豫南罗索线虫感染库蚊、伊蚊和阿蚊的实验研究

试验的伊蚊、库蚊和阿蚊,对豫南罗索线虫均表现敏感,当蚊幼与线幼虫数之比为1:5时,4种伊蚊的感染率均在95％以上;致倦库蚊和三带喙库蚊的感染率分别为98.6％和97.1％,骚扰阿蚊为66.4％。线虫在蚊体内发育良好,感染度亦较高,表明此线虫具有应用前景。     

旌德罗索线虫野外防治按蚊的效果

2004-2006年对室内培养旌德罗索线虫Romanomermis jingdeensis进行了室内和野外防治按蚊效果试验。结果表明,室内培养的旌德罗索线虫对室内培养和野生按蚊孑孓（主要是中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的幼虫）均有很强的感染能力,野外释放的最高表观感染率可高达75%,实际的一、二龄孑孓的被感染率则高于90%,达到了理想的控蚊效果。基于试验结果提出旌德罗索线虫野外释放条件是：设立天敌保护性措施,每亩水体设立释放点20个,释放线虫约100g,释放期间不宜施用化肥、农药等线虫致死化学制剂。     

低温贮存罗索线虫寄生前期幼虫效果观察

本文报道不同温度下罗索线虫寄生前期幼虫可存活的时间。试验表明，在－２～２℃温度下贮存５天，９０％以上的线虫幼虫能保持其感染蚊幼虫的能力。而在２６～２８℃和１６～１８℃下，９０％的线虫仅能存活１天和２天。低温贮存方法可延长线虫的寿命并保持其感染力。     

四川罗索线虫对中华按蚊幼虫自然感染的观察

在乐山四川罗索线虫自5至12月寄生于中华按蚊幼虫,感染率为0.36～43.33％,以6、7 月最高.感染强度为1～8条。5～10月,月平均温度17～24℃是线虫繁殖和侵入的适宜时期。8℃(12月份)以下虽不能侵入,但可在宿主体内寄生。     

异小杆线虫D_1对迟眼蕈蚊侵染力的研究

本文报道6个昆虫病原线虫品系对危害韭菜的迟眼(?)蚊的侵染力,以Heoerorhabditissp.D_1的侵染力为最高。室内试验表明,当沙土中D_1线虫与裸露的迟眼(?)蚊幼虫的比为15:1时,幼虫死亡率可达81.8％.盆栽试验中益害比为38:1时,由于该幼虫大部分在韭菜茎内为害,寄生率仅35.1％,但对茎外的蛹寄生率可达82.7％.     

球形芽孢杆菌在死蚊幼体内的再循环及其对持效期的影响

球形芽孢杆菌Ｃ３┐４１杀蚊幼实验制剂对３～４龄致倦库蚊和大劣按蚊幼虫有较强的毒性,其４８小时的ＬＣ５０值分别为０．００７９５和０．９８５００ｍｇ／Ｌ。蚊幼虫死亡后,球形芽孢杆菌芽孢能在死蚊幼体内正常萌发、繁殖和发育,并产生有杀蚊活性的芽孢和晶体混合物。在含有死蚊幼虫的处理组,两种蚊幼虫的死亡率２０天内一直维持在９５％以上;在无死蚊幼的对照组,大劣按蚊幼虫１４天后的死亡率下降为０,致倦库蚊幼虫２０天后的死亡率下降到１０％以下。证明经球形芽孢杆菌处理致死的蚊幼尸体可以延长制剂在水体中的持效期     

寄生稻褐飞虱的二种索线虫的识别

据调查,目前我国寄生于稻褐飞虱Nilapar vata的索线虫有两种。一种属于两索属(Amphimermis)。另一种属于多索属(Agamermis)。由于这两种线虫从幼虫到成虫在外形上差别不大,容易将两者混淆。索线虫从褐飞虱体内脱出者为寄生后期幼虫,无明显的辩别特征。因此,首先得鉴别该线虫是否成熟。成熟阶段者雌虫的阴门及体内的生殖器官,如阴道、子宫等清晰可     

