Phosphorus Fertilization and Fungal Inoculations Affected the Physiology,Phosphorus Uptake and Growth of Spring Wheat Under Rainfed Conditions on the Canadian Prairies

Some fungal species have been shown to improve plant growth under drought conditions and to increase plant phosphorus (P) uptake from the soil. How moisture limitation, P availability and fungal inoculation interact to affect plant physiology and growth is, however, poorly understood. Here, we studied the combined effects of fungal (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or Penicillium spp.) inoculations and phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 45 and 90 kg ha^?1) on the net rate of photosynthesis, water‐use efficiency, P uptake and growth of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Superb) under field conditions at two locations (Castor and Vegreville) in Alberta, Canada. Both fungal inoculation and P application increased the rate of photosynthesis. Under the same P level, AMF inoculation had a greater positive effect on the rate of photosynthesis than Penicillium inoculation. The AMF inoculation increased the instantaneous water‐use efficiency (WUEi) of plants at Castor, but not at Vegreville. Leaf carbon isotope discrimination (CID, Δ¹³C) increased with the rate of P application but was not affected by fungal inoculations. Phosphorus concentrations of stem and seed increased with both fungal inoculation and P application irrespective of location, with AMF inoculation showing the largest effects. The interaction between P addition and fungal inoculation was significant for stem P concentration in Vegreville. Both fungal inoculation and P application increased the leaf area index (LAI), biomass production and grain yield at both locations. Under the same P level, AMF inoculation had a greater positive effect on LAI, biomass production and grain yields than Penicillium inoculation. Morphological characters such as spike length and kernels/spike were also improved by fungal inoculation and P application at both locations. We conclude that the studied sites were deficient in P availability, and both fungal inoculation and P application improved P uptake and crop productivity, while the effect of fungal inoculation on water‐use efficiency was site specific.     

生物质炭对土壤特性及葡萄幼苗植株生长的影响

试验选择河北省张家口市怀来县中法庄园酿酒葡萄苗圃种植园区,研究施用生物质炭以及生物质炭与木醋液配施对土壤肥力和葡萄幼苗植株生长的影响。结果表明：生物质炭与生物质炭和木醋液配施,显著增加土壤有机质及有效态养分含量,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高了31.4%~68.4%、27.3%~30.2%、145.5%~192.1%和65.3%~82.5%。施用生物质炭及其与木醋液配施还可促进土壤微生物活性,其中微生物生物量碳显著提高60.5%~89.3%,并且显著降低土壤容重,但施生物质炭对土壤肥力特性的影响与配施木醋液相比有机质含量显著增加,其余有效养分含量无明显差异。同时,施用生物质炭及其配施木醋液显著提高葡萄幼苗植株鲜重、株高、茎直径及叶片叶绿素含量。虽未增加植株总根数及中级根(1.38~2.00 mm)根数,但显著增加粗根(>2.00 mm)根数、细根(<1.38 mm)根数和根容积,且生物质炭和木醋液配施葡萄细根根数比施生物质炭植株提高22.1%。因此,施用生物质炭可明显提高土壤中植物有效态养分的含量,降低容重,改善土壤结构,促进葡萄幼苗植株的营养生长,而且配施木醋液对葡萄的细根发育有明显的刺激作用。生物质炭在葡萄生产中具有一定的生产应用潜力。     

Biochar amendment of fluvio‐glacial temperate sandy subsoil: Effects on maize water uptake,growth and physiology

