分子标记在桃上的应用

遗传标记有形态标记、细胞标记、生化标记和分子标记等几种方法。分子标记是随着分子生物学的发展新近形成的遗传标记方法 ,能从生物体的遗传物质 (ＤＮＡ)去揭示生物体的遗传本质。有关分子标记应用的原理及其在果树上的应用已有文献综述[1～ 2 ] 。本文根据笔者对 2 0 3份桃类植物的分子标记研究和国内外有关桃分子标记方面的研究报道 ,对分子标记在桃上的应用作一简要介绍。1　分子标记技术在桃种质资源研究上的应用1 1　桃属种的系统发育和分类　笔者采用ＲＡＰＤ技术 ,用从 2 0 0多个随机引物筛选的 2 2个引物 ,对桃属主要种的ＤＮＡ进…     

ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因对番茄抗旱性的影响

为探讨番茄类囊体膜脂ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因(LeFAD7基因)在干旱胁迫下对番茄抗旱性的影响,以野生型(WT)和转正义LeFAD7基因株系T(+)-12为试材,测定了番茄叶片类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组成,干旱胁迫后的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数和活性氧清除酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性的含量变化.结果表明:转正义基因番茄植株类囊体膜脂中亚麻酸(18:3)含量升高,亚油酸(18:2)含量下降,导致膜脂脂肪酸不饱和度升高.与WT相比,干旱胁迫下转正义基因番茄植株的PS Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光合速率(Pn)下降程度较小,转正义基因番茄植株能维持较高的抗氧化酶活性.干旱胁迫下LeFAD7基因对番茄起一定的保护作用.     

多年生果树植物分子遗传作图

介绍了果树植物遗传作图特点 ,特别对果树植物遗传作图时分子标记技术的选择、遗传群体材料的选用、质量性状和数量性状定位方法、“双—假测交”理论的应用范围等方面进行了讨论     

分子标记技术在蔬菜遗传育种中的应用

介绍了几种分子标记技术的基本原理和特点,总结了分子标记技术在植物亲缘关系和遗传多态性研究、DNA指纹库的建立、遗传图谱的构建及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面的应用,并对分子标记技术在蔬菜遗传育种领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

分子标记在园林植物育种中的应用

分子标记技术已成为当前植物遗传多样性研究的主要手段,近年来更在园林植物辅助育种领域发挥重要作用。主要从遗传多元性和亲缘关系分析、遗传图谱检查、辅助选取育种等层面,介绍了分子标记技术在园林植物育种的应用,并探讨其存在的问题。     

TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间的分子机制

蔷薇科包含很多具有重要经济价值的园艺植物,它们的开花模式多样,而不同的开花模式又直接影响了开花观赏期和果树产期,在园艺生产上非常重要。以拟南芥为代表的模式植物中,TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)基因调控开花的分子机制已被深入研究,它是调控植物花芽分化的关键基因,可以维持花序的无限生长状态,延迟拟南芥的开花时间。然而,人们对蔷薇科植物开花调控机制的了解还比较有限。在本文,我们回顾了TFL1同源基因在蔷薇科植物开花时间调控分子机制方面的研究进展,并着重阐述了TFL1同源基因在各种蔷薇科植物开花转型以及童期向成熟期转换过程中的表达规律和遗传功能,为今后深入研究TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间以及童期变化的分子机制提供了重要的基础。     

分子标记及其在葫芦科作物抗病育种中的应用

分子标记技术是较形态标记、细胞标记和生化标记更为理想的遗传标记 ,已被广泛地应用于生命科学研究的各个领域。本文综述了分子标记技术的基本原理和应用范围 ,近年来在植物抗病性遗传基因的DNA分子标记和定位 ,分子标记辅助选择在抗病育种方面的应用 ,对葫芦科作物病害以及应用分子标记进行抗病育种研究的现状进行了介绍 ,并对目前的研究中所存在的问题及应用前景进行了探讨。     

人心果次生木质部导管分子的观察研究

 运用细胞图象分析系统及显微照相的方法, 观察研究人心果次生木质部导管分子。结果发现,人心果次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式, 多数导管分子具尾; 导管分子穿孔板存在着两种类型: 1. 两端均为一个单穿孔板; 2. 一端为一个单穿孔板另一端为两个单穿孔板及过渡类型; 3%的导管分子具有内含物; 管间纹孔式为互列纹孔式, 导管射线间纹孔式为混合型纹孔与横列刻痕状纹孔以及穿孔。     

