高温对安徽省水稻汕优63结实率、千粒重的影响分析

摘要：本文利用安徽省农科院2000-2004年中稻分期播种试验水稻发育期资料、产量结构资料和相应的气象地面观测资料为基本数据源,分析了水稻汕优63不同生育阶段内高温日数、危害积温、高温日平均最高气温和高温日平均最低气温对结实率、千粒重的影响。结果表明,不同生育期内高温日数、危害积温对结实率、千粒重的影响为孕穗期>幼穗形成期>抽穗灌浆期;孕穗期内高温日平均最高气温对结实率、千粒重影响显著,幼穗形成期、抽穗灌浆期内高温日平均最高气温对结实率、千粒重的影响相对较小;高温日平均最低气温对结实率、千粒重的影响在抽穗灌浆期最为显著,孕穗期次之,幼穗形成期最小。     

低温对玉米光合作用、超氧物歧化酶活性和籽粒产量的影响

玉米在孕穗期和灌浆期,尤其是在孕穗期遇低温逆境会导致光合速率下降,光合有效叶面积降低,叶片和雌穗(或籽粒)超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降、丙二醛含量剧增和相对电导率提高,造成低温冷害。孕穗期低温处理主要抑制了雌穗分化和发育,减少了穗粒数,灌浆期低温逆境主要影响了籽粒灌浆,致使百粒重下降,引起产量降低。     

孕穗期低温胁迫对优质香稻产量及其构成因素的影响

为探明孕穗期冷害对优质香稻产量及其构成因素的影响，以冷敏感品种绥粳4和冷钝感品种垦稻08-169为试验材料，于孕穗期17℃低温处理0(CK)、3、6、9d，研究孕穗期低温胁迫对优质香稻产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明，孕穗期低温胁迫降低优质香稻产量及其构成因素。其中低温胁迫3、6、9d极显著降低2个品种的穗上、中、下部每穗粒数，使整穗每穗粒数下降。低温胁迫6、9d极显著降低2个品种的穗上、中、下部千粒重，使整穗千粒重下降。低温处理6d极显著降低了绥粳4的穗上、中、下部结实率和垦稻08-169穗下部结实率，低温处理9d极显著降低了2个品种穗上、中、下部结实率，使整穗结实率下降。不同耐冷品种产量构成因素对低温胁迫的响应存在差异，结合生产实际以低温6d为标准，孕穗期低温胁迫对冷敏感绥粳4穗上、中部结实率影响更大，对冷钝感品种垦稻08-169的穗下部千粒重影响更大。因此，孕穗期低温胁迫通过降低穗上、中、下部每穗粒数、千粒重和穗下部结实率来减少优质香稻产量。     

气象条件对杂交水稻汕优63产量构成因子的影响

以水稻品种汕优63为材料,分析了信阳地区水稻不同生育期的气象条件与产量构成因子之间的相互关系。研究发现分蘖率在300％左右成穗率较高,适宜的日平均温度和日照时数分别为26℃和5.5h;分蘖期有效穗数与日照时数的变化成正比,当日照时数达到5h以上时有效穗数的变化不大;孕穗期温度在28~30℃,日较差在8~10℃时有效穗数较高;孕穗、抽穗期的高温（>30℃）及光照不足（<5h）会显著降低水稻的结实率;灌浆期日照总量、降水总量和气温日较差对水稻千粒重均有影响;各产量构成因子的重要程度依次为结实率>有效穗数>千粒重     

土壤水分调控对高产冬小麦生理特性及产量影响

采用田间防雨旱棚方法研究了高产小麦分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期的三个生育时期在不同水分胁迫下,冬小麦生理特性指标的变化、产量构成因素及最终产量的变化。结果表明：冬小麦各个生育时期对水分胁迫反应有显著差别,主要表现为光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势等方面;生育后期比生育前期对水分敏感性强,产量受后期水分影响较大;根据各时期光合速率、蒸腾速率、最终产量等指标得出高产冬小麦合理节水灌溉指标主要为各生育期田间持水量分蘖前期为45%~50%,分蘖后期到孕穗前期为55%~60%,孕穗后期至灌浆期要维持60%~65%左右。这种条件下可以获得较合理的生物产量和经济效益。     

