梨小食心虫迷向技术在陕西关中果树生产中的应用效果

为明确性信息素缓释迷向剂防治梨小食心虫的效果,2017—2018年在陕西关中应用梨小食心虫信息素缓释迷向剂在桃园和梨园开展梨小食心虫迷向防治试验。结果表明,迷向处理区梨小食心虫成虫诱捕数量明显减少,桃园和梨园迷向率分别为99.57%、99.43%,蛀果防效分别为92.80%和97.33%,桃园保梢率达97%以上,且信息素缓释迷向剂持效期可达6个月。     

高剂量性信息素迷向技术防控梨小食心虫的田间应用效果评价

剂量控制是迷向技术防控梨小食心虫的关键，本文通过田间试验研究了新型材料装置固体迷向丝和高剂量自动信息素喷施系统对梨园梨小食心虫的防治效果和持效期，以期探讨新型材料和释放技术在害虫迷向中的应用。结果表明，性信息素在傍晚18：00―20：00对梨小食心虫的诱捕量占全天的93.7%，田间虫量监测以绿色粘胶诱捕器效果较好。常规化学防治处理区对梨小食心虫的平均诱蛾量为42.13头，平均蛀果率为2.64%，相对于常规化学防治处理区，新型材料固体迷向丝、高剂量自动信息素喷施系统处理区平均诱蛾量分别为1.00头、5.31头，对成虫的迷向率分别为91.84%～100%、70.86%～98.25%，平均为97.96%、91.41%，平均蛀果率分别为0.81%、0.95%，在8月采果期的蛀果防治效果分别达85.79%、77.16%，防控持效期可达6个月以上。     

信息素迷向法规模化防治梨小食心虫

梨小食心虫是梨树和桃树上一种重要的蛀食性害虫,为了推动果园害虫的无公害防治,2010年在山东省莱阳市的桃园和梨园应用信息素散发器对梨小食心虫进行了迷向防治研究。在应用信息素散发器的桃园与梨园中,梨小食心虫发生数量明显低于对照园,使用密度增加,梨小食心虫的发生数量降低,迷向率增加。每公顷施用信息素散发器450、900、1350根的桃园,对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为67.80%、80.14%、89.29%,而梨园中对梨小食心虫的迷向率分别为84.17%、93.41%、98.17%。桃园与梨园施用信息素散发器后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率明显低于对照园,桃园与梨园对梨小食心虫的防治效果分别在40.34%～73.57%和54.24%～92.38%之间。研究表明,梨园中信息素散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果高于桃园。     

梨小食心虫性信息素迷向防效及农药减施效果

2016年,在北京市平谷区8 667 hm~2桃园全覆盖应用了梨小食心虫性信息素迷向技术。田间调查发现,应用梨小食心虫性信息素迷向技术可对梨小食心虫各代雄虫产生持续的迷向作用,迷向率95%以上,降低了成虫交配几率,减轻了幼虫为害,蛀梢防效和蛀果防效分别在93%和98%以上;迷向区比常规化防对照区减少梨小食心虫防治用药1 004 m L/667m~2,农药减量50%以上。     

迷向散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果评价

为明确梨小食心虫迷向散发器对梨小食心虫的防治效果,在四川省苍溪县梨园进行了该技术的防效试验.结果表明,迷向散发器对梨小食心虫成虫迷向率可达86.54%～100%,持效期长达4个月以上,蛀果防效可达84.62%.使用该技术,可有效降低成虫交配率,减少后代幼虫为害.本研究结果为今后进一步推广应用性信息素迷向技术防治果园梨小食心虫提供一定数据支撑和基础.     

