内蒙古柴河林业局森林经营成效分析与评价

以2006年与2016年森林资源二类调查两期数据为依据,对柴河林业局上经理期森林经营方案执行情况与制定的目标进行对比,结果表明实际完成各项生产经营任务与森林经营方案中规划的目标有较大差距。对上经理期森林经营实施效果进行了评价,评价显示实施效果综合得分70.8分,评价结果为"中"。最后对经营成效进行了综合分析,分析了取得的成效和存在的问题,并给出了今后经营的对策与建议。     

国有林场、采育场森林经营方案实施效果自动化评价的研究

本文从森林经营方案实施过程研究出发，以福建省部分国有林场、采育场为调查对象，着重从森林资源的动态变化、经营管理水平及经济效益三方面提出系统完善的评价指标体系。以AHP方法确定评价指标权重，以实现度量化评价指标形成森林经营方案实施效果定理评价的科学方法体系，结合电子计算机，开发出一套可以借助人机对话完成的森林经营方案实施效果自动化评价的软件系统。同时通过分析国有林场，采育场森林经营方案执行情况，总结出经营方案的实施中存在的问题，提出充分发挥森林经营方案科学效应的有关建议。     

美国的森林经营与森林认证现状及对我们的启示

美国是世界上森林经营水平较高的国家之一,从国家林业计划、森林生态系统经营、可持续经营标准和指标等方面分析了美国森林可持续经营状况,并介绍了美国森林经营及森林认证的有关情况,借鉴美国森林可持续经营的经验,提出了我国森林可持续经营和森林认证的对策。     

编制和执行森林经营方案是实现科学经营森林的必由之路——“两湖”森林经营方案编制与执行情况调研

国营林场编案情况,湖南100%;湖北大于90%。集体林区湖南计划于1993年开始,湖北做了分期进行的具体部署。两省对森林经营方案的执行均较重视和认真,取得了提高科学经营水平等效果,实施经营方案还存在着行政干预、外部环境干扰、对调整方案审批不及时等问题,也发现方案本身有不切实际之处,最后提出两点建议。     

森林经营方案编制实施及科学管理经验——以福建省第一经理期编案工作为例

森林经营规划方案编制与实施管理,是福建省20世纪80年代改革开放后出现的新生事物.本文作者是方案编制的实践者、参与者和管理者,经过第一经理期10年的实践检验,作者认为要坚持多实践、少评价、不争议,让事实与数据说话,要在深化改革开放中,不断总结成功和失败的经验与教训,通过修订完善,再发扬光大.本文在分析福建省第一经理期森林经营方案编制与实施的急迫性、必要性、有利条件的基础上,总结了福建省森林经营方案编制工作的一些具体做法和经验,提出了编案工作实施效果的监测及评价方法,并对福建省第一经理期森林经营方案的实施效果及执行管理效果作出科学合理的评价.     

森林多功能经营研究综述

森林多功能经营是我国林业发展的必然选择,森林多功能价值的发挥必须要通过科学合理的经营活动来实现。从森林多功能的分类、森林多功能经营的时空尺度、评价方法及经营技术等方面对国内外森林多功能经营的研究现状进行了阐述。     

不同水平的森林可持续经营评价体系研究概述

随着经济社会的不断发展,森林逐渐受到政府和社会的重视,评价森林是否可持续经营是研究的关键。对国际、国家、区域3个水平的森林可持续经营评价体系进行了阐述,着重分析了我国国家层面、地区层次和森林经营单位层次的评价体系。从构建各个水平的可持续经营评价体系、加强森林可持续经营认证工作及建立政府管理和公众参与、社区共管机制三方面指出了森林可持续经营评价体系今后发展方向。     

日本的施业案和营林监督

日本的施业案具有执行国家林业方针政策, 落实近远期全国森林计划, 对全国森林经营进行监督的职能。我国要实现森林经营方案这一已经法定的职能, 需要完善各种法规制度, 建立森林计划体系和确立森林经理工作在整个林业生产过程中的统治地位。     

符合森林认证要求的森林综合监测体系的构建

结合森林经营单位的经营实践和森林可持续经营认证标准对森林经营单位森林监测的具体要求,通过分析研究和归纳总结,对构建森林经营单位水平的涵盖环境、社会、经济等多方面的森林综合监测体系进行了探讨。此体系框架的构建将为进一步开展森林经营单位水平上的森林监测和评价研究提供理论基础,并为我国森林经营单位开展森林可持续经营活动的监测提供实践指导。     

关于国营林场森林经营方案实施中若干问题的探讨

本文阐述国营林场森林经营方案实施中,森林经营方案要符合林场实施要求要进一步理顺林业内部关系,增强法制观念,加强领导班子,充实技术力量及建立森林经营方案执行审批、检查、监督、考核和奖惩等制度。使我省森林经营方案实施得更加合理,更有成效。     

Trends in Evaluations of Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council (SGEC) Certified Forests in Japan