SSR分子标记及其在植物遗传育种中的应用

分子标记技术是基于生物体基因组的遗传分析方法,在植物的亲缘关系分析、遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建、分子辅助育种、品种鉴定等研究中已有广泛应用。其中微卫星分子标记(Simple sequence repeats,SSRs)技术作为一种新世纪遗传学研究工具,以其信息量大,重复性好、可靠性高和多态性丰富等优点,在植物遗传育种研究中表现出很大的优势。本文简要介绍了简单重复序列(SSRs)标记的分布、功能、技术优缺点和产生多态性的机理,并对SSR标记在植物遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建、基因定位与克隆、分子标记辅助育种等研究中的应用情况进行了综述,为植物资源利用、开发和保护等研究领域的应用提供参考。     

TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间的分子机制北大核心CSCD

蔷薇科包含很多具有重要经济价值的园艺植物,它们的开花模式多样,而不同的开花模式又直接影响了开花观赏期和果树产期,在园艺生产上非常重要。以拟南芥为代表的模式植物中,TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)基因调控开花的分子机制已被深入研究,它是调控植物花芽分化的关键基因,可以维持花序的无限生长状态,延迟拟南芥的开花时间。然而,人们对蔷薇科植物开花调控机制的了解还比较有限。在本文,我们回顾了TFL1同源基因在蔷薇科植物开花时间调控分子机制方面的研究进展,并着重阐述了TFL1同源基因在各种蔷薇科植物开花转型以及童期向成熟期转换过程中的表达规律和遗传功能,为今后深入研究TFL1调控蔷薇科植物开花时间以及童期变化的分子机制提供了重要的基础。     

红掌佛焰苞中花色素与颜色形成的关系

利用切片观察法、显色法和比色法对佛焰苞中花色素的分布情况、组分及含量进行了初步分析。结果表明:红掌佛焰苞中主要含有类黄酮(包括花青素苷、黄酮和黄酮醇)、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素3类色素。大部分品种中类黄酮主要分布于上下表皮细胞中,‘萨维尔’等少数品种的栅栏组织中也有类黄酮分布;而叶绿素和类胡萝卜素则分布在栅栏组织中。各色系均含有类黄酮,红色系比其它色系含有更多的花青素苷,绿色系则含有叶绿素;参试品种中只有棕红色品种‘热带之夜’含有少量类胡萝卜素。花青素苷和叶绿素是佛焰苞显色的主要因素,总体上总花青素苷和叶绿素含量与颜色明度L*呈负相关,而与彩度C*呈正相关,即随着总花青素苷含量的增加,红色和粉红色佛焰苞的红色色调加强,叶绿素含量增加可使绿色和白色佛焰苞的绿色和黄色色调加强。     

山葡萄‘双丰’和‘左优红’叶绿素荧光特性及活性氧代谢与低温伤害的关系

为探明山葡萄叶片低温伤害的生理机制,以抗寒性差异明显的‘双丰’(山葡萄种内杂交种)和‘左优红’(种间杂交种)为试材,对低温处理过程中叶绿素荧光参数和活性氧代谢的相关指标进行测定。结果表明,随低温胁迫加剧,两个品种叶片的叶绿素含量、Chl.a/b、Fv/Fm值均呈显著下降趋势,1–qp值及MDA含量明显增加;整个胁迫过程中NPQ值较稳定的‘双丰’其叶片遭受低温伤害程度较轻,NPQ值一直下降的‘左优红’叶片伤害程度较重,‘双丰’的NPQ值始终显著高于‘左优红’。‘双丰’叶片的SOD和APX活性始终较‘左优红’高。说明低温使山葡萄叶片叶绿素分解,PSⅡ电子传递受阻,激发能增加,造成叶绿体膜脂过氧化损伤;热耗散及抗氧化酶共同作用减轻了活性氧对叶片PSⅡ的伤害程度。由此可见,热耗散NPQ值及活性氧清除酶SOD和APX活性的差异可能是造成两个山葡萄品种叶片低温伤害程度不同的重要原因。     