江苏进出口园林植物寄生线虫调查及检疫处理技术

1997－1998年，对南京口岸进口的荷兰、加拿大、美国、韩国、台湾和香港等国家和地区41批（次）园林植物检疫中，1次截获鳞球茎类线虫、19交截获咖啡短体线虫、草莓芽叶线虫、克鲁克剑线虫、毛刺尾线虫、南方根结线虫、花生根结线虫、北方根结线虫和其它根结线虫等，进口的园林植物中危险性疫情发生率高达34％。对江苏5个主要出口园林植物生长基地进行的植物寄生线虫种类调查，在59种经常性出口的园林植物中，发现27属植物寄生线虫，其中已鉴定出13种。对红花木莲苗上的南方根结线虫、牡丹苗上的腐烂茎线虫进行的检疫处理试验表明，用几种农药混配的处理液加热后处理植物的根部，可以有效地杀死这两种植物寄生线虫，保证货物安全出口。     

武昌罗索线虫线粒体基因组分析

采用滚环复制和两步长PCR扩增相结合的方法,成功测出武昌罗索线虫Romanomermis wuchangensis线粒体基因组全序列。序列的注释和分析结果表明,武昌罗索线虫线粒体基因组序列全长为14832bp,共有12个蛋白质基因、2个rRNA基因、23个tRNA基因和一段富含AT的D-loop区。与GenBank中现有的6种索科线虫序列对比,结果表明索科线虫线粒体基因组具有以下特点：①线粒体基因排列顺序各不相同;②部分线虫（包括种内）线粒体基因存在重复现象,且重复次数不同;③线粒体长度存在很大差异（14~26kb）。     

陕西省棉田主要线虫类群对棉花枯萎病发生影响的研究

 通过田间调查发现我省棉田的主要线虫类群有:植物外寄生线虫;小杆目线虫;具有吻针非植物寄生线虫等3种大类群。1985-1987年田间及温室盆栽试验,证明外寄生加洲螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchuscaliformicus)可加重棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxyspotium f.vasinfectum)对棉花的为害程度;小杆目线虫和具有吻针的非植物寄生线虫同棉花枯萎病菌无复合侵染作用。田间防治试验表明,杀线剂通过降低田间寄生线虫的数量,减轻棉花枯萎病的为害,而对棉花枯萎病菌无抑制作用。     

Resistance levels of nine mosquito species to 4% DDT in Phnom Penh, Kampuchea.

According to the standard WHO method criteria, the mosquitoes Anopheles campestris and Culex vishnui were found to be susceptible to DDT in the territory of Phnom Penh. An. vagus and An. sinensis were approximately at the limit of susceptibility and the remaining five species (Aedes vexans, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus) were found to be more or less resistant. Except for An. vagus, the males of all species were more susceptible than the females.     

满江红对蚊虫孳生影响的实验室研究

本实验表明,水面完全覆盖满江红能阻止凶小库蚊、淡色库蚊、致倦库蚊在其中产卵,即便1/2—2/3水面覆盖满江红也可明显减少雌蚊在其中产卵,但这对中华按蚊产卵的影响不明显。水面完全覆盖满江红对后者4龄幼虫和蛹的发育羽化则有显著的不利影响。不少国家在稻田放养满江红作为改良土壤的有机肥源,因而它有可能利用为防治稻田蚊幼孳生的措施之一。     

稻田放养满江红对蚊虫孳生影响的初步观察

实验室笼内研究表明,容器水面覆盖细绿萍可阻止库蚊在其中产卵,但对中华按蚊产卵无显著作用。1987年在湖南桂东县对放养细绿萍的稻田观察结果,库蚊(主要是三带喙库蚊)幼虫密度明显比对照田为低,而且随着覆盖面积比例扩大而下降率愈大,当覆盖面积达到95％时,平均下降率达78.96％,但对按蚊幼虫密度下降率甚微,这与实验室观察结果相符。在桂东县,养萍稻田每亩可收鲜萍1500-2000公斤,可用作禽畜饲料或其他作物基肥。养萍稻田也可使稻谷增产8％左右。由于养萍既可减少库蚊幼虫孳生,也有较好的经济效益,是在稻田蚊虫综合治理中值得采用的方法之一。     

Insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes in China

Because of their special behaviour, physiology and close relationship with humans, mosquitoes act as one of the most important vectors of human diseases, such as filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue and malaria. The major vector mosquitoes are members of the Culex, Aedes and Anopheles genera. Insecticides play important roles in agricultural production and public health, especially in a country with a huge human population, like China. Large quantities of four classes of insecticides, organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids, are applied annually to fields or indoors in China, directly or indirectly bringing heavy selection pressure on vector populations. The seven major species of vector mosquito in China are the Culex pipiens L. complex, C. tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Anopheles sinensis Wied., A. minimus Theobald, A. anthropophagus Xu & Feng, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Ae. aegypti L., and all have evolved resistance to all the above types of insecticide except the carbamates. The degree of resistance varies among mosquito species, insecticide classes and regions. This review summarizes the resistance status of these important vector mosquitoes, according to data reported since the 1990s, in order to improve resistance management and epidemic disease control, and to communicate this information from China to the wider community.     

