不同玉米自交系耐深播能力鉴定及对深播胁迫的生理响应

对12个玉米自交系深播后出苗能力的鉴定结果表明,玉米自交系3681-4具有较强的耐深播能力。进一步相关分析表明,玉米耐深播的主要原因是其中胚轴显著伸长。不同温度对所有的玉米中胚轴的伸长均有影响,且低温抑制中胚轴的伸长。激素测定结果表明,深播处理后,中胚轴部位GA₃和IAA含量均得到显著提高,分别增加了19.0%和50.9%。GA₃和IAA处理后,中胚轴部位GA₃和IAA的含量分别提高了25.1%和14.7%。深播、GA₃、IAA处理后,中胚轴细胞均显著伸长,细胞长度分别增加26.2%、83.4%、51.2%,但处理后细胞数目变化均不大。     

外源激素IAA对不同玉米自交系耐深播特性的影响

以玉米耐深播自交系 N192和深播敏感自交系 178为试材,在 3 cm和 15 cm播深条件下,施加 2.0 mg/L的外源生长素(IAA)进行处理,研究外源 IAA对不同耐深播玉米自交系中胚轴生长特性的影响。结果表明,施加外源 IAA后,两个自交系的中胚轴、胚芽鞘及中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和均有所增加,中胚轴内过氧化物歧化酶活性(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及木质素含量均呈上升趋势,且施加外源 IAA的玉米自交系中胚轴组织细胞明显伸长,说明施加外源 IAA可有效缓解深播对玉米幼苗的胁迫损伤。相关性分析和主成分分析得出,玉米自交系幼苗深播性鉴定评价指标中胚轴长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和、 POD、 SOD、 CAT酶活性及木质素含量是主要评价指标,胚芽鞘长、胚芽鞘重、苗长可作为 2级评价指标,根重可作为 3级评价指标。     

杂草稻中胚轴伸长动态及其与籽粒淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量的关系

采用恒温培养箱,在黑暗条件下进行发芽试验,观察杂草稻中胚轴伸长的动态过程,分析杂草稻中胚轴伸长过程中籽粒淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量的变化及相互关系。结果表明,黑暗条件下发芽后1d到3d,杂草稻中胚轴伸长非常慢,发芽后4d到5d中胚轴伸长加快,发芽后7天中胚轴伸长逐渐停止,其最终长度显著长于辽粳294。杂草稻发芽过程中,籽粒α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性和可溶性糖含量均呈逐渐上升趋势。可溶性糖含量与α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性均呈极显著正相关。中胚轴伸长长度与籽粒α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量也均呈极显著正相关。杂草稻发芽初期淀粉酶活性增强,促进了籽粒中淀粉水解为可溶性糖,为中胚轴伸长生长提供了物质和能量基础。     

六倍体小黑麦株高形成中内源激素含量的变化

为了解六倍体小黑麦株高形成与内源激素的关系,以六个不同株高的六倍体小黑麦品种（系）为材料,对小黑麦在株高形成时期叶片中内源激素含量的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明,矮秆小黑麦品种的ABA、ZR和GA含量在所调查时期均显著高于高秆品种,而IAA含量在生长后期则显著低于高秆品种。同时高秆小黑麦中IAA/ABA、GA/ABA与（IAA＋GA）/ABA的比值均高于矮秆小黑麦,但ZR/IAA、ZR/ABA比值的变化趋势则与IAA、GA含量的变化趋势相反。可见不同株高类型的小黑麦在株高形成过程中内源激素具有显著差异。     

北方杂草稻中胚轴伸长特性的初步研究

以在北方稻区收集的93份杂草稻材料和16个栽培稻品种为试验材料,研究了中胚轴伸长特性。结果表明,杂草稻和栽培稻的中胚轴在光照条件下不伸长,而在黑暗条件下都有伸长,但不同材料伸长的能力不同,杂草稻的中胚轴伸长能力强于栽培稻。在栽培稻中,籼稻的中胚轴伸长能力又强于粳稻。以中胚轴长度为指标的UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,参试的109份材料可以分为长中胚轴类型、短中胚轴类型和中间类型三种。57％的杂草稻材料属于长中胚轴类型和中间类型。除籼稻品种IR70外,其它栽培稻品种均属于短中胚轴类型。     