β–氨基丁酸对Cd胁迫下菊花生理特性的影响

为探究β–氨基丁酸(BABA)能否缓解Cd胁迫对菊花生长和生理代谢的毒害作用,以耐Cd型菊花品种‘钟山金葵’和Cd敏感型菊花品种‘钟山丹桂’为试验材料,用1/2Hogland营养液培养,研究了200μmol·L-1 Cd单独处理和200μmol·L-1 Cd+0.2 mmol·L-1 BABA处理下两个品种的生长、生物量、Cd积累和转运、根尖Cd流量以及叶片MDA含量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明:Cd胁迫抑制菊花的生长和叶绿素的合成,破坏细胞膜结构的完整性,引起膜脂过氧化伤害。耐Cd品种‘钟山金葵’的膜脂过氧化程度较低,细胞膜的完整性较好,能快速、大量地合成渗透调节物质(脯氨酸)来减轻Cd胁迫的毒害作用。BABA能改善Cd胁迫下菊花的生长,缓解Cd胁迫对株高、根长和生物量的抑制作用。BABA还可减缓Cd胁迫下叶片MDA含量的增加和相对电导率的升高,但并不增加脯氨酸的含量。耐Cd品种‘钟山金葵’根尖Cd离子流量大于Cd敏感型品种‘钟山丹桂’,能积累较多的Cd,并可以利用老叶贮存Cd,且受害程度较低。BABA能促进Cd胁迫下根系对Cd的吸收及其向地上部的转运,但对Cd在地上部不同叶位中的分布无影响。BABA处理可以促进菊花对Cd污染土壤的修复。     

Verfrühung von Süßkirschen unter geschlossener Folie

The sweet cherry cvs. ‘Burlat’, ‘Earlise’, ‘Samba’, ‘Souvenir’, and clone M, all with early ripening, large, dark, red-black fruit, were cultivated at a spacing of 3.80x1.75 m under complete rain cover in a whole orchard at the Klein-Altendorf Research Station near Bonn, Germany during April and May 2004. Under such cover, these sweet cherry trees flowered 6–13 days earlier and their fruit ripened 12–19 days earlier than those from uncovered control trees, indicating shorter or enhanced fruit development and maturation in up to 1 week. The cover proved insufficient for frost protection at night, despite increased daytime air and soil temperatures (by as much as 15°C and 5°C, respectively). Trickle irrigation was used to overcome loss of soil moisture due to the rain cover. Burlat leaves grown under this cover were thinner and softer and contained less chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll than the leaves of uncovered control trees, without limiting photosynthesis. In contrast, the chlorophyll content of clone M leaves grown under cover equalled that of uncovered controls. Three of the five cvs. employed developed fruit mass of 9–15 g (25–33 mm fruit diameter). Three-year-old sweet cherry trees on dwarfing GiSelA 5 rootstocks were more vigorous than those without cover and produced 3–4.5 kg fruit per tree. The cover had no adverse effect on fruit colouration. The cherries grown under cover were slightly smaller, softer, with attractive colouration, and tasted better due to increases in both sugar and acidity, with sugar:acid ratios of 25–30:1.     

Stock-Scion Incompatibility in Citrus and its Cause

Summary

The effects of 75 mM and 150 mM NaCl (EC 8.50 and 15.35 dS m^–1) were studied on a salt-tolerant and a salt-sensitive pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotype. The salt-tolerant genotype showed lower declines in relative water content (RWC), no change in chlorophyll (Chl) content, lower increases in lipid peroxidation, and greater increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total protein content, and glutathione content. The salt-sensitive genotype showed greater decreases in RWC, Chl content, SOD activity, and in guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity, and higher increases in lipid perxidation and the amount of proline, with a negligible increase in glutathione content.These results revealed that increases occurred in some anti-oxidative stress enzymes in the salt-tolerant pepper genotype, as well as increases in glutathione content under salinity stress. These may provide better protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS).     

水杨酸对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生理指标的影响

以番茄品种“合作908”和“奇达利”为试材,研究了不同浓度(0.1、0.5、1、2、4 mmol/L)水杨酸(SA)诱导盐胁迫下对番茄幼苗生理指标的影响.结果表明:SA可有效抑制叶绿素含量的减少;增强叶片过氧化物酶( POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性;降低膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜透性,缓解了盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制.SA的最佳诱导浓度为1mmol/L.     

菜薹BrWRKY57的特性及其对BrPPH1和BrNCED3的调控

从菜薹叶片中分离获得1个WRKY转录因子,命名为BrWRKY57。氨基酸序列比对及进化树分析发现BrWRKY57与拟南芥AtWRKY57同源性较高,含有1个WRKY保守结构域,且同属于WRKY转录因子家族Ⅱc亚族。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,BrWRKY57随着菜薹叶片衰老表达水平升高,外源脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)处理显著诱导其表达。亚细胞定位和转录活性分析表明,BrWRKY57定位于细胞核,且在酵母和烟草体内都具有转录激活活性。双荧光素酶瞬时表达试验显示,BrWRKY57可以激活叶绿素降解相关基因BrPPH1和ABA合成相关基因BrNCED3的启动子活性。以上研究结果表明,BrWRKY57参与菜薹叶片衰老过程可能与影响叶绿素降解和ABA合成相关基因的表达有关。     

青花菜衰老过程中叶绿素降解相关基因的表达分析

以两个耐贮性不同的青花菜高代自交系‘8554’和‘90196’为试验材料,分析其在贮藏过程中叶绿素含量的变化差异,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对叶绿素降解相关基因的表达量进行研究。结果表明,在4 ℃贮藏期间,‘8554’和‘90196’的叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,但耐贮藏材料‘8554’下降缓慢,且始终高于不耐贮材料‘90196’。BoCLH1（叶绿素酶1）的表达量变化在上述两种材料中表现一致,均只在初始时检测到较高表达,后期表达量很低。BoCLH2（叶绿素酶2）的表达量在‘8554’中变化较小,在‘90196’中变化较大,且高于‘8554’。BoPPH（脱镁叶绿素酶）在‘8554’中一直呈下降趋势,而在‘90196’中贮藏14 d时有显著上升过程。BoPaO（脱镁叶绿酸a加氧酶）的表达量变化在二者中均有急剧增加的过程,但是在‘8554’中出现急剧增加的时期明显滞后于‘90196’。BoRCCR（红色叶绿素代谢产物还原酶）在‘90196’中于贮藏21 d时出现一个明显的表达高峰,而在‘8554’中未出现。上述结果表明耐贮藏性不同的青花菜叶绿素降解机制不同,其衰老过程中叶绿素含量的变化主要通过BoCLH2、BoPPH、BoPaO以及BoRCCR的表达量变化来调节,BoCLH1主要在青花菜初始衰老中起降解叶绿素的作用。     

Physiological response of grapevine cultivars and a rootstock to infection with Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella isolates: an in vitro approach using plants and calluses

In vitro plants and callus culture of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (cv. Baga and Maria Gomes) and one rootstock (R3309, i.e. Vitis riparia var tomentosa × Vitis rupestris) were inoculated with conidia of Phaeoacremonium angustius and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Response to infection was determined in plants grown in vitro by assaying growth rates, malondialdehyde (MDA) production (lipid peroxidation) and chlorophyll content and fluorescence. Growth rate and malondialdehyde production were also used to determine resistance of calluses to infection. Infection reduced growth and increased MDA in infected plants and calluses, and reduced chlorophyll content and fluorescence in infected leaves. Symptoms were more evident in plants infected with P. angustius, showing that this species is more virulent to plants and calluses than Ph. chlamydospora. Differences in virulence among strains of Ph. chlamydospora were also found, as 1AS and CAP053 were more virulent (induced more severe decreases of growth and chlorophyll fluorescence, together with higher MDA production in both cultivars) then CAP080. Growth of rootstock plants and calluses was less affected by infection than growth of other cultivars. Contrarily to Baga and Maria Gomes, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of rootstock plants were only affected by P. angustius. Also Baga plants and calluses were more resistant than those of Maria Gomes. These data show different degrees of resistance among genotypes. Reduction of callus production by infection supports the idea that fungus infection may reduce cicatrisation by inhibiting callus formation during grafting or wounding; and therefore, contribute to the entrance of opportunist pathogens. Implications of using in vitro cultures to assay host/pathogen relationship and virulence/resistance degrees among the different genotypes of fungus and grapevines are discussed.     

Inherent limitations of nondestructive chlorophyll meters: a comparison of two types of meters

Two types of nondestructive chlorophyll meters were compared with a standard, destructive chlorophyll measurement technique. The nondestructive chlorophyll meters were 1) a custom built, single-wavelength meter, and 2) the recently introduced, dual-wavelengh, chlorophyll meter from Minolta (model SPAD-502). Data from both meters were closely correlated with destructive measurements of chlorophyll (r2 = 0.90 and 0.93; respectively) for leaves with chlorophyll concentrations ranging from 100 to 600 mg m-2, but both meters consistently overestimated chlorophyll outside this range. Although the dual-wavelength meter was slightly more accurate than the single-wavelength meter (higher r2), the light-scattering properties of leaf cells and the nonhomogeneous distribution of chlorophyll in leaves appear to limit the ability of all meters to estimate in vivo chlorophyll concentration.