RIG-I样受体信号通路及其调控研究进展

模式识别受体(pattern-recognition receptors,PRRs)中的RIG-I样受体(RIG-I like receptors,RLRs)是细胞质中一类RNA解旋酶,它们可以通过其RNA配体结合病原相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular pattern,PAMP),识别非自身的病毒RNA。被感染的细胞中,这种相互作用可以通过触发RLRs以及下游信号分子的活化,最终导致I型干扰素的产生和炎性因子的产生,细胞做出抗病毒免疫应答。本文简单介绍了RLR信号通路的组成及其泛素化调控,总结了病毒逃避RLR通路信号转导的机制,最后阐述了NOD样受体(NOD-like receptors,NLRs)通路对RLR通路的影响。通过对RLR信号通路分子在抗病毒免疫调节中的作用了解,可以为控制病毒的感染和免疫调节提供一个新的思路。     

天然免疫双链RNA受体RIG-I和MDA5及其在家禽中的研究进展

模式识别受体在抗病毒天然免疫中发挥重要作用。这些受体识别微生物的保守结构并引发细胞内一系列级联反应,产生抗病毒效应。Toll样受体和RIG-I样受体是识别RNA的两大主要受体家族,其中能够识别病毒双链RNA(dsRNA)的RIG-I样家族在抗病毒免疫方面发挥关键作用。RIG-I样家族(RLR)的主要成员是RIG-I和MDA5,已有大量研究表明其能够引发相同的天然免疫信号,本文从多个角度阐述了两者的相似点和不同点,包括两者结构与定位、下游信号通路、抗病毒免疫、病毒对RLR信号的调节和逃逸,以及在禽类方面的研究进展。通过对RIG-I与MDA5多方面异同点的了解,能够对这些受体蛋白质以及家禽相关天然免疫有更深层次的认识,为免疫调节并控制病毒感染提供新思路。     

轮状病毒感染对宿主天然免疫影响的研究进展

轮状病毒是导致许多哺乳动物严重腹泻的主要病原,它的入侵会导致宿主细胞抗病毒状态的建立,如病毒核酸与RIG-Ⅰ、MDA5、LGP2、dsRNA依赖的蛋白激酶及NLR炎症小体作用,导致IFN的分泌和细胞焦亡等;非结构蛋白NSP4会激活NF-κB信号通路。但轮状病毒也进化出多种策略来对抗宿主的天然免疫,其中以非结构蛋白1(NSP1)研究较多,NSP1可抑制STAT-Y701磷酸化,降解干扰素调节因子、MAVS和β-TrCP等,进而阻止IFN-β和NF-κB信号通路的激活;VP3降解MAVS,拮抗OAS/RNase L通路激活阻止宿主细胞对病毒RNA的应答;VP2、NSP2、NSP3也发挥了一定拮抗天然免疫的作用。论文主要对轮状病毒各蛋白调控宿主天然免疫的机制进行综述,以期为轮状病毒感染防控、新型疫苗研制等提供参考。     

视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ在家禽天然免疫应答中作用的研究进展

家禽的天然免疫应答在抵抗病毒感染的过程中起着关键性作用,视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ(retinoic acid inducible gene-Ⅰ,RIG-Ⅰ)作为细胞质内一类识别病毒双链RNA的模式识别受体,与天然免疫应答密切相关。它可通过RNA配体结合病原相关分子模式监测细胞质中的病毒RNA,此过程激活了RIG-Ⅰ及下游线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白(MAVS),最终导致干扰素调节因子(IRF3/7)和核因子κB(NF-κB)活化,诱导产生Ⅰ型干扰素等免疫细胞因子,进而使细胞做出相应的抗病毒天然免疫反应。但由于鸡体内缺乏RIG-Ⅰ基因,目前大多将鸭源或鹅源RIG-Ⅰ基因转染鸡成纤维母细胞(DF-1)研究RIG-Ⅰ基因在鸡感染禽类病毒时是否具有免疫功能。文章介绍了RIG-Ⅰ在家禽体内的表达及其介导的抗病毒天然免疫信号通路,并简述了RIG-Ⅰ在家禽体内抗病毒作用的研究概况,为抑制家禽病毒的感染和免疫系统研究,以及研制新型抗病毒疫苗或免疫佐剂等提供参考。     

PEDV编码蛋白拮抗宿主天然免疫的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)属于冠状病毒家族成员,是近年来引起新生仔猪水样腹泻致死的主要病原之一,给养殖业带来了巨大威胁。病毒感染后,宿主细胞通过模式识别受体(PRRs)识别病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),促进I型干扰素等细胞因子的产生,进而抑制病毒的增殖。近年来的研究表明,PEDV能够通过其编码蛋白对宿主的抗病毒天然免疫反应进行调节,成功逃避免疫识别或拮抗宿主的天然免疫反应,为自身的快速复制和增殖创造条件。本文结合目前关于PEDV与宿主细胞相互作用的研究进展,综合分析了PEDV编码的各种蛋白在感染过程中拮抗宿主天然免疫系统的分子机制,旨在为进一步认识PEDV乃至其他冠状病毒的致病机制,也为探索新的抗病毒药物靶标提供思路。     