GA3和UCZ浸种对不同播深处理甜玉米自交系中胚轴伸长的影响

利用GA₃和UCZ浸种处理对不同双隐性甜玉米自交系中胚轴长度、根长等表型特性和生理指标进行分析,并对与出苗率相关性状进行灰色关联分析,对不同品种耐深播特性进行综合评价。结果表明,不同品种中胚轴长度随播种深度增加存在极显著差异,耐深播自交系更利于幼苗的顶土出苗。不同浓度GA₃处理的自交系SY-12和SY-19与未经过GA₃处理的两个自交系相比,随播深增加两个自交系的中胚轴长度比对照组存在极显著差异,根长与中胚轴长度具有相似的变化趋势。10 cm深播条件下,两个自交系的GA₃含量明显增加,与2 cm播深相比呈极显著差异。内源GA₃含量的变化与外源GA₃对中胚轴长度的影响一致,表明中胚轴伸长与内源GA₃水平密切相关。通过灰色关联度分析可知中胚轴长与出苗率的关联度最大。经过筛选,SY-12表现出耐深播的特性,为甜玉米抗旱、耐深播新品种的选育提供理论依据。     

STE20L4促进拟南芥下胚轴伸长的机制研究

下胚轴伸长是高等植物进行正常生命活动的保障,下胚轴的伸长协助植株破土而出并由异养转变为自养生长。本研究通过对一系列拟南芥突变体材料进行下胚轴观察,鉴定到一个具有短下胚轴的突变体ste20l4,并对其调控下胚轴伸长的分子机制进行初步探索。结果表明：STE20L4编码与酵母中STE20同源的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶,在MAPK级联信号通路中作为MAP4K激活下游的MAP3K。基因型鉴定和半定量结果显示,ste20l4-1、ste20l4-2均为功能缺失的突变体。通过表型观察,ste20l4突变体无论在长日照（16 h光照/8 h黑暗）、短日照（8 h光照/16 h黑暗）及黑暗（24 h黑暗）条件下与野生型相比均呈现出短的下胚轴。细胞学结果显示,突变体ste20l4短的下胚轴是由于其细胞长度的变短而不是细胞数目的变化导致的。植物激素赤霉素可促进下胚轴的伸长,对其处理的敏感性可作为是否参与GA信号转导途径的判断方法。在不同梯度浓度的GA处理（0、0.5、1、2、5 µmol/L）下,ste20l4突变体与野生型相比下胚轴伸长作用不明显。多效唑（PAC）是内源GA合成的抑制剂,随着不同梯度浓度的PAC处理（0、0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5 µmol/L）,ste20l4突变体下胚轴伸长的抑制作用相对于野生型不明显。上述生理学结果表明,STE20L4参与到GA信号转导通路中调控拟南芥下胚轴的生长发育。将STE20L4蛋白与荧光标签融合后转染烟草或拟南芥原生质体观察其亚细胞定位,结果表明STE20L4在细胞膜和细胞质中均有表达。对野生型、ste20l4突变体中进行一系列GA下游与下胚轴伸长相关基因的RT-qPCR检测,结果表明XTH17、EXP2、PRE1、PIF4、YUC2和SAUR19基因的转录水平在ste20l4突变体中明显下调,即STE20L4可能通过间接调控这些下游基因的表达参与下胚轴的伸长。综上,STE20L4参与GA信号转导通路,且通过促进GA下游下胚轴伸长相关基因的表达调控下胚轴的伸长。本研究初步阐述了STE20L4调控植物下胚轴伸长的分子机制,为进一步研究MAPK与GA互作调控植物生长发育提供参考。     

