欧盟实施新的草甘膦使用措施

正根据欧盟最新的官方通告,欧盟对现行批准的除草剂草甘膦增添了新的使用条件限制,该条件将于8月22日生效。在经过对除草剂致癌性分类的冲突性科学观点的长时间争论以后,这些措施终于在7月份获得成员国的批准。新的使用条件禁止了草甘膦助剂-聚氧乙烯醚类-牛脂基伯胺(POE-tallowamine)的使用,同时减     

欧盟正试图将草甘膦的使用降到最低

正欧盟委员会正起草一份决议,建议成员国将草甘膦在公园、运动场、花园以及收获前的使用降到最低,并禁止乙氧化(牛脂烷基)胺(POE-tallow amine)做助剂使用。草甘膦使用条件评估草案将在下周递交到各成员国评议,同时递交的还有委员会关于延期现有登记许可的提议草案,以便为是否续展该有效成分登记提     

欧盟同意限制草甘膦的使用

正欧盟成员国投票支持限制使用除草剂草甘膦的提议。该提议还包括在欧盟范围内禁用草甘膦产品中的助剂-聚乙氧基化动物脂胺(POEA),同时要求欧盟成员国在公共范围内"最小化"使用草甘膦,以及加强收获前使用的监督管理。这些措施在开始实施前,需要在欧盟的官方网站上公示。在欧洲化学品管理局评估其致癌等级期间,企业可以申请18个月的登记批准的延期。目前刚刚开始对这些措施不确定性的讨论,但委员会迫切需要支持。法国已     

有机硅桶混助剂的毒理学及其分析方法研究进展

有机硅桶混助剂是一类广泛应用的农药助剂，具备润湿、延展和渗透等特性，与农药混合喷施可起到显著的增效作用，有助于提高农药利用率。然而，大量研究表明，有机硅桶混助剂对蜜蜂、天敌昆虫和水生生物等非靶标生物具有不同程度的生态毒理学风险；此外，甲氧基封端聚氧乙烯醚改性三硅氧烷还具有潜在的内分泌干扰效应。本文介绍了有机硅桶混助剂的结构组成、性质及应用，重点讨论了有机硅桶混助剂的毒理学风险、其典型成分在不同基质中的分析方法及残留浓度水平，总结了国内外桶混助剂的管理现状，分析了桶混助剂的环境风险，以期为我国开展及完善桶混助剂的管理和风险评估提供参考。     

天然植物源助剂SD、SDP的特性及与除草剂应用效果

天然植物源助剂SD、SDP具有良好的润湿性、渗透性和粘着性 ,此助剂与除草剂、杀虫剂混用 ,能提高药效 ,减少药液流失 ,具有抗雨水冲刷的功能。本文介绍了其作用特点 ,基础应用研究的结果 ,以及SD、SDP与胺苯磺隆、草甘膦等除草剂使用技术和开发前景     

油助剂和淀粉源助剂对噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺在水稻上残留的影响

为探究油助剂和淀粉源助剂对噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺降解规律的影响,以水稻为试材,建立了噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺在水稻不同部位残留的高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱测定方法,并采用该方法研究了两种农药在水稻不同部位的残留量变化和最终残留量。结果表明:在0.01(0.02)~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,噻嗪酮在水稻穗部、植株、籽粒和稻壳中的平均回收率在89%~100%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.5%~7.2%;烯啶虫胺在水稻穗部、植株、籽粒和稻壳中的平均回收率在88%~99%之间,RSD为2.5%~13%。两种农药的定量限均为0.01~0.02 mg/kg。以70%烯啶·噻嗪酮水分散粒剂为供试药剂的残留消解动态试验结果表明,噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺的残留量与施药后的间隔时间呈指数关系,消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程。在未添加助剂和添加淀粉源助剂及油助剂的3个处理中,噻嗪酮在水稻穗部的原始沉积量由大到小的顺序为:添加油助剂>添加淀粉源助剂>未添加助剂;半衰期长短顺序为:添加油助剂>添加淀粉源助剂>未添加助剂。至水稻收获时,在水稻籽粒和稻壳中均未检出噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺,在水稻植株中噻嗪酮和烯啶虫胺的残留量均为<0.02~0.05 mg/kg。田间试验结果显示:施用70%烯啶·噻嗪酮水分散粒剂后14 d,添加油助剂或淀粉源助剂的处理对稻田灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus的防治效果显著高于未添加助剂的。研究结果表明,添加助剂能不同程度地延长农药有效成分在水稻上的持留时间,从而有利于农药药效的持续发挥,而其最终残留量并不高,表明添加助剂在增加农药药效的同时,其残留的农药并不会对农产品造成污染。在供试的两种助剂中油助剂的增效效果好于淀粉源助剂。     