八种蚊幼虫对苏云金杆菌H-14的敏感性测定

进行了苏云金杆菌H—14对我国8种重要病媒蚊种,即3株埃及伊蚊、6株白纹伊蚊、黄斑伊蚊、淡色库蚊、致倦库蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊及嗜人按蚊的幼虫的毒力测定,从24小时结果可看出,淡色库蚊最敏感,其次是白纹伊蚊的宜兴株和广东海南株,LC_(50)分别为52.5,57.0和64.5国际毒力单位/立升水,最不敏感的是嗜人按蚊和中华按蚊。对嗜人按蚊24小时LC_(50)约为48小时的5倍,别的蚊种则的为2倍。     

稻飞虱多索线虫的发生与生境

1982～1984年对寄生稻飞虱的多索线虫在浙江省宁波地区的分布进行了调查。结果表明:平原、丘陵、沿海以至海拔800米山区稻田都有多索线虫的存在。其宿主有褐稻虱等6种,寄生率28.6～88.9％,是稻飞虱的重要寄生性天敌。多索线虫的适宜生境为:一般稻田有机质含量3％以上,pH 5.5～6.5,质地中粘土或轻粘土,田间湿度较高。     

Insecticidal activity of menthol derivatives against mosquitoes

BACKGROUND: The insecticidal activity of essential oil of Mentha piperita L. emend. Huds. against local mosquitoes as disease vectors was recognized and found to be due to the presence of menthol, which is the major aroma compound of the oil. The minor compounds of the oil, i.e. menthone, beta-caryophyllene, menthyl acetate, limonene, alpha-pinene and pulegone, showed either less or no activity against the mosquitoes tested. L-Menthol derivatives were synthesized and their knockdown effect and mortality were evaluated against local mosquitoes of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Aedes aegypti L. and Anopheles tessellatus Theobald as disease vectors. This is the first report of mosquitocidal activity of menthol and its derivatives against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. tessellatus. RESULTS: Derivative synthesis followed by structure-activity relationship studies identified several derivatives, i.e. menthyl chloroacetate, menthyl dichloroacetate, menthyl cinnamate, menthone glyceryl acetal, thymol, alpha-terpineol and mugetanol, with enhanced mosquitocidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. tessellatus relative to the parent compound L-menthone. CONCLUSION: In ester derivatives of L-menthol the optimum activity is dependent on the size and shape of the ester group and the presence of chlorine atoms in the ester group. In structurally related derivatives of L-menthol the optimum activity is dependent on the aromaticity, the degree of unsaturation, the position of the hydroxy group and the type of functional group.     

北京地区油松毛虫寄生天敌考察

1983～1985年,对北京地区油松毛虫卵、幼虫和蛹期的天敌进行调查,经鉴定寄生性天敌36种。卵期以松毛虫卵跳小蜂寄生率最高,平均为1.54％;幼虫期以松毛虫狭颊寄蝇寄生率最高,1984年平均为4.36％,1985年为1.2％;蛹期寄蝇类寄生率平均为9.1％,以松毛虫狭颊寄蝇为主;寄生蜂寄生率平均为0.68％,以喜玛拉雅聚瘤姬蜂为主。     

A survey on indoor resting mosquito species in Phnom Penh, Kampuchea

Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected in 7 localities (250 houses) of Phnom Penh at various periods. The mosquitoes were collected for 8 min in every house by means of an aspirator and net. A total of 16 species of mosquitoes resting in houses were found, one of them for the first time in Kampuchea. Culex quinquefasciatus was the predominant species in 6 of the localities observed; its predominance in houses was more or less evident; Aedes aegypti prevailed in one locality. The percentage of A. aegypti predominance in houses corresponds with the risk of occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Anopheles vagus was found resting in higher abundance in houses of one locality. This fact is of little epidemiological significance because of the zoophilic character of An. vagus in Kampuchea. On the other hand even uncommon occurrence of Anopheles subpictus found in houses may signalize a possibility of an endemic occurrence of malaria in Phnom Penh.