蓖麻花序特征及花芽分化的初步研究

本文对蓖麻花序特征、顶芽分化及内源IAA和ABA含量变化进行初步研究,结果表明：不同品种（系）间雌花率及雌花密度均存在极显著差异。蓖麻雌花并非完全单性花,各品种（系）雌花均存在退化雄蕊痕迹,但其发生率不同,单雌后代品系明显高于品种材料。单雌花序与两性花序的雌花中均存在退化雄蕊,且无显著差异,但花序中下部与上部之间差异显著。顶芽石蜡切片观察表明：蓖麻在5叶期以前,其顶芽基本处于叶芽生长阶段;在6-9叶期,顶芽逐渐进入花芽分化、生长阶段,而此阶段,顶芽内源IAA、ABA含量变化也十分明显。不同性别花序和花的内源激素含量测定结果显示：IAA含量,单雌花序＞雌花＞两性花序＞雄花;ABA含量,雄花显著高于雌花,但两性花序却明显低于单雌花序;IAA/ABA值,雌花＞单雌花序＞两性花序＞雄花;说明IAA含量和IAA/ABA相对含量可能在花性分化中具有较为重要的作用。     

滴灌春小麦根系形态特征及内源激素含量对花期干旱及复水的响应

为探明北疆地区不同抗旱性滴灌春小麦品种根系形态及内源激素在开花期干旱后复水过程中的变化特征及其与生物量的关系,以春小麦耐旱性强品种新春6号和耐旱性弱品种新春22号为材料,在土柱栽培下设置常规灌溉（CK）、开花期轻度干旱和中度干旱3种水分条件,分析了干旱胁迫后复水条件下不同耐旱性小麦品种根系形态特征、渗透调节物质及内源激素和生物量的差异。结果表明,两个品种的根长密度（RLD）、根体积密度（RVD）、根表面积密度（RSAD）、可溶性糖（SS）含量、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、生长素（IAA）含量、赤霉素（GA₃）含量、玉米素（ZT）含量、地上部干物质积累量（SDM）以及产量均在干旱复水后随时间呈先增后降趋势,以轻度干旱后复水条件下表现最佳。两个品种比较,在轻度干旱后复水条件下新春6号的RLD、RVD、RSAD、SS含量、Pro含量、IAA含量、GA₃含量、ZT含量、ABA含量、SDM及产量较新春22号平均高出3.38%、4.30%、4.29%、21.84%、10.81%、5.99%、10.02%、16.05%、3.13%、6.86%和3.47%。经相关分析,两个品种于各处理下的RLD、RVD、RSAD、SS含量、Pro含量与IAA含量、GA₃含量和ZT含量间均呈显著正相关,与ABA含量呈显著负相关。综上所述,较优的根系生长及生理代谢是春小麦具有较高抗旱性的原因;轻度干旱后复水可调节滴灌春小麦根系渗透调节物质和内源激素含量变化,进而优化根系形态,促进干物质向穗部转运及产量形成,可作为新疆滴灌春小麦灌溉模式。     

6-BA,IAA促进玉米叶片伸长机理研究

以盆栽玉米（掖单4号）幼苗为材料，在土壤缓慢干旱条件下研究了6－BA，IAA对玉米叶片伸长速度、叶基部ψw，ψs和ψp的影响。结果表明：软化细胞壁是6－BA，IAA促进叶片伸长生长的重要原因。     

Oosporenbildung vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary

Zusammenfassung Durch Kombination verschiedener Pathotypen vonPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, 1985 im Freiland gesammelt, mit ?lteren Isolaten aus der Sammlung des Institutes wurde die M?glichkeit der Oosporenbildung geprüft. Bisher konnte bei zwei Kombinationen Oosporen-bildung beobachter werden. Daraus kann man schliessen, dass nunmehr auch in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beide Paarungstypen vonP. infestants vorkommen.