Coarse sandy soils have poor water retention capacity, which may constrain crop growth during drought. We investigated the effect of biochar amendment to subsoil on crop physiological processes and maize yield, comparing irrigated and drought conditions. A two‐year greenhouse experiment was conducted with one‐time application of straw biochar at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% (B0, B1, B2 and B3). Maize was planted twice in the same large pots one week and again 12 months after biochar application. Plants were fully irrigated until flowering; thereafter, half of them were subjected to drought. Our results indicate B2 and B3 increased soil water content at field capacity. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration were maintained in B2 and B3 during the drying cycle in year one and in all biochar levels in year two. In the first year, B3 induced negative root geotropism and significantly reduced vegetative biomass under both irrigation schemes. Cob biomass was significantly reduced by B1 under full irrigation. In year two, B3 significantly increased cob biomass under drought. Nitrogen uptake was significantly reduced by B2 in year one, but increased significantly in B3 in year two. In both years, P uptake was significantly increased by B2 and B3. Furthermore, K uptake was significantly increased in B2 in year one and in all biochar treatments in year two. Overall, biochar improved water content of coarse sandy soil due to decreased bulk density and increased porosity after biochar amendment, consequently, improving crop physiological processes including transpiration and photosynthesis. Significant effects on yields tended to be more negative in the first year, and neutral to positive in the second year suggesting the enhancement of biochar effects with ageing. The positive effect in the second year shows biochar's potential for improving agriculture productivity in drought‐prone regions.     

Effect of Low Temperature of Irrigation Water on Rice Growth and Nutrient Uptake

The study was designed to investigate the effect of cold irrigation water on rice growth and on uptake of N, P, K and Zn applied ca. 50, 20, 35 and 5 mg kg⁻¹ soil, respectively. Cold temperature of irrigation water reduced rice shoot and root dry weight and plant height, significantly compared to hot temperature treatment. Under low temperature stress N was a major rice growth determinant. Increased shoot concentrations of both P and Zn allevated the low temperature stress. The uptake of N, P, K and Zn reduced significantly at low temperature (16.5–20 °C soil and 20–24 °C flood water) compared to high temperature (24.5–27 °C soil and 26.5–29.0 °C), with the strongest effect being noticed for N, followed by P, K and Zn. Application of N, P, K and Zn increased their uptake in rice shoots. Nitrogen and K had synergistic effect on their uptake. Responses to N and K application and their uptake behavior were well marked at higher than at low temperature whereas reverse was true for P and Zn.     

生物炭对土壤肥料的作用及未来研究

为了促进中国生物炭的研究及农用,笔者回顾和综述了国内外有关生物炭的研究文献和发现,并提出了生物炭未来研究方向。总结如下：生物炭是生物质在无氧或微氧条件下低温热转化后的固体副产物,富含有机碳、多孔性、碱性、吸附能力强、多用途的材料。生物炭能够提高土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤保水、保肥性能,减少养分损失,有益于土壤微生物栖息和活动,特别是菌根真菌,是良好的土壤改良剂。在一些情况下,单施生物炭就能够促进作物生长或增产,但是生物炭与肥料混施、或复合后对作物生长及产量几乎都表现为正效应,这缘于肥料消除了生物炭养分低的缺陷,而生物炭赋予肥料养分缓释性能的互补和协同作用。生物炭延缓肥料在土壤中的养分释放,降低养分损失,提高肥料养分利用率,生物炭是肥料的增效载体。生物炭在土壤中极为稳定,可长期将碳固定于土壤,是固碳的潜力载体。利用废弃生物质生产生物炭,并将生物炭农用将是多赢的技术。但是,生物炭的研究仍存在许多问题,需要进行广泛深入的研究。因此,中国应加强生物炭的基础及应用研究,促进生物炭的生产及农用,推动21世纪农业的“黑色革命”。中图分类号：S143,S156     

Nitrogen Assimilation and Growth of Cotton Seedlings under NaCl Salinity and in Response to Urea Application with NBPT and DCD

Salinity stress and inefficient nitrogen fertilization adversely affect cotton growth and yield. The effect of salinity on the growth and stress response of cotton seedlings and the effect on N‐use efficiency from the use of the inhibitors of urease (NBPT) and nitrification (DCD) under salinity stress were studied in growth chambers. The study consisted of three levels of salinity – low (0.45 dS m^?1), moderate (8 dS m^?1) and high (16 dS m^?1) – and five N treatments – unfertilized control, 100 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT and 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT + DCD. The results indicated that salinity stress reduced plant growth (low leaf area and plant dry matter), decreased N assimilation (low NR, GS and protein), increased plant stress response (high GR and SOD), and decreased leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and quantum yield. Addition of NBPT to urea improved N uptake by 22 % under low salinity; however, this effect was not observed with increasing salinity. No benefit of addition of DCD was observed in any of the parameters collected. In conclusion, salinity stress hindered the performance of the additive NBPT and negatively affected the growth and physiology of cotton.     

