Bcl-2、PCNA基因在鸡、鹌鹑及其杂交种睾丸组织中的表达研究

为探讨鸡（♂）与鹌鹑（♀）属间杂交种睾丸生长发育不良的分子机理,试验采集新罗曼蛋用型公鸡、朝鲜公鹌鹑、鸡与鹌鹑的雄性杂交种不同发育时期的睾丸组织样共计84份,并用实时荧光定量PCR对公鸡、公鹌鹑及其杂交种各阶段睾丸组织中Bcl-2、PCNA基因的mRNA表达进行了检测。结果显示,鸡和鹌鹑不同生长发育期睾丸组织中Bcl-2、PCNA基因mRNA的表达具有相似性,Bcl-2基因整体呈波动性变化,下降到最低值后,迅速回升到较高水平,PCNA基因均有一个极显著的峰值;与鸡和鹌鹑相比,杂交种Bcl-2、PCNA基因mRNA表达均无明显变化,表明杂交种睾丸发育过程中,Bcl-2基因调控睾丸中细胞凋亡的模式不同于鸡和鹌鹑,也不存在明显的细胞增殖过程,从而推测鸡与鹌鹑的杂交种睾丸生长发育不良的分子影响因素与其睾丸组织中Bcl-2、PCNA基因mRNA的异常表达有关。本试验结果为进一步研究鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交种睾丸发育不良的分子机理提供了参考依据。     

利用SRAP标记分析鸡、鹌鹑及其属间杂交种的群体遗传结构

为了研究鸡、鹌鹑及其属间杂交种基因组的遗传变异程度及其关系,试验采用相关系列扩增多态性(SRAP)标记对鸡、鹌鹑及其属间杂交种进行了DNA多态性分析。结果表明:选用的7对引物组合共产生31个多态性条带,平均每个引物组合产生4.4个多态性条带,每个引物组合产生多态性条带的比例为22.3%;从聚类分析图可知,母本(鹌鹑)和属间杂交种的相似系数远高于属间杂交种与父本(鸡);生理生态学观察结果也显示属间杂交种和母本在外形、习性上更为相似。     

国内主要的鹌鹑品种、品系及配套系

１蛋用型１．１日本鹌鹑由日本人小田厚太郎于１９１１年利用中国野生鹌鹑经１５年的驯化育成，是鹌鹑种的重要基因库，日本鹌鹑以体型小、产蛋多、纯度高而著称于世。其体羽呈栗褐色，头部黑褐色，中央有淡色直纹，背羽赤褐色，均匀散布着黄色直条纹和暗色横纹，腹羽色泽较浅。公鹌鹑脸部、下颌、喉部为赤褐色，胸羽呈红砖色；母鹌鹑脸部淡褐色，下颌灰白色，胸羽浅褐色并缀有分布范围似鸡心状的粗细不等的黑色斑点。成年公鹌鹑体重１１０克，母鹌鹑１４０克。限饲条件下，母鹌鹑６周龄开产，年产蛋２５０～３００个，高产品系母鹌鹑年产蛋…     

AR、ER基因在鸡、鹌鹑及其杂交种睾丸组织中的表达及其对睾丸生长发育的影响

为探讨鸡（♂）与鹌鹑（♀）属间杂交种睾丸生长发育不良的分子机理,采集新罗曼蛋用型公鸡、朝鲜公鹌鹑、鸡与鹌鹑杂交的雄性杂交种不同发育时期的睾丸组织样共计96份并测定其体质量与睾丸质量。采用实时荧光定量PCR对公鸡、公鹌鹑及其杂交种不同生长发育期睾丸组织中AR、ER基因的mRNA表达进行了检测。结果显示：（1）鸡和鹌鹑的睾丸均能随着日龄、体质量的增长而正常生长发育,但鸡与鹌鹑杂交的杂交种的睾丸却生长缓慢而发育不良;（2）鸡和鹌鹑不同生长发育期睾丸组织中AR、ER基因mRNA的表达具有相似性,AR基因均有一个极显著的峰值,ER基因均呈波动性变化;鸡与鹌鹑的杂交种均为极端性表达,AR基因呈直线下降,ER相反则一直升高;与鸡和鹌鹑相比,杂交种AR、ER基因mRNA的极端性表达均应为异常表达。（3）鸡、鹌鹑及其杂交种的共同点是AR表达为最高峰时,ER则趋于最低点,反之,ER表达为最高峰时,AR则趋于最低点,表明ER基因对AR基因具有上调作用或者AR基因对ER基因具有下调作用,从而推测AR与ER即相对立而又协同作用的表达模式是鸡和鹌鹑睾丸组织正常生长发育的分子调控模式,探明了鸡与鹌鹑的杂交种睾丸组织发育不良的分子影响因素是其睾丸组织中的AR、ER基因mRNA异常表达。     

隐性红羽鹌鹑伴性遗传的研究

隐性红羽鹌鹑伴性遗传的研究杜干英（四川省新津县畜牧局６１１４３０）１９８７年，我县引进一批红羽鹌鹑，在民间饲养中，发现红羽鹌鹑与栗羽鹌鹑杂交后代出现全红或全栗两种羽色。为研究两种羽色的遗传性状及在生产中的应用价值，我们进行了如下研究。（一）红羽鹌鹑伴...     