     

重铬酸钾对黑麦的细胞遗传毒性及硅的缓解作用

为了解K2Cr2O7的细胞遗传毒性及硅对铬毒害的缓解作用,采用常规染色体压片技术,观察不同浓度的K2Cr2O7(20、40、60、80、100、120mg.L-1)对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响以及硅对铬胁迫缓解效应。结果表明,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均随K2Cr2O7浓度的升高呈先升后降趋势,在K2Cr2O7浓度为40.0mg.L-1时均达到最大值。与蒸馏水对照相比,6个不同浓度K2Cr2O7胁迫处理的微核率和染色体畸变率均有显著升高。对40mg.L-1 K2Cr2O7胁迫的黑麦根尖分别进行60、120和180mg.L-1的Na2SiO3处理,细胞有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率均显著降低,且随硅浓度的增加呈下降趋势。说明K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂在低浓度时促进,高浓度时抑制,高低浓度处理均对染色体具有明显的致畸效应。外源硅可有效缓解K2Cr2O7对黑麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的不利影响。     

渭北旱塬农户冬小麦养分资源投入调查与分析

为了解目前我国化肥用量的现状和农民养分资源投入中存在的问题,在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区域选取3个区/县进行了冬小麦养分资源投入的调查分析.结果表明,2009年小麦产量适中的农户占10.0％,偏低的农户占7.5％,很低的农户占79.2％,偏高的农户占3.3％,很高的农户占0.0％.冬小麦纯N平均用量为191.5 kg·hm-2,P2O5平均用量为121.2 kg·hm-2,K2O平均用量为74.4 kg·hm-.氮肥投入量适中的农户占30.0％,偏低的占5.0％,很低的占4.2％,偏高的占22.5％,很高的占38.3％.磷肥投入量适中的农户占14.2％,偏低的占41.7％,很低的占15.0％,偏高的占15.8％,很高的占13.3％.钾肥投入量适中的农户占2.5％,偏低的占2.5％,很低的占78.3％,偏高的占5.0％,很高的占11.7％.养分资源投入以无机为主,有机为辅;投入形式以基施为主.     

Production of activated carbon from organic by-products from the alcoholic beverage industry: Surface area and hardness optimization by using the response surface methodology

The ability of activated carbon to remove pollutants from water in packed column systems is dependent on granular material with mechanical strength sufficient to avoid attrition caused by stream flow. Therefore, an appropriate balance between surface area and hardness is essential when using activated carbon in real systems. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimal production conditions that generate activated carbon with adequate physical properties to be used in packed systems from agave bagasse, a waste product from the mezcal industries in Mexico. Activated carbons were produced by chemical activation (ZnCl₂ or H₃PO₄). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of the activation temperature (250-550 °C), activation time (0-50 min), and the concentration of activating agent (0.2-1.4; g activating agent/g bagasse) on both surface area and hardness. The production conditions that generated optimal characteristics in the activated carbon were 392 °C, 1.02 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for H₃PO₄ activated samples and 456 °C, 1.08 g activating agent/g bagasse and 23.8 min for ZnCl₂ activated samples. The surface area and hardness of the activated carbon produced from bagasse under these conditions were similar to activated commercial carbons (surface area > 800 m²/g and hardness > 85%).     

Simultaneous determination of vitamin B1 and B2 in complex cereal foods,by reverse phase isocratic HPLC-UV

The evaluation of nutritional or functional components in grain products is an important feature for the industry, especially when recent regulations require a correct nutrition labelling, valid during all the shelf life of the product. For that reason, industry usually makes many efforts to develop simple and reliable analytical methods that can be easily applied in any quality control laboratories for routine analysis. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of thiamine and riboflavin are sensitive, but need specific equipment. A few HPLC-UV methods have been described but they are less sensitive, and present difficulties due to interfering compounds, particularly in complex food matrixes, as grains and derivatives.     

Inheritance of C3―C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis in Reciprocal Hybrids Between Moricandia Arvensis (C3―C4) and Brassica Oleracea (C3) That Differ in Their Genome Constitution