The number of Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council (SGEC) certified forests in Japan has increased in recent years. As such it is important to understand forest management certification within the context of corrective action requests (CARs) to assess sustainable forest management. This study analyzes trends in CARs issued through evaluations of SGEC certified forests in Japan as a function of certification body, forest zone, size of forest holdings, and forest ownership type. This study examined 86 certified forests in Japan using data from summary evaluations published by SGEC certification bodies in 2014. Forests in the northern zone tend to have more CARs assigned, as did larger forests and communally owned forests. For managers interested in maintaining sustainable forests, the findings suggest that they should focus on improving the following indicators: “training and instruction, such as the safety for forestry workers” (indicator 5.3), “to evaluate forest practices against the original plan and to assess their impacts, with proper monitoring” (indicator 7.1), “explicit and management policy of the important elements in the conservation of biological diversity”(indicator 2.2) and “protection of threatened species” (indicator 2.3). The results from this study suggest that certification bodies have different priorities in their certification assessments, as indicated by the varying number and types of CARs assigned. However, the findings also indicate that the factors affecting the assessment results may not be only the certification body issuing the assessments but also the forest zone, forest ownership type, and size of forest holdings.     

新西兰林业规划实施评估理论、方法与借鉴

林业规划是指导林业发展的重要方式,林业规划实施评估有利于客观评价林业规划的实施成效,发现问题并提供建议。文中介绍了新西兰林业规划的现状,对用于林业规划实施评估的战略环境评估、基于一致性的规划实施评估、基于绩效的规划实施评估等理论进行了详细分析,并在此基础上阐述了新西兰林业规划实施评估中常用的几种方法;还分析了新西兰林业规划实施评估的特点,总结了对中国开展林业规划实施评估的启示:1）立法保障规划实施评估;2）重视生态环境影响评估和公众参与;3）目标一致性评估。     

Effects of management regimes on carbon sequestration under the Natural Forest Protection Program in northeast China

Carbon sinks constitute an important element within the complex phenomenon of global climate change,and forest ecosystems are important global carbon sinks.The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is an ecological program in China that was established after catastrophic flooding in the country in 1998.The goals of the NFPP are to curb the deterioration of the ecological environment,strengthen the protection and restoration of habitat to increase biodiversity,and rehabilitate natural forests to support sustainable development in forest regions.This study looked at changes in carbon sequestration in a forested area of northeast China after the inception of the NFPP.The program divides China's natural forests into three classes—commercial and two types of noneconomic forests—that are subject to management regimes prescribing varying levels of timber harvest,afforestation,and reforestation.During the 18-year period from 1998 to 2015,the total amount of carbon sequestration increased at an average annual rate of 0.04 MT C.This trend reflects a transformation of forest management practices after implementation of the NFPP that resulted in prohibited and/or restricted logging and tighter regulation of allowable harvest levels for specific areas.In documenting this trend,guidelines for more effective implementation of forestry programs such as the NFPP in other countries in the future are also suggested.     

大姚县省级森林县城建设总体思路研究

依据《云南省森林城市、县城、城镇申报与评选考核办法》要求,分析大姚县创建省级森林县城的利弊条件,与省级森林县城评选考核办法评价指标体系进行逐项对比分析,结果表明,大姚县考核内容涉及的5个大类37项中,达标29项,不达标8项。以提升生态文化内涵,建成宜居、宜业、美丽大姚为建设总体思路,重点以“一城、二带、三圈、四河”建设构筑起生态安全体系,以发展“四大”重点林产业促进林农增收,以“五园”为基础创建生态文化,引领大姚森林县城建设。并从森林网络建设、促进森林健康度、林业经济建设、生态文化建设、森林管理建设几方面阐述大姚县省级森林县城建设重点。     

The “German model” of integrative multifunctional forest management—Analysing the emergence and political evolution of a forest management concept

Forest policy and management are subject to various and often conflicting demands, which internationally have led to distinct policy responses and related management paradigms. These range from a strong focus on commodity production complemented by economic rationalities – e.g. focusing on plantations – to community-based or social forestry approaches highlighting local participation and stakeholder engagement, to a focus on ecosystem services and conservation. A major challenge involves the potential orientation of the overall forest policy and management paradigm either towards integrating manifold demands more or less evenly across an area, or towards dividing the land base into forest areas with different management priorities. The specific reconciliation and integration of both sides of the spectrum have been at the centre of scientific and political discussion on forest policy and management for several decades.In this context, the “German model” of integrative and multifunctional forest management has received international attention. It is regarded as an example for integrating diverse (societal and ecological) demands into a timber-production-oriented management approach. At the same time, the model's primary focus on timber production has been criticised by some.In this paper, we analyse the political dimension of the German model by tracing the birth and evolution of the so-called LÖWE programme, a much noticed governmental forest management programme in the German state of Lower Saxony. LÖWE has frequently been presented as a particularly successful example of multifunctional forestry. We first assess the specific societal and political circumstances that led to the establishment of the programme 20 years ago. Subsequently, we assess its political function in forest policy debates about various demands on Lower Saxony's public forests. We show that the evolution of the programme can be interpreted in two distinct but non-exclusive ways. On the one hand, LÖWE was a strategic success story for the Forest Service because it aligned (and also appeased) conflicting demands in line with the changing political priorities. On the other hand, it also embodied a learning process towards environmental policy integration. By underlining LÖWE as an example of the German model of integrative multifunctional forest management, we reiterate the strategic importance of this model in the German context and also highlight future challenges and related research needs.     