鸡、鹌鹑和杂交种胚胎期生肌调节因子MyoG、Pax7表达规律的研究

为了研究MyoG、Pax7在鸡、鹌鹑和杂交种胚胎期的表达规律,试验采用RT-PCR技术对MyoG、Pax7两个基因在鸡、鹌鹑和杂交种胚胎期不同时间点的表达量进行了检测。结果发现:Pax7在鸡、鹌鹑和杂交种胚胎期的表达特点相似;MyoG在杂交种上的表达特点与鸡和鹌鹑不同,这种不同可能与杂交种胚胎期高死亡率有关。     

家禽属间杂交种及其父母本体尺及肌肉性能的测定

采用人工授精成功地获得了鸡与鹌鹑的属间杂交种。为了更好地了解杂交种的生产性能 ,本文对杂交种及其父母本的初生重、9周龄重、9周龄体尺及其肌肉性能进行了测定。结果表明 ,初生时 ,杂交种体重最小 ,9周龄时杂交种的体重、体尺性状约是两亲本的平均值。其肌肉品质与父本鸡相比 ,胸、腿肌的肌纤维直径分别降低了2 .3μm和 4 .2 μm ,系水力提高了 2 .31% ,其肌肉的细度和嫩度都有一定程度的改善     

鹌鹑SLC24A5基因多态性与羽色性状的关联性分析

为研究SLC24A5基因与鹌鹑羽色性状的关系,试验采用RT-qPCR方法研究朝鲜鹌鹑和北京白羽鹌鹑在胚胎不同发育时期的mRNA表达水平。结果显示：SLC24A5基因在朝鲜鹌鹑胚胎发育时期的表达水平极显著高于北京白羽鹌鹑（P<0.01）;鲜鹌鹑和北京白羽鹌鹑的3种基因型频率分布差异极显著（P<0.01）。位于外显子1的SNP1(c. A5T)和外显子6的SNP2(c. G703A)均为中性位点,但SNP2(c. G703A)位点造成的编码蛋白G235S位点突变并不保守,属于多变性位点。研究表明,SLC24A5基因与鹌鹑羽色性状有关联性,可以为鹌鹑羽色育种提供理论依据。     

MC1R基因与朝鲜鹌鹑羽色关系的研究

黑素皮质素受体1(MC1R)又称促黑素细胞激素受体(MSH-R),由毛色扩展位点编码而成,对动物体色的形成起重要作用,本研究分析了MC1R基因突变与朝鲜鹌鹑羽色之间的关系。通过混合样品DNA测序方法寻找MC1R基因的突变位点,采用PCR-SSCP的方法对突变位点在4种羽色鹌鹑(栗羽、黄羽、白羽、黑羽)群体中的分布情况进行了研究,以揭示MC1R基因与鹌鹑羽色性状之间的关系。结果表明,在鹌鹑MC1R基因上存在一个A/G突变位点,导致编码蛋白发生Ile58Val突变,通过PCR-SSCP分析发现,该突变位点在4种羽色鹌鹑群体间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。本研究没有发现与日本鹌鹑报道相同的Glu92Lys突变位点,表明朝鲜鹌鹑的黑羽突变与报道的日本鹌鹑黑羽突变的机制不同,而且朝鲜鹌鹑的黑羽突变可能还与其它基因突变有关。     

鸡、鹌鹑及其杂交种早期胚胎bcl-2基因甲基化的分析

采用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)方法进行鸡、鹌鹑及其属间杂交种早期胚胎发育期60、66、72、84、96、108、120 h 7个不同胚龄胚胎组织bcl-2基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化状态的对比分析,探讨bcl-2基因甲基化对鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交种早期胚胎发育的影响。结果显示,正常发育的鸡胚和鹌鹑胚龄在60、66、72、120 h均呈高甲基化状态,84和96 h呈非甲基化状态,而鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交种胚胎在60、66、72、96、108和120 h则与鸡、鹌鹑不同,呈现出甲基化或非甲基化无规律性并存,甚至检测不到甲基化状态;84 h则只检测到非甲基化状态。鸡与鹌鹑杂交种早期胚胎组织中bcl-2 基因启动子区CpG岛的异常甲基化有可能是引起鸡与鹌鹑属间杂交种胚胎早期死亡的一个重要影响因素。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.