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1.
A. Al-Haidar N. Moula A. Leroux F. Farnir S. Deleuze C. Sandersen H. Amory 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(6):492-501
Introduction
The aim of this study was to establish echocardiographic reference values for the equine species using allometric regression equations based on body weight (BW) and thoracic circumference (TC).Animals
A total of 239 horses or ponies were studied, including 65 warmbloods, 33 Standardbreds, 41 Thoroughbreds, 32 Arabian horses, 28 draft horses, and 40 ponies aged from 1 day to 30 years, weighing from 18 to 890 kg, with no evidence of cardiac disease.Methods
For each horse or pony, a two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography was performed. Within each breed, the relationships between BW or TC and echocardiographic dimensions were examined using power regression equations. Predictions and their 95% prediction intervals were calculated for the echocardiographic measurements.Results
Within each breed, all echocardiographic measurements showed a significant and positive relationship with a high coefficient of determination for the estimation of the regression equations using BW and TC as the main explanatory variables. Breed-specific power regression equations as well as the 95% prediction intervals were calculated for each echocardiographic measurement as a function of BW and TC.Conclusions
In the future, the body size-corrected and breed-specific echocardiographic reference values calculated in the present study could be used to discriminate between normal and abnormal values in a given animal. 相似文献2.
Bruno H. Pypendop Juhana Honkavaara Jan E. Ilkiw 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):52-62
Objective
To characterize the cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without MK-467, following intravenous (IV) administration in cats.Study design
Prospective Latin square experimental study.Animals
Six healthy adult purpose-bred cats.Methods
Cats were anesthetized with desflurane in oxygen for instrumentation with a carotid artery catheter and a thermodilution catheter in the pulmonary artery. One hour after discontinuation of desflurane, cats were administered dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1), MK-467 (600 μg kg–1), or dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg–1) and MK-467 (600 μg kg–1). All treatments were administered IV as a bolus. Cardiovascular variables were measured prior to drug administration and for 8 hours thereafter. Only data from the dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine–MK-467 treatments were analyzed.Results
Dexmedetomidine produced significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac index and right ventricular stroke work index, and significant increases in arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. Dexmedetomidine combined with MK-467 resulted in significant but transient decrease in blood pressure and right ventricular stroke work index.Conclusion and clinical relevance
Following IV co-administration, MK-467 effectively attenuated dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects in cats. The drug combination resulted in transient reduction in arterial blood pressure, without causing hypotension. 相似文献3.
Background
False tendons (FTs) are string-like structures in the left ventricle. A FT might produce focal thickening at its insertion region of the left ventricle, which could be mistaken for focal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Objectives
To perform a prospective, echocardiographic follow-up examination of feline FTs and compare the wall thickness at the FT insertion region and a normal region without FTs at both examinations.Animals
One hundred twenty-eight cats with one or multiple FTs without other cardiac abnormalities or systemic disease.Methods
Measurements of the interventricular septum at end-diastole at a region with and without FT insertion were performed using two-dimensional echocardiography at both examinations and compared statistically using a Student's t-test.Results
The follow-up interval ranged from 5 to 110 months (mean, 33 months). Myocardial wall segments with FT insertions were significantly thicker compared with neighboring wall regions in the long axis, but not in the short-axis views obtained. Comparing the wall thickness of follow-up examinations with the initial examination, revealed a significant growth of both FT and non-FT segments. However, differences in growth between the FT region and region without FTs were not statistically different.Conclusions and clinical importance
Many normal cats have FTs, associated with focal thickening compared with neighboring regions. This thickening can increase over time, proportionate to growth in other (non-FT) segments. The association of such thickening with an FT and the absence of disproportionate growth in this segment over time suggests that these segments are simply thicker related to FT insertion. 相似文献4.