Abstract

To Elucidate The Genetic Mechanisms Underlying C₃―C₄ intermediate Photosynthesis, We investigated The Structural and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Leaves of Reciprocal Hybrids Between The C₃―C₄ intermediate Species Moricandia Arvensis (L.) Dc. (Mama) and The C₃ Species Brassica Oleracea L. (Cabbage; Cc), Which Differ in Genome Constitution. Moricandia Arvensis Bundle Sheath (Bs) Cells included Many Centripetally Located Chloroplasts and Mitochondria, Whereas Those of Cabbage Had Few Organelles. Hybrid Leaves Were Structurally intermediate Between Those of The Parents and Showed Stronger intermediate C₃―C₄ Features As The Proportion of The Ma Genome increased. The P-Protein of Glycine Decarboxylase (Gdc) Was Confined Mainly To Bs Mitochondria in M. Arvensis, But Accumulated More in The Mesophyll (M) of Cabbage. in The Hybrids, The Accumulation of Gdc in Bs Cells increased With An increasing Ma:C Ratio. Hybrids Exhibited Gradients in Structural and Biochemical Features, Even in Reciprocal Crosses. The Co₂ Compensation Point of Reciprocal Hybrids With High Ma:C Ratios Was Lower Than That of Cabbage But Higher Than That of M. Arvensis. Thus, The Structural and Biochemical Features in Hybrid Leaves Reduced Photorespiration. Moricandia Arvensis Had A Higher Photosynthetic Rate Than Cabbage, But The Photosynthetic Rates of Hybrids Were intermediate Between Those of The Parents Or Comparable To That of M. Arvensis. Our Results Demonstrate That The C₃―C₄ intermediate Characteristics Are inherited Based On The Ratio of The Parent Genomes, and That There Is No Evidence of Cytoplasmic inheritance in These Characteristics.     

Evaluation of the Effect of Photosynthesis on Biomass Production with Simultaneous Analysis of Growth and Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Exchange in the Whole Plants of Radish,cv Kosena under Ambient and Elevated CO2

Abstract

The effects of elevated CO₂ (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO₂ exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO₂ increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.

The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO₂ by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production.     

Design and Synthesis of Novel Xyloketal Derivatives and Their Protective Activities against H2O2-Induced HUVEC Injury

In this work, we designed and synthesized a series of amide derivatives (1–13), benzoxazine derivatives (16–28) and amino derivatives (29–30) from xyloketal B. All 28 new derivatives and seven known compounds (14, 15, 31–35) were evaluated for their protection against H₂O₂-induced HUVEC injury. 23 and 24 exhibited more potential protective activities than other derivatives; and the EC₅₀ values of them and the leading compound 31 (xyloketal B) were 5.10, 3.59 and 15.97 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, a comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) was constructed to explain the structural activity relationship of these xyloketal derivatives. This 3D QSAR model from CoMSIA suggested that the derived model exhibited good predictive ability in the external test-set validation. Derivative 24 fit well with the COMSIA map, therefore it possessed the highest activity of all compounds. Compounds 23, 24 and 31 (xyloketal B) were further to examine in the JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay of HUVECs using flow cytometry (FCM). The result indicated that 23 and 24 significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced decrease of the cell mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) at 25 μM. Collectively, the protective effects of xyloketals on H₂O₂-induced endothelial cells may be generated from oxidation action by restraining ROS and reducing the MMP.     

QTL identification of kernel composition traits with popcorn using both F2:3 and BC2F2 populations developed from the same cross

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing three main kernel composition traits, starch, protein and oil concentrations, in unselected F_2:3 and selected BC₂F₂ maize populations derived from the same cross of a dent corn inbred Dan232 × an elite popcorn inbred N04 under the same conditions were detected. Four and two QTL for starch, four and three QTL for protein, and four and one QTL for oil were detected in the two populations, respectively, with three QTL jointly detected. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL was 5.2–10.6%, 5.0–14.3%, and 6.2–8.5% for the three traits. Ten QTL had favorable alleles contributed by Dan232. Several QTL detected in this study had identical or similar chromosome regions to those previously identified with other maize germplasms. No QTL with opposite effects for kernel composition traits and popping characteristics were detected in the same or near marker intervals. This reflected that some QTL detected in this study seemed to contribute to trait variation in a diverse array of maize populations and environments, and the opportunity existed for improving popcorn's nutritional quality while maintaining acceptable popping characteristics. Inconsistent broad sense heritability and trait correlation estimates were also observed in the two populations.