A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1) theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2) the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3) the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.     

Multiple use forestry and preservation of coniferous forests in Norway

The concepts of Multiple‐use forestry and preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests are elements of an ongoing debate in Norway, regarding aesthetical and biological consequences of current forest management practices. A study, based on the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), was performed during the fall of 1990. Data were collected through in‐person interviews of 1204 persons above 15 years of age.

The main objectives of the study were to analyze: 1) Attitudes toward the present state of Norwegian forests, 2) Attitudes toward and maximum willingness to pay for changes in current forest management, 3) Preferences and maximum willingness to pay for preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests, and 4) Attitudes toward society's right to impose restrictions on forest management on private forest land.

Based on responses to statements related to the forest area people usually visit, the study showed a low degree of conflict regarding the present state of Norwegian forests. A ranking of possible results of two alternative forest management strategies, i.e. 1) a more cautious forest management or 2) preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests, gave the highest average scores to “Preservation of endangered plants and animals”; and “Preservation of “virgin”; forests for our descendants”;, both related to the second management strategy. The maximum willingness to pay for a more cautious forest management was 277 Norwegian kroner (NOK) per household and year, with a median value of NOK 50. 47% of the sample preferred the preservation alternative A specified by the governmental committee, Barskogutvalget, while 18% preferred alternative B and 9% preferred alternative C, corresponding to the governmental decision. 15% preferred a 0‐alternative, i.e. no further preservation of “virgin”; coniferous forests. Two possible sources of bias, related to the CVM, were tested.     

Determining the Ecological Compensation Standard Based on Forest Multifunction Evaluation and Financial Net Present Value Analysis: A Case Study in Southwestern Guangxi,China

ABSTRACT

There is growing concern that public benefits from forests are underprovided in current forest management regimes and need to be increased through policy and economic measures that promote conservation. Ecological compensation is a type of institutional arrangement for the sustainable use of ecosystem services achieved by adjusting the distribution of costs and benefits among different stakeholders using economic measures. However, how to accurately and reasonably determine the compensation standard for ecological services has not been guided by scientific methods and theories. This study provides an estimation of the compensation standard for forest ecological services based on the forest multifunction evaluation and financial net present value analysis, and a case study was performed in Southwest China. The results showed that most forest types brought some economic loss to the managers but contributed great ecological benefits to the public when they were managed as ecological forests. It is crucial to incentivize forest managers to participate in voluntary conservation programs through ecological compensation. The results of this analysis can potentially guide sustainable forest management by both accurate quantification of the value of forest ecosystem services and an improved understanding of the costs of voluntary forest conservation schemes currently in use in many countries.     

Disturbance ecology benchmarks for Schima–Castanopsis forests in the central Himalayas

Roughly 2.8 billion people burn wood for basic energy needs, and traditional wood-fuel represents ~55% of global wood harvest. With increasing anthropogenic disturbance of natural forests, the “stability/fragility” paradigm of forest ecology is gradually being replaced by a “disturbance/recovery” paradigm. In order to understand effects of human-induced disturbances on natural forest ecosystems, and to plan for recovery of disturbed forests, appropriate metrics become necessary. Such metrics will aid in assessment and management of forests for carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem health, and sustainability of natural resources. Such metrics are especially needed in “wood-fuel hotspots” of the world where over 275 million people live and harvest wood-fuel unsustainably. In this article, I provide metrics of human-induced disturbance in Nepal’s Schima–Castanopsis dominated forests and show relationships of disturbance intensity with forest structure and composition, site productivity potential, natural regeneration, and tree species diversity. Benchmark data were collected from survey of two protected reference forests and compared against three other forests representing a disturbance gradient. The Schima–Castanopsis association is a common dominant forest type in the warm temperate zone of the central Himalayas, and the findings from this study should have wider application.     

德国森林经营历史经验的借鉴

作者介绍了德国森林经营理论的阶段性特征,包括:德国人工造林思想的形成和“森林永续利用理论”的诞生、膨胀的工业化对木材的需求和“土地纯收益理论”的诞生、对森林生态系统的认识和“接近自然的林业理论”的诞生、国家对林业的扶持和“林业政策效益理论”的诞生.我国林业正由粗放经营向集约经营转变.借鉴德国森林经营的经验,对于我国的林业改革和选择适合我国特点的森林经营模式,具有宝贵的参考价值.