病毒感染激活TLRs和RLRs介导的IFN信号通路研究进展

在病毒侵染机体的过程中,机体的多数组织器官可以高效产生干扰素。近些年的研究发现,能够有效识别病毒侵染机体过程中的相关模式分子(例如病毒复制中间产物双链RNA)的细胞受体是产生干扰素的主要感受器,这些细胞受体(例如Toll样受体和RIG-Ⅰ样受体)能够诱发一系列的信号级联反应,并且被激活的感受器可以启动干扰素相关基因的转录活性,从而产生特定的干扰素。值得注意的是,不同种类的病毒能够倾向性地去激活特定的细胞感受器,并且产生特定的信号转导通路。论文主要从Toll样受体和RIG-Ⅰ样受体的结构入手,讨论宿主细胞模式受体在干扰素抗病毒过程中行使的功能,并简单介绍干扰素在抗病毒过程中的信号级联反应。     

哈兽研在宿主天然免疫系统抗流感病毒作用机制研究取得进展

正近日,中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所国家禽流感参考实验室在TRIM家族蛋白抗流感病毒天然免疫机制研究方面取得重要进展,该研究发现TRIM35是维甲酸诱导基因I(RIG-I)信号通路介导Ⅰ型干扰素(IFN)产生的正调控分子,阐明了TRIM35抑制流感病毒复制和致病的分子机制。TRIM家族蛋白具有的抗病毒作用和天然免疫调节功能是近年来天然免疫领域的研究热点。该研究得到了国家重点研     

视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ在家禽天然免疫应答中作用的研究进展

家禽的天然免疫应答在抵抗病毒感染的过程中起着关键性作用，视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ（retinoic acid inducible gene-Ⅰ，RIG-Ⅰ）作为细胞质内一类识别病毒双链RNA的模式识别受体，与天然免疫应答密切相关。它可通过RNA配体结合病原相关分子模式监测细胞质中的病毒RNA，此过程激活了RIG-Ⅰ及下游线粒体抗病毒信号蛋白（MAVS），最终导致干扰素调节因子（IRF3/7）和核因子κB （NF-κB）活化，诱导产生Ⅰ型干扰素等免疫细胞因子，进而使细胞做出相应的抗病毒天然免疫反应。但由于鸡体内缺乏RIG-Ⅰ基因，目前大多将鸭源或鹅源RIG-Ⅰ基因转染鸡成纤维母细胞（DF-1）研究RIG-Ⅰ基因在鸡感染禽类病毒时是否具有免疫功能。文章介绍了RIG-Ⅰ在家禽体内的表达及其介导的抗病毒天然免疫信号通路，并简述了RIG-Ⅰ在家禽体内抗病毒作用的研究概况，为抑制家禽病毒的感染和免疫系统研究，以及研制新型抗病毒疫苗或免疫佐剂等提供参考。     

天然免疫DNA感受器及其抗动物疫病研究进展

天然免疫通过模式识别受体(PRRs)识别侵入宿主机体的病原相关分子模式(PAMPs)。DNA受体主要识别病原DNA,并通过接头蛋白MyD88和STING诱导产生Ⅰ型干扰素或炎性因子抵御病原入侵。近年来,DNA病原对我国畜牧养殖业产生了巨大威胁,天然免疫DNA受体在抗动物疫病方面的研究逐渐成为热点。本文将重点介绍TLR9、DAI、DDX41、AIM2、IFI16、cGAS等常见DNA感受器的信号通路及其在畜禽抗感染免疫中的研究进展。     

天然免疫DNA模式识别受体的抗感染研究进展

天然免疫系统在识别病原和激发获得性免疫保护中发挥着重要作用,通过多种模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)识别病原相关的分子模式(pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)抵御外来病原微生物的入侵。目前已知的天然免疫受体主要包括Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLRs)、视黄酸诱导基因-Ⅰ样解旋酶受体(retinoid acid-inducible gene-Ⅰ(RIG-Ⅰ)-likereceptors,RLRs)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体(nucleotidebindingoligomerizationdomain(NOD)-likereceptors,NLRs)、C型凝集素样受体(C-typelectinreceptors,CLRs)以及DNA识别受体。其中,释放到胞内的病原核酸(RNA和DNA)作为一种重要的病原相关分子模式能被多种天然免疫受体识别。参与识别DNA的受体主要包括TLR9、γ干扰素诱导蛋白16(γ-interferon-inducible protein 16,IFI16)、DNA依赖的干扰素调节因子激活物(DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factors,DAI)、黑色素瘤缺乏因子2(absent in melanoma 2,AIM2),及最近发现的环鸟苷一腺苷酸合成酶(cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase,cGAS)等,这些受体能激活I型干扰素途径早已被人熟知。近年来随着对DNA受体研究的进一步深入,人们对其参与机体抗病毒应答分子机制的认识更为深刻。本文主要对DNA识别受体的种类、DNA诱导的信号通路类型、cGAS-STING信号通路的调节机制、受体间的互作及对疾病的防御策略进行探讨。     