R.D. Baumwart A.S. Hanzlicek S.D. Lyon P.M. Lee 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(5):416-420
Objective
To determine if concentrations of plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are increased in dogs with cardiac tamponade and if there is a significant increase in plasma NT-proBNP after pericardiocentesis.Animals
Ten client-owned dogs with spontaneous cardiac tamponade.Methods
Prospective clinical study. Cardiac tamponade was suspected from physical examination and confirmed with echocardiography. Blood was collected and plasma NT-proBNP concentrations were measured before and 30–60 min following pericardiocentesis and resolution of cardiac tamponade. Within-subject changes in plasma NT-proBNP were compared by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results
The plasma NT-proBNP concentrations measured within the reference interval in seven of 10 dogs before pericardiocentesis and in six of 10 dogs following pericardiocentesis. Following pericardiocentesis, there was a statistically significant increase in median NT-proBNP concentration (733 pmol/L, range 250–3,297) compared with the values measured before (643 pmol/L, range 250–3,210, P = 0.004). The NT-proBNP concentration increased in 90% of the dogs following pericardiocentesis.Conclusions
An upper reference limit of 900 pmol/L for plasma NT-proBNP is insensitive for the diagnosis of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in dogs. Plasma NT-proBNP concentration commonly increases following pericardiocentesis, perhaps related to improved ventricular filling and stretch. 相似文献5.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in asymptomatic Swedish Norfolk terriers.Animals
Seventy-nine privately owned Norfolk terriers.Materials and methods
A prospective observational study was conducted where dogs were recruited via the Swedish Norfolk terrier club. All dogs were examined using the same protocol including physical examination and Doppler echocardiography.Results
Fifteen dogs (19%) had a murmur at the time of the examination. A total of 35 dogs (44%) had MR, including 23 dogs (29%) with both MR and tricuspid valve regurgitation and 12 dogs (15%) with MR only, identified on Doppler echocardiography. In addition, 7 dogs (9%) had tricuspid valve regurgitation only. The prevalence of MR increased with increasing age (p < 0.0001).Conclusions
Mitral valve regurgitation is common in asymptomatic Norfolk terriers with and without murmurs and the prevalence increases with age. The impact of MR in this breed on survival remains to be elucidated by a longitudinal study. 相似文献6.
Jenelle Izer Ronald Wilson Krista Hernon Akif Ündar 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):133-137
Objective
To describe an ultrasound-guided approach for venous and arterial vascular access and catheterization in anesthetized adult Yorkshire cross-bred pigs.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Ten adult female Yorkshire cross-bred pigs, weighing 78.4 ± 5.6 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Using ultrasound guidance and the Seldinger technique, a 7 Fr, 20 cm triple-lumen central venous catheter was placed in the external jugular vein and an 18 gauge, 16 cm catheter was placed in the femoral artery. The success rate of catheterization and the incidence of catheter patency over 24 hours of general anesthesia were recorded.Results
Catheterization of the external jugular vein was successful in 10 out of 10 pigs and catheterization of the femoral artery was successful in eight out of 10 pigs. A surgical dissection technique on the femoral artery was performed in two pigs. Venous and arterial catheter patency was maintained in all pigs over the 24 hour study period.Conclusions and clinical relevance
Ultrasound guidance resulted in success rates of 100% for catheterization of the external jugular vein and 80% for catheterization of the femoral artery in anesthetized adult Yorkshire cross-bred pigs. This technique is a noninvasive, easily performed alternative to surgical exposure of the vessels in large pigs undergoing surgical instrumentation for biomedical device testing. 相似文献7.
Jaime Viscasillas Richard Everson Emma Kate Mapletoft Charlotte Dawson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2019,46(2):246-250
Objective
To describe a novel ultrasound-guided posterior extraconal block in the dog.Study design
Prospective experimental cadaveric study.Animals
A total of 13 Beagle Cross cadaver heads.Methods
After describing the ultrasound bony landmarks and posterior extraconal local regional technique in one head, 12 heads were used to evaluate the spreading of contrast and evaluate potential complications. A 5–8 MHz microconvex ultrasound probe was positioned caudal to the orbital ligament, with the beam orientated transversely, and then tilted caudally until the orbital fissure was visualized. After identifying the bony structures consistent with the orbital fissure, a needle was advanced using an in-plane technique and 0.5 mL of a 50:50 mixture of iohexol and methylene blue was injected. Computed tomography (CT) and dissection were used to evaluate successful injections and potential complications. The injection was considered successful if radiopaque contrast medium was 5 mm from the orbital fissure. Potential complications were defined as the presence of radiopaque contrast within the globe or the intracalvarial tissues.Results
The CT images confirmed contrast at the target site in 15/24 (63%) of the injections. Only two injections were found in the temporalis muscle; the rest of the injections were located in the extraconal space. No potential complications such as intracranial spreading of contrast, intravascular or intraocular injection were found.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The technique can deliver contrast close to the main nerves which provide sensory and motor innervation to the eye. Further studies are needed to evaluate this technique in clinical cases. 相似文献8.
Nicola Wiedemann Nicolai Hildebrandt Gabriel Wurtinger Estelle Henrich Esther Hassdenteufel Matthias Schneider 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):247-255
Background
Increased cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration has been reported in dogs with atrioventricular (AV) block before and shortly following pacemaker implantation. The role of AV dyssynchrony, age, or concurrent cardiac disease on cTnI concentration remains unknown.Objectives
To investigate change in cTnI concentration following dual-chamber pacemaker implantation on short- and long-term follow-up and to compare cTnI values to a case-matched control group.Animals
Thirty-eight client-owned dogs with permanent AV block and 38 matched control dogs.Methods
Retrospective review of medical records. Pacemaker group consisted of dogs with AV block and dual-chamber pacing. Control group matched the study population in age and cardiac disease. cTnI was compared between pacemaker and control group on short- and long-term follow-up. Different lead types and influence of arrhythmia on cTnI were tested.Results
cTnI was high at presentation (median 0.66 ng/ml; range 0.03–18.6) and showed a significant reduction over time after pacemaker implantation (p < 0.0001). Median cTnI values were significantly different between pacemaker and control group on short-term (p = 0.0004; 0.11 ng/ml, range 0.03–1.36 versus 0.06 ng/ml, range 0.03–0.46), but not on long-term follow-up (p = 0.0547; 0.14 ng/ml, range 0.03–0.73 versus 0.07 ng/ml, range 0.03–0.46). Lead type and severity of arrhythmia did not show a significant correlation to cTnI concentration.Conclusions
On long-term follow-up, cTnI remained mildly elevated in some of the pacemaker dogs but was not significantly different to the matched control group. 相似文献9.
R.M. Cervenec C.D. Stauthammer D.M. Fine H.B. Kellihan B.A. Scansen 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):240-246
Objectives
To evaluate survival time in dogs with persistent atrial standstill after pacemaker implantation and to compare the survival times for cardiac-related vs. non-cardiac deaths. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the effects of breed and the presence of congestive heart failure (CHF) at the time of diagnosis on survival time.Animals
Twenty dogs with persistent atrial standstill and pacemaker implantation.Methods
Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with persistent atrial standstill based on electrocardiogram that underwent pacemaker implantation. Survival after pacemaker implantation was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results
The median survival time after pacemaker implantation for all-cause mortality was 866 days. There was no significant difference (p=0.573) in median survival time for cardiac (506 days) vs. non-cardiac deaths (400 days). The presence of CHF at the time of diagnosis did not affect the survival time (P=0.854). No difference in median survival time was noted between breeds (P=0.126).Conclusions
Dogs with persistent atrial standstill have a median survival time of 866 days with pacemaker implantation, though a wide range of survival times was observed. There was no difference in the median survival time for dogs with cardiac-related deaths and those without. Patient breed and the presence of CHF before pacemaker implantation did not affect median survival time. 相似文献10.
M.W. Nolan M.M. Arkans D. LaVine T. DeFrancesco J.A. Myers E.H. Griffith L.P. Posner B.W. Keene S.P. Tou T.L. Gieger 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(2):132-143
Objectives
To determine the short-term safety and biologic activity of radiation therapy (RT) for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma in pet dogs.Animals
Six dogs with echocardiographic evidence of a right atrial/auricular mass, and hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, were enrolled in a prospective, single-arm clinical trial.Methods
A single fraction of 12 Gy was delivered using conformal external beam irradiation. Serum cardiac troponin I and plasma concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor were quantified before, 4 and 24 h after RT. The frequency of required pericardiocenteses (quantified as the number of pericardiocenteses per week) before RT was compared to that after treatment. Overall survival time was determined.Results
No treatment-related complications were observed. Pericardiocentesis was performed an average of 0.91 times per week before RT, and an average of 0.21 times per week after RT; this difference was statistically significant (p=0.03, as compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test of paired data). Pre- and post-treatment plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations were not significantly different at any time point; there was a statistically significant (p=0.04; Friedman's test for non-parametric repeated measures) increase in cardiac troponin concentrations 4 h after irradiation. Median overall survival time was 79 days.Conclusions
In this population of dogs, RT was delivered without complication, and appears to have reduced the frequency of periacardial tamponade that necessitated pericardiocentesis. Serum cardiac troponin levels are altered after RT. RT alone, or in combination with chemotherapy, may provide clinical benefit to dogs with presumptive diagnoses of cardiac hemangiosarcoma. 相似文献11.
M. Borgarelli O. Lanz N. Pavlisko J.A. Abbott G. Menciotti M. Aherne S.M. Lahmers K.K. Lahmers J.S. Gammie 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(3):256-267
Objective
Mitral valve (MV) regurgitation due to degenerative MV disease is the leading cause of cardiac death in dogs. We carried out preliminary experiments to determine the feasibility and short-term effects of beating-heart MV repair using an expanded polytetrafluorethylene (ePTFE) chordal implantation device (Harpoon TSD-5) in dogs.Animals
This study involved six healthy purpose-bred Beagles (weight range 8.9–11.4 kg).Material and methods
Following a mini-thoracotomy performed under general anesthesia, the TSD-5 was used to place 1 or 2 artificial ePTFE cords on the anterior MV leaflet or the posterior MV leaflet via a left-ventricular transapical approach. The procedure was guided and monitored by transesophageal echocardiography. Postoperative antithrombotic treatment consisted of clopidogrel or a combination of clopidogrel and apixaban. Dogs were serially evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography at day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 30. The hearts were then examined for evaluation of tissues reactions and to detect signs of endothelialization.Results
One or two chords were successfully implanted in five dogs. Four dogs completed the 30 days follow-up. One dog died intra-operatively because of aortic perforation. One dog died early post-operatively from a hemorrhagic pleural effusion attributed to overly aggressive antithrombotic treatment. One dog developed a thrombus surrounding both the knot and the synthetic cord. Postmortem exam confirmed secure placement of ePTFE knots in the mitral leaflets in all dogs and the presence of endothelialization of the knots and chords.Conclusions
These preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of artificial chordal placement using an ePTFE cordal implantation device in dogs. 相似文献12.
Objectives
To determine whether the Enterprise point-of-care blood analysis system (EPOC) produces results in agreement with two other blood gas analysers in regular clinical use (i-STAT and Radiometer ABL77) and to investigate the precision of the new machine when used with equine whole blood.Study design
Prospective, randomized, non-blinded, comparative laboratory analyser study.Animals
Horses admitted to a university teaching hospital requiring arterial or venous blood gas analysis as part of their routine clinical management.Methods
One hundred equine blood samples were run immediately, consecutively and in randomized order on three blood gas analysers. Results of variables common to all three analysers were tested for agreement and compared with guidelines used in human medicine. These require 80% of results from the test analyser to fall within a defined range or percentage of results from the comparator devices to achieve acceptability. Additionally, 21 samples were run twice in quick succession on the EPOC analyser to investigate precision.Results
Agreement targets were not met for haematocrit, haemoglobin and base excess for either i-STAT or ABL77 analysers. EPOC precision targets were not met for partial pressure of carbon dioxide, ionized calcium, haematocrit and haemoglobin. Overall comparative performance of the EPOC was good to excellent for pH, oxygen tension, potassium, bicarbonate and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin, but marginal to poor for other parameters.Conclusions and clinical relevance
The EPOC may be useful in performing analysis of equine whole blood, but trend analysis of carbon dioxide tension, ionized calcium, haematocrit and haemoglobin should be interpreted with caution. The EPOC should not be used interchangeably with other blood gas analysers. 相似文献13.
Objective
To describe a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block in dogs and compare it with a traditional approach.Study design
Prospective, randomized controlled study.Animals
Heads from 17 euthanized dogs (10 Greyhounds, three Border Collies and four of mixed breed).Methods
A volume of 1 mL of methylene blue dye was injected by each of two techniques, a traditional percutaneous approach and a transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block. Both techniques were used on each head, alternating the left and right sides after random assignment to the first head. The heads were dissected to reveal the maxillary nerve and the length of nerve stained was measured.Results
There was no significant difference (p = 0.67) in the proportion of nerves stained for a length >6 mm by either technique (88.2% transorbital versus 82.3% percutaneous). The mean length of nerve stained did not differ significantly between the techniques (p = 0.26).Conclusions and clinical relevance
The transorbital approach to the maxillary nerve block described here presents a viable alternative to the traditional percutaneous approach. Further study is required to confirm its efficacy and safety under clinical conditions. 相似文献14.
Anderson F. da Cunha Sara J. Ramos Michelle Domingues Amanda Shelby Hugues Beaufrère Rhett Stout Mark J. Acierno 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1068-1075
Objectives
1) To determine which peripheral artery commonly used for invasive arterial blood pressure (IBP) monitoring yields the least bias when compared with noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) values obtained at the antebrachium of the dog, and 2) to identify and describe differences in systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressures (DAP) among different anatomical locations.Study design
Prospective experimental study.Animals
Twenty adult hound dogs weighing 24.5 ± 1.1 kg (mean ± standard deviation).Methods
Four peripheral arteries—dorsal pedal, median caudal, intermediate auricular and superficial palmar arteries—were catheterized with 20 gauge, 3.8 cm catheters. One NIBP cuff was placed in the middle third of the antebrachium. Four sets of IBP and NIBP measurements were simultaneously collected every 2 minutes. A linear mixed model was performed to analyze the collected data.Results
IBP values varied depending on the arterial catheterization site. The difference was greater for SAP. NIBP measured at the antebrachium had the best agreement with IBP measured at the median caudal artery.Conclusion and clinical relevance
IBP varies among anatomical locations. The smallest bias and narrowest limits of agreement were obtained at the median caudal artery, providing the best overall agreement with the equipment studied. The median caudal artery may be the preferable anatomical location for clinical comparison studies between IBP and NIBP in dogs when the cuff is on the antebrachium. 相似文献15.
16.
Preet M. Singh Craig B. Johnson Brett Gartrell Sheryl Mitchinson Antony Jacob Paul Chambers 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):538-545
Objective
To evaluate analgesic efficacies of morphine and butorphanol in lame broiler chickens.Study design
Double blind, randomized, controlled experimental study.Animals
In study 1, 36 lame and 36 sound chickens. In study 2, 48 lame and 48 sound chickens.Methods
Sound and lame chickens were gait scored and randomly assigned into four groups: sound-drug, sound-placebo, lame-drug, and lame-placebo in study 1. In study 2, an additional lame and sound handling control group was included. Chickens in drug groups were injected with either morphine or butorphanol 2 mg kg?1 intravenously. Chickens in placebo groups were injected with an equal volume of normal saline. All birds underwent an obstacle course (OC) and latency-to-lie (LTL) test before injection and at 30 minutes and 2 hours after injection, to assess their walking ability and their standing ability. The time taken to finish the OC and the standing time in the LTL test were recorded. Friedman tests with Dunn’s correction were used to identify significant differences.Results
Lame chickens finished the OC faster (mean ± standard deviation 36 ± 8 c.f. 69 ± 18 seconds) after the injection of butorphanol. Morphine caused sedation with an increase in time taken to finish the OC, even in sound chickens. In the lame handling control and placebo groups the OC times increased and the LTL times decreased with each observation.Conclusion
Intravenous butorphanol (2 mg kg?1) may be analgesic in chickens for up to 2 hours. Morphine caused sedation. 相似文献17.