梨园梨小食心虫性信息素迷向防治技术

为明确梨小食心虫性信息素迷向散发器对单植梨园和毗邻苹果园的梨园内梨小食心虫的防治效果和合理使用密度,本研究于2012、2013和2014年在山西省运城市采用每根含270 mg梨小食心虫性信息素的散发器进行了梨小食心虫迷向防治试验。结果表明,单植梨园和毗邻苹果园的梨园以600、900和1200根/hm²处理,对梨小食心虫的迷向率逐年提高,且高密度处理迷向效果更好;连续使用3年后,梨小食心虫的蛀果率显著低于对照园,单植梨园内防治效果分别为80.00%、90.00%和90.00%,毗邻苹果园的梨园则分别为69.23%、84.62%和84.62%,单植梨园效果好于毗邻苹果园的梨园。综合防治成本和效果,建议单植梨园可使用900根/hm²密度处理,毗邻苹果园的梨园使用1200根/hm²以上密度处理,并建议大面积连片使用3年以上。     

性信息素迷向丝在黄桃园梨小食心虫防控中的应用效果

为探索黄桃梨小食心虫的绿色防控技术,于浙江嘉善开展了梨小食心虫性信息素迷向技术应用试验。结果表明,应用迷向丝对梨小食心虫迷向效果显著,对2、3代梨小食心虫迷向率分别达100%和99.83%,迷向区梨小食心虫蛀果率和蛀梢率显著低于常规化学防治区,蛀梢率显著低于化防套袋区。迷向区、常规化防区、化防套袋区的投入产出比依次为1∶12.69、1∶2.61、1∶2.45。应用迷向法显著降低了防虫成本,增加了收入,适宜进一步推广应用。此外,在调查中发现梨小食心虫为害桃树的主要部位集中在桃树树冠的上部。     

浙北梨园性信息素迷向法对梨小食心虫的防效

利用性诱剂诱捕方法,于2020年在浙北嘉兴地区梨园及混栽园悬挂性信息素迷向丝对梨小食心虫进行迷向防治试验。结果表明,单植梨园应用迷向丝对梨小食心虫成虫迷向率为100%,混栽园迷向率为100%,单植梨园幼虫蛀果率防效为89.3%,混栽园幼虫蛀果率防效为86.1%,性信息素迷向丝可较好地防治梨园及混栽梨园梨小食心虫。     

南疆杏李园梨小食心虫成虫消长动态及迷向防治效果

为明确南疆新兴特色水果杏李上梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta（Busck）的发生规律和迷向防治效果,于2021—2022年在新疆维吾尔自治区阿克苏地区杏李园采用性诱剂诱集法监测梨小食心虫种群动态,评估性信息素迷向丝对梨小食心虫的防治效果。结果表明,梨小食心虫在阿克苏杏李园1年发生4代,其中越冬代羽化高峰期在4月上中旬,第1代羽化高峰期在5月下旬至6月上旬,第2代羽化高峰期在7月上旬,第3代羽化高峰期在8月上中旬,存在世代重叠现象。2022年农户常规防治区内梨小食心虫的蛀果率为2.46%,性信息素迷向防治区内蛀果率为0.06%; 2021年和2022年使用性信息素迷向丝对梨小食心虫的蛀梢减退率为98.13%和88.65%,2022年的蛀果减退率为98.40%;对不同世代梨小食心虫的雄成虫迷向率在2021年为92.87%~100.00%,雌、雄成虫虫口减退率在2022年为58.75%~81.37%。表明采用梨小食心虫性信息素迷向丝为主的综合防控技术,可有效控制南疆杏李园梨小食心虫的发生与为害。     