不同时期断水对高原粳稻产量和品质的影响

不同时期断水处理对高原粳稻产量和物理品质都有不同程度的影响。分蘖期适时断水对产量影响最小，且有利于提高品质；幼穗分化期、孕穗期和灌浆期断水对产量和品质的影响明显，断水时间越长，对产量和物理品质的负面影响越大。     

孕穗期高温对水稻生理特性和产量性状影响研究

为探索水稻孕穗期高温对生理生化特性和产量性状的影响,降低水稻生长发育过程中孕穗期高温对水稻的危害提供理论依据。以‘泰优553’和‘隆晶优1212’为材料,在孕穗期幼穗分化Ⅳ-Ⅵ期利用人工气候室以29、32、35、38℃处理7天,以同时期田间自然温度条件作对照（CK,平均温度30.6℃）,研究孕穗期不同温度对水稻生理特性和产量性状的影响。与对照相比,38℃处理显著降低了‘泰优553’和‘隆晶优1212’的可育花粉数和可育率,可育率分别比对照下降了60.2%、54.7%。随温度的升高,2个品种的脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,在38℃处理显著高于对照(CK)和其他处理,过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。高温处理显著降低了2个品种的结实率、千粒重和产量,但对有效穗影响较少。水稻孕穗期高温能显著降低可育花粉数和可育率,同时影响幼穗生理指标的变化,致使结实率和产量下降,不同品种对高温危害的表现存在差异。     

信阳地区2003年光温条件对水稻产量的影响

通过对信阳地区1991—2004年的气象数据和水稻产量数据的分析,发现2003年水稻的减产是由于7—9月光温条件的剧烈变化所造成,产量相比近五年平均（2000—2004年）降低了28.28%。产量构成因子中结实率和每穗粒数所受影响最大,二者分别降低了23.71%和7.82%,而有效穗数与千粒重与其它年份相比并无显著差异。扬花至灌浆后期的光照不足对产量的影响最大,关联度达到0.7011。分蘖孕穗期的低温寡照、孕穗后期高温和扬花期低温也对产量有一定的影响。     

超级杂交早稻分蘖期低温胁迫效应研究

分蘖是影响水稻穗数进而影响单产的重要农艺性状,气象条件对分蘖有很大影响。为了研究超级杂交早稻分蘖期低温对分蘖的影响,以中熟超级杂交早稻组合‘淦鑫203’为材料,利用人工气候箱,采用人工控制方法,在分蘖始期进行温度和持续时间双因子胁迫试验,借助统计分析、多重比较、聚类分析等手段,分析了总穗数、有效穗的差异及其与温度和低温天数的关系。结果表明：总穗数、有效穗随温度的降低而减少,温度差异造成的总穗数、有效穗差异极其显著,分蘖期温度低于19℃,对分蘖极为不利;总穗数、有效穗随低温天数的增加而减少,但差异不显著,短时间的低温天气对分蘖的不利影响,同样不容忽视。

     

皖浙地区早稻高温热害发生规律及其对产量结构的影响研究

探讨高温与水稻产量的关系,在水稻高温热害防御中有重要意义。利用皖浙地区气象数据与早稻生育状况观测数据,分析了皖浙地区早稻高温热害规律及高温为害与早稻产量结构的关系。结果表明：皖浙2省早稻受高温热害危害的敏感期常年为6月中旬至7月中旬,且高温热害发生在时间分布上存在着周期震荡,其中20世纪80年代中期以前高温热害在发生日数和次数上呈减少趋势,其后则呈增多趋势;在空间分布上,安徽省沿江、江淮早稻主产区的高温热害重于沿淮地区;浙江省的金华—丽水一带为早稻高温热害重发区。在高温热害对早稻产量结构因素的影响中,高温热害与穗结实粒数、千粒重之间为负相关,与空壳率和秕谷率之间呈正相关,且扬花灌浆期高温热害对水稻空壳率和穗粒数影响较为显著。研究认为早稻抽穗扬花期遭遇高温热害,会对水稻结实率、千粒重、空壳率、秕谷率造成不等程度危害,其中穗粒数减少、空壳率增加是高温热害影响产量的主要原因。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.