草甘膦助剂的选择与展望

本文从助剂对草甘膦活性的作用机理出发,介绍了不同草甘膦助剂的应用特点以及不同草甘膦盐对助剂的选择性。通过复配助剂在草甘膦制剂中的应用实例,展望了草甘膦制剂的未来发展方向。     

几种有机硅助剂对草甘膦在单子叶植物体内吸收、转移和分布的影响

采用14C-草甘膦同位素标记法研究了4种有机硅助剂Silwet L-77、Silwet 800 、Freeway 和Boost 在体积分数0.1%用量下对草甘膦在黑麦草( Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Greenstone)体内吸收、转移和分布的影响。结果表明:与单用草甘膦相比，4 种助剂的加入显著地降低了草甘膦在黑麦草体内的吸收和转移量，助剂之间无显著性差异。 处理后24和72 h测定，草甘膦主要分布在幼嫩组织中，其次是根部，在老叶片中的转移量最 少。无论转移量高低，草甘膦在植物体内的分布总是表现为地上部的比例高于地下部。有机 硅助剂对草甘膦在各组织中的分布比例没有影响。     

7种农药助剂对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的室内急性毒性研究

本文测定了7种常见农药助剂和7种水稻田常用农药原药对非洲爪蟾(Xenopus laevis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,并根据其毒性范围进行分级,评价了其对环境的安全性。结果表明:有3种助剂的LC50在1.0~10mg/L之间,对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的毒性较大,属中等毒级;4种助剂的LC5010mg/L,对非洲爪蟾的毒性较小,属低毒级;不同助剂对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的急性中毒症状相似,主要症状表现为身体发白,尾部弯曲,沉于缸底,游动缓慢等;7种农药原药对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪LC50100mg/L,均属低毒级,并未表现出明显中毒症状。上述结果说明农药助剂对非洲爪蟾蝌蚪的毒性7种供试的水稻田使用农药品种。     

功能高分子助剂G-100A调控农药对靶传递性能研究

随着统防统治技术的发展，将多种农药制剂结合喷雾助剂混配使用已成为主要施药方式之一，但由此也带来了不同企业制剂产品或配方助剂与喷雾助剂之间的桶混稳定性问题。本文将聚丙烯酸酯类微交联结构功能高分子助剂G-100A与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚类结构高分子助剂、三苯乙烯苯酚聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯等小分子助剂复配后作为配方助剂，制备了40%苯醚甲环唑 ? 吡唑醚菌酯水乳剂，并在田间进行了防治水稻纹枯病的药效试验。结果表明:在推荐使用浓度下，所制备的40%苯醚甲环唑 ? 吡唑醚菌酯水乳剂药液对靶标的黏附力与沉积量显著提高，且具有良好的抗蒸发性能，在防治田间水稻纹枯病时，减量25%仍可达到对照药剂 40%苯醚甲环唑 ? 吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂的防效。此外，G-100A还可作为喷雾助剂使用，其在药液中以特有的结构存在，可有效抑制水分蒸发、减少雾滴飘移，并可有效降低雾滴碰撞叶面时的界面能，防止雾滴弹跳。研究表明，G-100A有望作为农药减施的调控手段之一，在更多配方体系中得到应用。     