性信息素迷向丝对不同果树梨小食心虫的防控效果

2017年在宁夏果园开展了性信息素迷向丝(北京中捷四方生物科技公司生产的长效迷向丝,有效成分占30%)对为害不同果树的梨小食心虫的防控效果研究。试验地共5.5 hm~2,栽植有成龄苹果树、梨树和李树。试验区按树种设置3个处理区,3个对照区。处理区在边缘区域每株树平均悬挂3条迷向丝,内部区域隔树悬挂,每树悬挂1条迷向丝,悬挂高度为距离地面2 m。调查各树种全年诱蛾量、诱蛾下降率、蛀果率等指标,研究迷向丝对不同果树上梨小食心虫的防控效果,分析苹果、梨和李树分区域集中栽培下梨小食心虫为害特点。研究结果显示:3个处理区的诱蛾下降率均达96%以上,果实膨大期蛀果下降率均达50%以上,成熟期蛀果下降率均达57%以上,说明性信息素迷向丝对3种果树区域的梨小食心虫防控效果明显且稳定;不同果树区域梨小食心虫发生高峰期一致;梨园中诱捕的梨小食心虫成虫最多,说明其具有寄主选择性;李园蛀果率明显高于苹果园和梨园,李果实成熟采摘后成虫诱捕量减少,同时期苹果园与梨园成虫诱捕量增加,说明梨小食心虫具有迁移为害特性。     

多年迷向防治对桃园梨小食心虫的控制作用评估

为了科学评估多年迷向防治对桃园梨小食心虫的实际防控效果,并完善优化桃园害虫性信息素科学应用技术,在江苏省无锡市惠山区5个乡镇大面积连片桃园内连续4年使用迷向丝防治梨小食心虫,并实时监测调查,分析各年度桃园内梨小食心虫种群消长动态,抽样法调查统计桃树折梢率。结果显示,多年迷向防治可以有效降低桃园梨小食心虫种群发生数量,各乡镇桃园内虫口基数逐年减少;洛社和钱桥2个乡镇2021年迷向防治处理区梨小食心虫平均迷向率在94.37%以上;2021年阳山镇迷向防治区平均折梢率为1.24%。结果表明大面积且连续使用迷向防治法对桃园梨小食心虫具有很好的防控效果。     

性诱剂迷向法防治高山甘蓝田小菜蛾研究

以性诱剂迷向法对湖北高山区蔬菜害虫小菜蛾的防治效果进行了研究。结果表明:2年试验中在迷向田中性诱剂对小菜蛾诱捕量低于常规田;应用性诱剂迷向法可以降低小菜蛾的虫口密度,第1年甘蓝迷向田可以不施用农药或只施用1次,比常规田施药少2～3次,次年甘蓝迷向田施药2次,比常规田施药少4次。     

性诱剂和糖醋液对苹果园苹果小卷叶蛾的监测和防治效果

为给苹果小卷叶蛾的预测预报和防治提供科学依据，在山西省运城市和临汾市不同苹果园中研究了性诱剂和糖醋液2种方法对苹果小卷叶蛾的监测和防治效果。结果表明：2种方法诱集到的苹果小卷叶蛾成虫动态都呈现出一年4代的发生规律，且趋势一致。不同果园中性诱剂和糖醋液对苹果小卷叶蛾的诱集量均差异显著，性诱剂诱集总量最高是糖醋液诱集总量的5.95倍，且在不同果园中2种防治方法均能显著降低枝条受害率，而二者之间无显著差异。同时，2种防治方法在大面积单植苹果园中对苹果小卷叶蛾第1代幼虫的防治效果分别为59.10%和43.18%，对第3代幼虫的防治效果分别为61.54%和46.15%，均高于其他类型苹果园，且对第3代幼虫的防治效果好于第1代幼虫。因此，性诱剂和糖醋液都可用于苹果园苹果小卷叶蛾的监测与防治，且在大面积单植苹果园内连续使用效果较好。     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对昆虫性信息素通讯系统影响的研究进展

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对昆虫生理和行为的影响日益受到人们的关注.亚致死剂量杀虫剂影响雄虫嗅觉感受能力,使其不能准确识别性信息素信号,导致对信号的错误整合;对雌虫则影响性信息素各组分的滴度、比例及求偶和交配行为.短期作用可降低两性间的交配率及下一代种群发生量,长期作用则可能使性信息素通讯系统发生漂移.作者综述了菊酯和有机磷两类杀虫剂在这方面的研究进展,并对一些值得深入研究的问题进行了讨论.     

