菌株Mc-MT-2在脂质生产中的进一步应用奠定理论基础。     

高油脂产率微藻的筛选及发酵条件的优化

本研究旨在从自然水域分离、筛选出高油脂产率的微藻藻株,对其生产油脂的发酵条件进行优化,以期为用微藻制备生物柴油的工业化生产打下基础.从不同淡水环境中分离纯化了17株微藻,根据形态特征对这些微藻进行了初步鉴定.比较了其中11株微藻的生物量、油脂含量及油脂产率.从中选取生物量和油脂含量都较高的椭圆栅藻(Scenedesmus ovalternus)、雷氏衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardii)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)3株微藻,研究了光照、温度、pH、碳源、氮源及不同水平碳氮源组合对其比生长速率和油脂产率的影响,结果表明,添加葡萄糖作为碳源时3株微藻生长较快,油脂产率较高;其最适发酵温度为28(2;椭圆栅藻和蛋白核小球藻最适pH为7,而雷氏衣藻最适pH为9;葡萄糖和尿素分别为这3种微藻的最适碳源和氮源.从油脂产率方面考虑,椭圆栅藻的最佳碳、氮源组合为:30g/L葡萄糖和2.1 g/L尿素;蛋白核小球藻的最佳碳、氮源组合为:40 g/L葡萄糖和2.1g/L尿素;雷氏衣藻则为:30/L葡萄糖和1.2g/L尿素.雷氏衣藻和蛋白核小球藻的5 L发酵试验表明,与摇瓶培养相比,发酵培养时间由7 d缩短为5 d,OD540nm分别可达61.2和59.9,而且2株微藻生物量干重分别由11.2 g/L和8.8 g/L提高到26.58 g/L和20.19 g/L,油脂含量分别由20.3%和17.2%提高到23.2%和20.1%,油脂产率分别由0.3248 g/L/d和0.2162 g/L/a提高到1.2333 g/L/d和0.8112 g/L/a.本研究结果表明,从天然水域分离、筛选得到的两株微藻雷氏衣藻(Y7)、蛋白核小球藻(Y9)经过发酵条件优化控制油脂产率分别可达1.2333 g/L/a和0.8112 g/L/a,有望应用于利用微藻制备生物柴油的工业化生产.     

基于~(60)Co-γ射线辐照的木糖乙醇发酵差异性突变菌株筛选及其发酵特性

本研究利用60Co-γ辐射源对树干毕赤酵母CICC1960进行辐照诱变,获取木糖乙醇发酵优良菌株和差异性突变菌株群体,为进一步利用比较基因组学方法深入研究木糖乙醇代谢机制提供菌种材料。经筛选获得7株木糖乙醇转化差异性突变菌株,以乙醇木糖比为指标,可将各突变菌株的发酵能力由高到低排列为:a1、X4、i11、K2、X21、CICC1960、a11、c10,乙醇木糖比均值分别为0.3143、0.3037;0.2911、0.2678、0.2578、0.2311、0.2230、0.1220。其中菌株a1、X4、i11为优良菌株,菌株a1在发酵72h时乙醇产量达到顶峰15.6 g·L-1,高出出发菌株140%,乙醇木糖比高出出发菌株37.9%;菌株X4在发酵60h时乙醇产量达到顶峰15.4 g·L-1,高出出发菌株234.8%,乙醇木糖比高出出发菌株33.1%;菌株i11在发酵60h时乙醇产量达到顶峰14.8 g·L-1,高出出发菌株221.7%,乙醇木糖比高出出发菌株29%。     

生物质气化气发酵生产乙醇优良菌株的筛选

利用农业废弃物合成气发酵生产燃料乙醇不仅可以缓解中国的能源危机,也是减轻环境污染、促进农业可持续发展和改善农村环境的重要举措。该文对实验室富集获得的4个菌系及国内外报道较多的4个菌株发酵生物质合成气生产燃料乙醇的潜力进行了研究。结果表明:菌株LP-fm4、Clostridium sp.P11和A-fm4发酵生物质合成气生产乙醇的净产量分别为179.23、152.92和115.08 mg/L;菌体比生长速率分别为1.46、1.66和1.18d~(-1);乙醇比生成速率分别3.50、2.05和0.78d~(-1),单位菌体生成乙醇的量分别为2252.90、1450.20和1132.37 mg/g,显著高于其他菌株(群)。多重比较分析与综合性状聚类分析结果表明前两者为利用合成气高效发酵乙醇的理想菌体,菌A-fm4为具有潜力菌体。以期为未来农业废弃物合成气乙醇发酵提供了优良的菌种资源。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.