抗草甘膦杂草及其检测方法发展现状

草甘膦在世界范围的多年大量使用已经引起了抗草甘膦杂草的产生。本文针对全球迄今为止发现的21种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展状况进行了论述。探讨了抗草甘膦杂草抗药性检测方法,分别从整株生物测定及生物化学等方面介绍了抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究现状,为抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的发展及其抗性监测方法的建立提供参考。     

抗草甘膦杂草的抗性机理研究进展

草甘膦因其独特而优异的理化特性,自上市起便受到广泛的关注,现在已经成为全世界应用最广的除草剂之一.但是随着草甘膦抗性杂草的不断出现,草甘膦的应用前景受到严峻的挑战.文章综述了草甘膦生产及应用现状、草甘膦作用机理和草甘膦抗性杂草的发展,重点阐述了草甘膦抗性杂草的抗性机理.最后对如何通过延缓草甘膦抗性杂草的出现,保护草甘膦提出建议.     

草甘膦作用机制和抗性研究进展

草甘膦是迄今为止最为重要、应用最广泛和最优秀的除草剂之一。然而,由于抗草甘膦转基因作物的广泛商业化导致草甘膦使用量迅速增长,杂草抗药性发生,这不仅对草甘膦的药效发挥和未来可持续应用造成了严重影响,而且对现代农业生产安全构成了威胁。本文通过对草甘膦的作用机理、草甘膦抗性杂草发展现状和抗性机制进行系统的总结和分析,以期为我国草甘膦的抗性研究和科学使用提供参考。     

抗草甘膦杂草及其抗性机制研究进展

介绍了迄今为止全球发现的13种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展,并从草甘膦的吸收、输导和分布,5-烯醇丙酮莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)的活性以及抗药性遗传等方面对其抗性机制进行了讨论,指出了中国在未来出现抗草甘膦杂草的潜在风险性,并提出了延缓杂草对草甘膦抗性发生的策略。     

Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt

Glyphosate is the world's most important herbicide, with many uses that deliver effective and sustained control of a wide spectrum of unwanted (weedy) plant species. Until recently there were relatively few reports of weedy plant species evolving resistance to glyphosate. Since 1996, the advent and subsequent high adoption of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in the Americas has meant unprecedented and often exclusive use of glyphosate for weed control over very large areas. Consequently, in regions of the USA where transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of the economically damaging weed species Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Amaranthus palmeri S Watson, Amaranthus rudis JD Sauer, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) JD Sauer and various Conyza and Lolium spp. Likewise, in areas of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in Argentina and Brazil, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers and Euphorbia heterophylla L. respectively. As transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops will remain very popular with producers, it is anticipated that glyphosate-resistant biotypes of other prominent weed species will evolve over the next few years. Therefore, evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds are a major risk for the continued success of glyphosate and transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops. However, glyphosate-resistant weeds are not yet a problem in many parts of the world, and lessons can be learnt and actions taken to achieve glyphosate sustainability. A major lesson is that maintenance of diversity in weed management systems is crucial for glyphosate to be sustainable. Glyphosate is essential for present and future world food production, and action to secure its sustainability for future generations is a global imperative.     

Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a review

The very wide use of glyphosate to control weeds in agricultural, silvicultural and urban areas throughout the world requires that special attention be paid to its possible transport from terrestrial to aquatic environments. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the state of knowledge on sorption, degradation and leachability of glyphosate in soils. Difficulties of drawing clear and unambiguous conclusions because of strong soil dependency and limited conclusive investigations are pointed out. Nevertheless, the risk of ground and surface water pollution by glyphosate seems limited because of sorption onto variable-charge soil minerals, e.g. aluminium and iron oxides, and because of microbial degradation. Although sorption and degradation are affected by many factors that might be expected to affect glyphosate mobility in soils, glyphosate leaching seems mainly determined by soil structure and rainfall. Limited leaching has been observed in non-structured sandy soils, while subsurface leaching to drainage systems was observed in a structured soil with preferential flow in macropores, but only when high rainfall followed glyphosate application. Glyphosate in drainage water runs into surface waters but not necessarily to groundwater because it may be sorbed and degraded in deeper soil layers before reaching the groundwater. Although the transport of glyphosate from land to water environments seems very limited, knowledge about subsurface leaching and surface runoff of glyphosate as well as the importance of this transport as related to ground and surface water quality is scarce.     

Glyphosat – ein Herbizid in der Diskussion und die Suche nach dem „Notwendigen Maß“

Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicidal active ingredient in the world. In Germany, the distributed amounts have been doubled during the last ten years. There is public concern and criticism on this extensive use and use limitations are claimed. However, also loss of efficacy as reported from countries with high use intensity of glyphosate reduces long term use of these herbicides. Recently, scientific studies aimed to quantify the economic benefits of glyphosate to estimate the costs of losing or banning this herbicide. In this text, possibilities of reductions of glyphosate use in arable farming are discussed to obtain a necessary extent. It is pointed out, that those uses are preferential, that enable minimum soil cultivation that minimize soil erosion. Post-harvest applications have the potential for use reductions, due to replacement techniques such as soil cultivation that are available. Pre-harvest applications, which are targeted for crop maturation only, should not be used as a routine. It is suggested to seek for best management practices of glyphosate use.     

Fate and transport of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface waters of agricultural basins

BACKGROUND: Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a herbicide used widely throughout the world in the production of many crops and is heavily used on soybeans, corn and cotton. Glyphosate is used in almost all agricultural areas of the United States, and the agricultural use of glyphosate has increased from less than 10 000 Mg in 1992 to more than 80 000 Mg in 2007. The greatest intensity of glyphosate use is in the midwestern United States, where applications are predominantly to genetically modified corn and soybeans. In spite of the increase in usage across the United States, the characterization of the transport of glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on a watershed scale is lacking. RESULTS: Glyphosate and AMPA were frequently detected in the surface waters of four agricultural basins. The frequency and magnitude of detections varied across basins, and the load, as a percentage of use, ranged from 0.009 to 0.86% and could be related to three general characteristics: source strength, rainfall runoff and flow route. CONCLUSIONS: Glyphosate use in a watershed results in some occurrence in surface water; however, the watersheds most at risk for the offsite transport of glyphosate are those with high application rates, rainfall that results in overland runoff and a flow route that does not include transport through the soil. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Low detection of glyphosate in rivers following application in forestry

BACKGROUND

Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the world, and is used in agriculture, forestry, and urban settings. In regions with high glyphosate use, such as agricultural, glyphosate and its' major derivative aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) are frequently detected in surface waters. In Canadian forestry glyphosate-based herbicides are used to control vegetation that competes with conifer trees and are applied one to two times during a rotation, leading to infrequent application to the same area. Forestry occurs over a large spatial extent, and the cumulative application in space can lead to a large percentage of the land base receiving an application through time. To assess the frequency and concentration of glyphosate and AMPA in surface waters of a region where forestry is the dominant use sector, we conducted three monitoring programs targeting: (i) immediately after application, (ii) after rainfall, and (iii) cumulative application over a large spatial extent.

RESULTS

Across all monitoring programs we collected 296 water samples between August and October from eight river systems over two years and detected glyphosate in one sample at 17 ppb.

CONCLUSION

Glyphosate is not likely present in surface waters during baseflow conditions as a result of applications in forestry. Lack of detection is likely because soil capacity to bind glyphosate remains high due to infrequent applications to the same area, and factors that limit sediment transport to surface waters such as buffers. Additional sampling is needed during other stream conditions, ideally spring freshet, to determine peak concentrations. © 2023 National Research Council Canada. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development.