Up-regulation of NOD1 and NOD2 through TLR4 and TNF-alpha in LPS-treated murine macrophages

NOD1 (Card4) and NOD2 (Card15) are thought to be responsible for cytoplasmic defense against bacterial entry. To gain further knowledge about how their expressions are regulated in murine macrophages, we investigated the expression of NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs after stimulation with various endotoxins, lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan. In macrophage RAW264.7 cells, the first and second rises in NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs were observed at 2 hr and at 8-12 hr after endotoxin treatment. Increases in NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs at 2 hr in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells were reduced with the use of NF-kappaB inhibitor, caffeic acid phenethyl ester. In RAW264.7 cells, lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in NOD1 and NOD2 mRNAs were inhibited with anti-TLR4 antibody, and partially reduced in peritoneal macrophages obtained from TLR4-deficient mice. Furthermore, NOD1 and NOD2 mRNA expressions in RAW264.7 cells were increased by the treatment with proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), or IL-6. In TNF-alpha deficient macrophages, the expression of NOD molecules was minimal at 12 hr, and the second rise in NOD mRNA seen in lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 cells was inhibited with anti-TNF-alpha, but not with anti-IL-1beta or anti-IL-6 antibody. These observations suggest that immediate response of NODs to endotoxins could result from NF-kappaB activation via TLR signaling, whereas the second rise in NOD mRNAs might have resulted from TNF-alpha production possibly through NF-kappaB, TLR, and/or NOD signalings.     

NOD1/NOD2介导的信号通路在小鼠金黄色葡萄球菌性乳腺炎中的作用

为研究NOD1/NOD2介导的信号通路在金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)引发小鼠乳腺炎中的作用,本实验通过人工接种不同剂量的S.aureus复制小鼠乳腺炎模型,利用组织切片法观察小鼠乳腺病理变化,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测乳腺组织中NOD1、NOD2、下游的受体作用蛋白2(RIP2)、核转录因子κB(NF-κB)以及炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的m RNA转录水平。结果显示,接种S.aureus的小鼠乳腺组织中炎性细胞增多,NOD1、NOD2、RIP2、NF-κB、IL-6、TNF-α的m RNA转录水平比未接种对照组均显著升高(p0.05),TNF-α、IL-6的m RNA转录水平变化与NOD1/NOD2相一致。以上结果表明NOD1/NOD2受体及其介导的炎性信号通路参与了S.aureus感染小鼠乳腺的免疫反应。     

细胞内模式识别受体NOD2研究进展

NOD2蛋白是一种新发现的细胞内模式识别受体,可识别细菌细胞壁的肽聚糖及其裂解产物胞壁酰二肽,广泛参与宿主对病原体的免疫应答,是联系天然免疫与特异性免疫的重要桥梁。本文在查阅、总结近年来NOD2相关研究报道的基础上,介绍了NOD2识别的配体及识别方式、NOD2信号转导通路及信号转导调控,及与NOD2相关的肠道免疫损伤等方面的研究进展。     

Association between CARD15/NOD2 gene polymorphisms and paratuberculosis infection in cattle

Paratuberculosis represents a major problem in farmed ruminants and at the present is considered a potential zoonosis. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and susceptibility to infection is suspected to have a genetic component. Caspase recruitment domain 15 (CARD15) gene encodes for a cytosolic protein implicated in bacterial recognition during innate immunity. Crohn's disease (CD) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in humans comparable in many features to bovine paratuberculosis involving an abnormal mucosal immune response. The association between mutations in the CARD15 gene and increased risk of Crohn's disease has been described. The objective of this candidate gene case-control study was to characterize the distribution of three polymorphisms in the bovine CARD15 gene and test their association with paratuberculosis infection in cattle. Three previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (E2[-32] intron 1; 2197/C733R and 3020/Q1007L) were screened for the study population (431 adult cows). The statistical analysis resulted in significant differences in allelic frequencies between cases and controls for SNP2197/C733R (P<0.001), indicating a significant association between infection and variant allele. In the analysis of genotypes, a significant association was also found between SNP2197/C733R and infection status (P<0.0001); cows with the heterozygous genotype were 3.35 times more likely to be infected than cows with the reference genotype (P=0.01). Results suggest a role for CARD15 gene in the susceptibility of cattle to paratuberculosis infection. These data contribute to the understanding of paratuberculosis, suggest new similarities with Crohn's disease and provide new information for the control of bovine paratuberculosis.     