Einsatz der Pheromonverwirrungstechnik zur Regulierung der Rosskastanien-Miniermotte Cameraria ohridella Deschka u. Dimić (Lep.: Gracillariidae)

The horse chestnut leafminer is an introduced invasive pest that every year causes extensive damage to the leaves of the white flowering horse chestnut tree. An environmentally friendly method to control insect pests involves the use of sex pheromones for mating disruption. A large quantity of artificial pheromone is released into the insect plant system confusing males to the extend that they are unable to locate receptive females. In order to test the potential efficacy of the mating disruption technique on the horse chestnut leafminer we set up semi-field trials with closed experimental units and varying leafminer densities. We counted the number of leaf mines on pheromone treated horse chestnut trees and compared them with an untreated control. Mating disruption lead to a significant reduction in damage by more than 90% in the first and second generation of the leafminer, irrespective of the initial leafminer density. Although these results are very encouraging, high population densities of the horse chestnut leafminer in nature and the patchy distribution of horse chestnut trees in the cities will challenge the efficacy of mating disruption in the field. Further experiments are planned with open experimental units and typical horse chestnut trees in various parks and gardens.     

新型信息素诱剂对新疆梨园蛾类害虫的诱捕效果评价

利用性诱剂干扰交配或诱杀钻蛀性蛾类害虫是果园害虫生物防治的重要途径之一，研发既诱雄蛾也诱雌蛾的新型诱剂近年来颇受关注。本研究在苹果蠹蛾性信息素基础上，加入寄主植物挥发物——梨酯、苯乙酮、香叶醇、冬青油和苯乙醇等制成若干配方，在南疆两地（库尔勒与阿克苏地区）梨园中于蛾类害虫发生的早期和中期进行诱捕试验。对苹果蠹蛾诱集结果表明，虽然与仅含性信息素配方相比，添加植物挥发物的配方可诱集到雌蛾，但诱集虫量较少。对梨小食心虫的诱集结果表明，在库尔勒，大部分配方诱到的虫量多于商品诱剂（对照），其中，在性信息素中添加少量植物挥发性物质的配方诱集的虫量总体较多；在阿克苏，所有配方诱集的虫量均多于对照，在性信息素中是否添加植物挥发物质对诱集效果总体上没有影响。对优斑螟的诱集结果表明，仅含2种性信息素物质的配方诱集的虫量最大，与加入少量梨脂的配方接近。果园诱集试验结果说明，在苹果蠹蛾性信息素中添加梨脂等多种寄主植物挥发物的供试配方诱集雌蛾效果不理想，但对多种混合发生的夜蛾害虫雄性具有较好诱集效果。     

Studies on the development of a mating disruption system to control the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Povolny (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

BACKGROUND: The tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta Povolny) has rapidly colonised the whole Mediterranean and South‐Atlantic coasts of Spain, and it has become a key problem in both outdoor and greenhouse crops. New control methods compatible with biological control are required, and mating disruption appears to be a perfect method in current agriculture, as it is an environmentally friendly and residue‐free technique. IPM packages tested have included the use of pheromones to detect populations, but there has not been much previous research on mating disruption of T. absoluta. In this work, pheromone doses varying from 10 to 40 g ha^?1, emitted at a constant rate over 4 months, were tested in greenhouses with different levels of containment in order to evaluate the efficacy of mating disruption on T. absoluta. RESULTS: Trials on containment level revealed that the flight of T. absoluta was satisfactorily disrupted with an initial pheromone dose of 30 g ha^?1, and levels of damage did not significantly differ from those in reference plots with insecticide treatments. Later efficacy trials confirmed previous experiences, and release studies showed that control of damage and flight disruption were taking place when releasing at least 85 mg pheromone per ha per day. CONCLUSION: Effective control using pheromone application against T. absoluta can be achieved, in greenhouses with high containment levels, for 4 months, with initial doses of 30 g ha^?1. Further research must be conducted in order to evaluate the prospect of outdoor application of mating disruption systems. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry