L-半胱氨酸—植酸缔合显色体系的研究

植酸和半胱氨酸的显色反应。在ｐＨ＝１００的ＮＨ３－ＮＨ４Ｃｌ缓冲体系中,植酸与半胱氨酸可以形成稳定的缔合物,缔合物的最大吸收波长为５７０ｎｍ。该体系操作方便、灵敏度高,具有很好的显色可逆性,其它氨基酸不干扰半胱氨酸的鉴定,用于混合样品中半胱氨酸的定性鉴定,结果满意。     

dSarm/Sarm1 is required for activation of an injury-induced axon death pathway

Axonal and synaptic degeneration is a hallmark of peripheral neuropathy, brain injury, and neurodegenerative disease. Axonal degeneration has been proposed to be mediated by an active autodestruction program, akin to apoptotic cell death; however, loss-of-function mutations capable of potently blocking axon self-destruction have not been described. Here, we show that loss of the Drosophila Toll receptor adaptor dSarm (sterile α/Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein) cell-autonomously suppresses Wallerian degeneration for weeks after axotomy. Severed mouse Sarm1 null axons exhibit remarkable long-term survival both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that Sarm1 prodegenerative signaling is conserved in mammals. Our results provide direct evidence that axons actively promote their own destruction after injury and identify dSarm/Sarm1 as a member of an ancient axon death signaling pathway.     

L-半胱氨酸对农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化的影响

通过在共培养基中添加L-半胱氨酸,研究了L-半胱氨酸对农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化的影响。结果表明:L-半胱氨酸对大豆子叶节的转化有明显的促进作用,其中质量浓度为500 mg/L时转化效率最为显著。以此浓度为基础,通过GUS染色和分子检测,得到了大豆转基因植株,使转化效率由不加L-半胱氨酸的1.17%提高到了2.21%。     

Neuronal GPCR controls innate immunity by regulating noncanonical unfolded protein response genes

The unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated when unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum, has been implicated in the normal physiology of immune defense and in several human diseases, including diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and inflammatory disease. In this study, we found that the nervous system controlled the activity of a noncanonical UPR pathway required for innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. OCTR-1, a putative octopamine G protein-coupled catecholamine receptor (GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor), functioned in sensory neurons designated ASH and ASI to actively suppress innate immune responses by down-regulating the expression of noncanonical UPR genes pqn/abu in nonneuronal tissues. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism by which the nervous system may sense inflammatory responses and respond by controlling stress-response pathways at the organismal level.     

L-半胱氨酸对冻融后猪精子质量参数和膜脂质过氧化反应的影响

试验检测冷冻稀释液中添加L-半胱氨酸对冻精解冻后精子质量参数、膜脂质过氧化程度的影响。结果显示:(1)在冷冻稀释液中添加0.1 mg.mL-1L-半胱氨酸能显著地提高冻融后精子的活率、顶体完整率及体外受精率(P<0.05),但对运动学参数没有影响(P>0.05)。(2)在冷冻稀释液中添加L-半胱氨酸(0.1、0.2和0.3mg.mL-1L-半胱氨酸)能显著降低膜脂质过氧化水平(P<0.05)。该结果表明冷冻稀释液中添加L-半胱氨酸能改善猪精子的冷冻效率。     

HPLC法测定栀子黄中L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐的含量

[目的]建立测定栀子黄中的L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐含量的高效液相色谱法。[方法]采用十八烷基键合硅胶柱(岛津,4.66 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇∶水(1∶9)为流动相,流速1.0 ml/min,检测波长220 nm。[结果]L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐在10～320μg/ml的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为99.79%(RSD=1.6%,n=5),重复性试验的RSD为1.3%,稳定性试验的RSD为0.97%。[结论]该方法简便可行,重复性好,准确度高,可用于检测栀子黄中L-半胱氨酸盐酸盐的含量。     

海红果无硫护色剂配方的响应面法优化

为解决海红果在加工过程中极易发生褐变的问题,开发海红果无硫护色剂,选取护色剂柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、氯化钠为影响因子,以海红果的褐变度为响应值。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Design- Expert V8 试验设计,构建二次多项式回归方程模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,护色剂对海红果色泽的影响程度依次为:L-半胱氨酸>氯化钠>柠檬酸,复合护色剂的最优配方为0.06% L-半胱氨酸、1.68% 氯化钠、0.64% 柠檬酸,在此条件下,加工的海红果护色效果好。     

Immunotherapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease

Although neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are not classically considered mediated by inflammation or the immune system, in some instances the immune system may play an important role in the degenerative process. Furthermore, it has become clear that the immune system itself may have beneficial effects in nervous system diseases considered neurodegenerative. Immunotherapeutic approaches designed to induce a humoral immune response have recently been developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These studies have led to human trials that resulted in both beneficial and adverse effects. In animal models, it has also been shown that immunotherapy designed to induce a cellular immune response may be of benefit in central nervous system injury, although T cells may have either a beneficial or detrimental effect depending on the type of T cell response induced. These areas provide a new avenue for exploring immune system-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and will be discussed here with a primary focus on Alzheimer's disease. We will also discuss how these approaches affect microglia activation, which plays a key role in therapy of such diseases.     

山楂凉果加工护色技术研究

对山楂凉果加工的不同护色工艺及护色剂组成、浓度进行了研究,确定了各项技术参数。试验结果表明:山楂在以300 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸、0.5%柠檬酸、0.01%植酸组成的复合护色液中煮沸3 min并浸泡12 h,得到的山楂凉果的色泽稳定性最佳。     

藕带中多酚氧化酶的酶学性质研究

[目的]研究藕带中多酚氧化酶（PPO）的酶学性质。[方法]以邻苯二酚为底物,用分光光度法研究pH值、温度和抑制剂对藕带PPO活性的影响,并建立酶促褐变动力学方程。[结果]藕带PPO的最适pH值为6.0,最适温度为30℃;Km为0.0344mol/L,Vmax为172.41U/ml,70℃热保温60minPPO的活性基本丧失;抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸和氯化亚锡均能抑制藕带PPO的活性,其中,L-半胱氨酸和氯化亚锡为最佳抑制剂,其次是柠檬酸和抗坏血酸,0.20g/LL-半胱氨酸和氯化亚锡均能有效抑制PPO的活性。[结论]该研究可为合理利用藕带资源和科学控制其深加工过程中的酶促褐变提供了参考依据。     

不同活性氧清除剂处理对晚熟龙眼挂树保鲜的影响

为探讨活性氧清除剂对晚熟龙眼挂树保鲜的影响,用1g·L~(-1)的苯甲酸钠、甘露醇、没食子酸丙酯、乙酰水杨酸、抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸和维生素E喷雾立冬本果穗,以双蒸水喷雾为对照。结果表明,与对照相比,活性氧清除剂处理能减少龙眼果皮膜脂过氧化,抑制果皮中丙二醛(MDA)生成;推迟和降低果肉自溶发生;使果实保持较高的TSS,其中,抗坏血酸的效果最好,其次是没食子酸丙酯。     

Oxidative damage linked to neurodegeneration by selective alpha-synuclein nitration in synucleinopathy lesions

Aggregated alpha-synuclein proteins form brain lesions that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies, and oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some of these disorders. Using antibodies to specific nitrated tyrosine residues in alpha-synuclein, we demonstrate extensive and widespread accumulations of nitrated alpha-synuclein in the signature inclusions of Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease, and multiple system atrophy brains. We also show that nitrated alpha-synuclein is present in the major filamentous building blocks of these inclusions, as well as in the insoluble fractions of affected brain regions of synucleinopathies. The selective and specific nitration of alpha-synuclein in these disorders provides evidence to directly link oxidative and nitrative damage to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative synucleinopathies.     

Naturally occurring auxin transport regulators

The process of polar auxin transport, central to a plant's auxin relations, can be inhibited by a group of synthetic compounds that apparently act by binding to a plasma membrane protein known as the naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) receptor. No endogenous ligand to the NPA receptor, capable of affecting polar auxin transport in plants, has yet been found. It is now shown that a group of flavonoids-including quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol-can specifically compete with [(3)H]NPA for binding to its receptor and can perturb auxin transport in a variety of plant tissues and transport systems in a manner closely paralleling the action of synthetic transport inhibitors. Because the active flavonoids are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and exert their effects at micromolar concentrations approximating likely endogenous levels, they may act as natural auxin transport regulators in plants.     

Human endometrial adenocarcinoma transplanted into nude mice: growth regulation by estradiol

A model for studying the growth of primary tumors of human endometrium and its regulation by 17 beta-estradiol has been developed in which ovariectomized nude mice are used as recipients. The receptors for sex steroids are maintained during serial transplantation of the tumor in this system. Although the rate of growth of receptor-negative endometrial tumors transplanted into ovariectomized nude mice is unaffected by the sustained presence or absence of estradiol, the growth of receptor-positive tumors is significantly increased by estradiol. Receptor-positive tumors treated with estradiol produced elevated concentrations of progesterone receptor. That the progesterone receptor is functional in this tumor is evident from the induction of estradiol 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity upon progestin administration. These findings are consistent with receptor-mediated regulation of growth of endometrial carcinoma.     

美拉德反应对刺参性腺酶解物风味的影响

目的：为提高刺参性腺利用率,制备风味较佳的海鲜风味调味料。方法：以刺参性腺酶解物为研究对象,加入D-木糖和L-半胱氨酸进行美拉德反应,结合低分子质量香味中间体、褐变程度、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和挥发性物质等指标分析刺参性腺酶解物滋味和气味的变化。结果表明：美拉德反应后,鲜味、甜味游离氨基酸含量显著增加(P<0.05),苦味游离氨基酸占比减少；AMP为刺参性腺酶解物中主要的呈味核苷酸,且反应后含量显著下降(P<0.05)；关键风味化合物种类和数量均增加,醛类为主要的挥发性风味成分,苯甲醛是反应前后的最主要差异物质,吡嗪、噻吩和2-乙基呋喃是美拉德反应形成的特征性风味物质。结论：刺参肠酶解物/D-木糖/L-半胱氨酸美拉德反应产物具有良好的风味,为高品质调味基料和功能性食品的开发提供应用参考。     

The genetics of adult-onset neuropsychiatric disease: complexities and conundra?

Genetic factors play a major role in the etiology of adult-onset neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Several highly penetrant genes have been cloned for rare, autosomal-dominant, early-onset forms of neurodegenerative diseases. These genes have provided important insights into the mechanisms of these diseases (often altering neuronal protein processing). However, the genes associated with inherited susceptibility to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder appear to have smaller effects and are likely to interact with each other (and with nongenetic factors) to modulate susceptibility and/or disease phenotype. Several strategies have recently been applied to address this complexity, leading to the identification of a number of candidate susceptibility loci/genes.     

Role for excitatory amino acids in methamphetamine-induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity

The systemic administration of either methamphetamine or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to experimental animals produces degenerative changes in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons or their axon terminals. This study was conducted to determine if excitatory amino acids, which appear to be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders, might also contribute to the dopaminergic neurotoxicity produced in mice by either methamphetamine or MPTP. MK-801, phencyclidine, and ketamine, noncompetitive antagonists of one subtype of excitatory amino acid receptor, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, provided substantial protection against neurotoxicity produced by methamphetamine but not that produced by MPTP. These findings indicate that excitatory amino acids play an important role in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic damage induced by methamphetamine.     

复合护色液对蒜米防绿变效果的研究

[目的]研究复合保鲜护色液对蒜米护色效果的影响。[方法]以保鲜蒜米为材料,通过正交试验考察抗坏血酸、L-半胱氨酸、二氧化氯3种保鲜护色液对蒜米护色效果的影响,以感官评定来确定最佳复合保鲜护色液浓度及复合配比。[结果]试验得出,将蒜米浸泡在0．12％的抗坏血酸、0．040％的L一半胱氨酸、150mg／kg的二氧化氯复合杀茵护色中10min,之后沥水装入真空袋中抽真空,包装后的蒜米放在-1～-2℃的冷库储藏,护色效果最好。[结论]研究可为保鲜蒜米的护色储存提供参考依据。