Spontaneous granulocytic leukemia in a NOD/Shi-scid IL-2Rγnull mouse

Here, we report a case of spontaneous granulocytic leukemia in a 51-week-old male NOD/Shi-scid IL-2Rγ^null (NOG) mouse. The mouse showed progressive anemia and rough respiratory movement. Macroscopically, the spleen was discolored and enlarged. Histologically, the bone marrow of the sternum and femur was highly cellular and almost exclusively filled with neoplastic cells. The nuclei of neoplastic cells were large, oval to slightly irregular in shape, and a small number of cells had kidney- or ring-shaped nuclei. Neoplastic cells extensively infiltrated the organs, and the spleen and liver were prominently involved. Immunohistochemically, a large population of neoplastic cells in the red pulp of the spleen and sinusoid of the liver was positive for myeloperoxidase. Based on the histological features, this case was diagnosed with granulocytic leukemia. This novel information on spontaneous tumors may be helpful for the appropriate use of this mouse strain in further research.     

Dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver fibrosis and recovery in NOD/SCID mice

There is a need for a new liver fibrosis model of immunodeficient mice to study the effects of cell therapy on liver disease because there are not many animal models available to study the effects of cell therapy. In this study, we induced liver fibrosis using dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in NOD/SCID mice to create an animal model for liver disease. DMN (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days per week for 6 or 8 weeks, and the mice were sacrificed at weeks 0, 4 and 8 after the last DMN injection. The 6-week DMN-treated group gradually recovered from serum biochemical changes, histopathological toxic effects and lesions in the liver at weeks 4 and 8 after the last DMN injection. However, the progression of liver fibrosis and toxic levels were maintained in the 8-week DMN-treated group at week 4 after the last DMN injection. The increases in iron and extracellular matrix (collagen) in the DMN-treated group were confirmed by Prussian blue (PB) and Masson's trichrome (MT) staining, respectively. Additionally, activation of hepatic stellate cells was observed by alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunostaining and western blot. In conclusion, treatment of NOD/SCID mice with 5 mg/kg of DMN for 8 weeks can be used to induce an appropriate animal model of disease for liver fibrosis. This model may be useful for evaluation of the efficacy and safety of cell therapies such as human mesenchymal stem cell therapy.     

小鼠感染旋毛虫后部分组织器官中NOD1、RIP2、NF-κB mRNA表达的监测

应用荧光定量PCR方法,对感染旋毛虫小鼠的小肠、肺脏、心脏和肌肉中NOD1受体及其信号传导通路中接头分子RIP2和下游分子NF-κB mRNA表达水平进行监测。结果在小肠和心脏中,旋毛虫感染不同时期各目的基因表达量都有升高,分别于感染后4 d和14 d达到峰值,与对照组比均有极显著差异(P<0.01)。在肺脏中,NOD1 mRNA表达量仅在感染后7 d略升高,而RIP2的mRNA表达量在不同感染期均升高,于感染后4 d达到峰值,与对照组比有极显著差异(P<0.01)。在肌肉中,各目的基因在感染初期表达量变化不明显,而于感染后21 d mRNA表达量明显升高,28 d达到高峰,与对照组比有极显著差异(P<0.01)。表明旋毛虫感染对小鼠的小肠、心脏、肺脏和肌肉中NOD1、RIP2和NF-κB的表达水平均有不同程度的影响,这与旋毛虫在宿主体内移行途径和不同寄生阶段及其产生的各类抗原密切相关。     

Inductive expression of the NOD1 signalling pathway in chickens infected with Salmonella pullorum

1. The aim of this study was to describe the role of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) receptor signalling in chicken.

2. Tissue-specific expression analysis of NOD1, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 (MAPK11 or p38) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues.

3. Salmonella pullorum infection activated NOD1 receptor signalling in vivo and in vitro, resulting in significant induction of downstream signalling molecules RIPK2, NF-κB/p65, MAPK11/p38 and the effector molecules IL-1b and IL-8.

4. Activation of NOD1 by its agonist bacterial γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP) in HD11 cells induced the adapter molecular RIPK2 and activated the NF-κB/p65 and MAPK11/p38 pathways, resulting in an increase in IL-8 but not IL-1β. Additionally, inhibition of NOD1 using NOD1-shRNA resulted in downregulation of RIPK2, MAPK11 and IL-8, while NF-κB/p65 and IL-1β were unaltered.

5. These results highlight the important role of NOD1 receptors in eliciting the innate immune response following pathogenic invasion in chicken.