Alessia Cenani Robert J. Brosnan Shara Madigan Heather K. Knych John E. Madigan 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(1):86-97
Objective
Propranolol has been suggested for anxiolysis in horses, but its sedation efficacy and side effects, both when administered alone and in combination with α2-adrenoceptor agonists, remain undetermined. This study aimed to document the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol, romifidine and their combination.Study design
Randomized, crossover study.Animals
Six adult horses weighing 561 ± 48 kg.Methods
Propranolol (1 mg kg?1; treatment P), romifidine (0.1 mg kg?1; treatment R) or their combination (treatment PR) were administered intravenously with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Alertness, behavioral responsiveness (visual and tactile) and physiologic variables were measured before and up to 960 minutes after drug administration. Blood was collected for blood gas and acid-base analyses and measurement of plasma drug concentrations. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance or Friedman with Holm–Sidak and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests (p < 0.05).Results
Systemic clearance significantly decreased and the area under the concentration-time curve significantly increased for both drugs in PR compared with P and R. Both PR and R decreased behavioral responsiveness and resulted in sedation for up to 240 and 480 minutes, respectively. Sedation was deeper in PR for the first 16 minutes. Heart rate significantly decreased in all treatments for at least 60 minutes, and PR significantly increased the incidence of severe bradycardia (<20 beats minute?1).Conclusions and clinical relevance
Although not associated with reduced behavioral responsiveness or sedation alone, propranolol augmented romifidine sedation, probably through alterations in romifidine pharmacokinetics, in horses administered PR. The occurrence of severe bradycardia warrants caution in the co-administration of these drugs at the doses studied. 相似文献18.
I. Biasato E. Biasibetti S. Gili G. Bruatto A. Tarducci F. Guarda M.T. Capucchio 《Journal of Veterinary Cardiology》2017,19(1):68-73
Objectives
Right atrial aneurysms have been reported in bovine species, but a clear aetiopathogenesis has never been elucidated.Animals
One thousand and seventy-nine veal calves (6–9 months old) and 313 beef cattle (10–24 months old) housed in intensive livestock farming systems and regularly slaughtered were included in the present study.Methods
Hearts were externally examined and the identified right atrial aneurysms were submitted for gross and histopathological investigations.Results
Right atrial aneurysms, which involved the right auricle, were detected in both veal calves (4.63%) and beef cattle (8.63%). Two types of aneurysms were observed: one type showing communications with the atrial lumen, the other one having no connections with it. Aneurysms communicating with the atrial lumen were characterized by endocardial fibrosis, whereas the other ones showed arterial characteristics (intimal fibromuscular hyperplasia and medial elastic fibre and fibrous tissue deposition).Conclusions
Considering the similarities with the right atrial aneurysms reported in people, the aneurysms communicating with the atrial lumen were considered to be caused by an inherent atrial weakness (so called ‘loci minoris resistentiae’ areas). On the contrary, the aneurysms with no communications with the atrial lumen, whose localization suggested an origin from the intramural coronary arteries of the pectinate muscles, may be subsequent to systemic hypertension due to intensive livestock farming conditions. 相似文献19.
Giorgia della Rocca Juliana Tabarelli Brondani Flávia Augusta de Oliveira Martina Crociati Lakamy Sylla Agnes Elad Ngonput Alessandra Di Salvo Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(5):1253-1261