设施条件接种丛枝菌根真菌对紫色土上玉米/大豆生长及氮素利用的影响

为了阐明紫色土上接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus,AMF）和不同间作方式对提高间作玉米（Zea mays L.）、大豆（Glycine max L.）的氮素利用和减少土壤氮残留的贡献。本试验在设施盆栽条件下,采用根系分隔模拟装置研究玉米/大豆间作体系中根系不分隔、尼龙网分隔、塑料膜分隔3种方式和不同AMF处理[不接种AMF（NM）、接种Glomus mosseae（GM）]对玉米、大豆植株生长、氮素累积与利用的影响。研究结果表明：接种GM不同程度提高了间作玉米和大豆根系菌根侵染率、株高、植株生物量及氮含量,而显著降低了玉米和大豆种植土壤的碱解氮含量。其中,GM-根系不分隔处理玉米、大豆的菌根侵染率最高。无论是否接种AMF,大豆生物量和植株氮含量均以根系分隔处理显著高于不分隔处理,而玉米生物量和植株氮含量却刚好相反。此外,GM处理条件下,玉米、大豆根际土壤碱解氮含量均以尼龙网分隔和不分隔处理显著低于塑料膜分隔处理。在所有复合处理中,以GM-根系不分隔处理对玉米生长及氮素累积的促进作用最好;GM-尼龙网分隔处理对大豆生长及氮素累积的促进效果最佳,并更能显著降低玉米、大豆根际土壤的碱解氮残留,可望减轻土壤氮流失而降低氮素流失对地表水体的污染风险。     

Drought Tolerance and Water‐Use Efficiency of Biogas Crops: A Comparison of Cup Plant,Maize and Lucerne‐Grass

The cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is discussed as an alternative energy crop for biogas production in Germany due to its ecological benefits over continuously grown maize. Moreover, a certain drought tolerance is assumed because of its intensive root growth and the dew water collection by the leaf cups, formed by fused leaf pairs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate evapotranspiration (ET ), water‐use efficiency (WUE ) and the relevance of the leaf cups for the cup plant's water balance in a 2‐year field experiment. Parallel investigations were conducted for the two reference crops maize (high WUE ) and lucerne‐grass (deep and intensive rooting) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Root system performance was assessed by measuring water depletion at various soil depths. Transpiration‐use efficiency (TUE ) was estimated using a model approach. Averaged over the 2 years, drought‐related above‐ground dry matter reduction was higher for the cup plant (33 %) than for the maize (18 %) and lucerne‐grass (14 %). The WUE of the cup plant (33 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) was significantly lower than for maize (50 kg ha^?1 mm^?1). The cup plant had a lower water uptake capacity than lucerne‐grass. Cup plant dry matter yields as high as those of maize will only be attainable at sites that are well supplied with water, be it through a large soil water reserve, groundwater connection, high rainfall or supplemental irrigation.     

Intraspecific Variation in Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Twenty wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in plant height were grown in soil culture and evaluated for differences in nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) at limited (40 kg N ha⁻¹) and normal (120 kg N ha⁻¹) nitrogen supply. Nitrogen uptake showed 1.4- and 1.5-fold varietal variation at harvest for limited and normal N supply, respectively. NUE for dry matter production (NE1) exhibited 1.28- and 1.38-fold genotypic variation while NUE for grain production (NE2) varied by 1.25- and 1.21-fold at limited and normal N supply, respectively. Tall varieties were found to have higher N uptake and NUE for dry matter production, while dwarf cultivars had greater NUE for grain production. Nitrogen uptake was found to be strongly positively associated with dry matter production (r=0.85 and r =0.77 at limited and normal N supply, respectively), indicating an important effect of growth rate on N uptake. NUE for biomass production, as well as for grain production, was reduced as the supply of nitrogen was increased.     

生物炭和菌肥的混合使用对苹果园连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生理指标的影响

以平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis)幼苗为试材,盆栽试验条件下研究生物炭和菌液的混合施用对其生长及连作土壤环境的影响。试验共设5个处理:连作土对照(CK)、连作土溴甲烷熏蒸(T_1)、连作土施加2%生物炭(T_2)、连作土施用500倍稀释的菌液(T_3)、连作土加2%生物炭和500倍稀释的菌液(T_4)。研究结果表明,与连作相比,溴甲烷熏蒸、添加生物炭、施用菌液以及混合施用生物炭和菌液对平邑甜茶幼苗植株的生物量均有不同程度的促进作用。其中,溴甲烷熏蒸处理效果最好,混合施用生物炭和菌液次之,且均高于单独添加生物炭和菌液处理。与对照相比,混合施用生物炭和菌液处理9月平邑甜茶幼苗植株株高、地径、干重、鲜重分别增加了40.2%、34.7%、58.3%、68.6%;同时,平邑甜茶幼苗的根系长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数分别增加了46.5%、108.0%、91.0%、34.3%。混合施用生物炭和菌液处理显着提高了平邑甜茶幼苗的根系活力,与对照相比增加了124.2%。添加生物炭、施用菌液和混合施用生物炭和菌液均增加了土壤中细菌的数量,降低了真菌的数量。添加生物炭、施用菌液和混合施用生物炭和菌液的细菌数量和连作相比分别增加了157.14%、85.71%、252.4%,真菌数量降低了7.1%、53.97%、68.14%,显着增加了细菌/真菌的比值。添加生物炭、施用菌液、混合施用生物炭和菌液处理均增加了土壤酶活性,其中混合施用生物炭和菌液处理的土壤酶活性增幅最为明显。试验结果表明,混合施用生物炭和菌液可以更好地促进连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量的增加,提高细菌/真菌比值,增强土壤酶活性,改善苹果园连作土壤环境,有效减轻苹果连作障碍。     

灌溉方式和施氮量对棉花生长及氮素利用效率的影响

 设置2年田间小区试验,探讨了不同灌溉方式及施氮量对棉花生物量、氮素吸收量、皮棉产量及氮素效率的影响。结果表明,与漫灌相比滴灌显著增加了棉花生物量、氮素吸收量、皮棉产量以及氮肥利用率;滴灌棉花地上部各器官干物质积累量和氮素吸收量显著大于漫灌,而地下部干物质积累量和氮素吸收量显著低于漫灌,滴灌条件下较好的水分条件抑制了棉花根系生长而促进地上部生长。施用氮肥显著提高了棉花生物量、氮素吸收量。皮棉产量在施氮量为360 kg·hm^-2时最大,过高氮肥投入无助于棉花产量提高。随着施氮量的增加,氮肥利用率、农学利用率、偏生产力均显著降低。灌溉方式与施氮量互作效应对棉花单株铃数及皮棉产量产生显著影响。     

Intercropping fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with and without biochar: Tests along a competition gradient

Integrating soil amendment biochar to legume‐based intercropping systems may amplify the intercropping benefits and lead to more sustainable production due to its positive effects on the soil physicochemical and biological environment. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a legume used in an intercropping system in several countries in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A barley cultivar and an Iranian fenugreek ecotype were studied in two replacement series experiments to find the best combination of the two species as well as the effect of adding biochar to the soil. Fenugreek and barley were grown in 4‐L pots in five density combinations (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, 0:20) with and without application of biochar in sandy loam soil. The biomass, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) amount of the two crops were measured fifty days after sowing, and the Relative Yield Total (RYT) was estimated. Our results showed that biochar application resulted in a higher total biomass, N and C amount in all combinations of fenugreek and barley. Total biomass was increased by biochar 19.2% when fenugreek was grown alone and 8.1 and 12.9% in series with 25 and 50% barley when biochar was added, respectively. Biochar increased dry matter, N and C accumulation in both crop species in the mixtures. An exception was the C amount of barley which was not influenced by biochar in intercropping. RYT values were largest for biomass, C and N amount in mixtures with 15 fenugreek plants per pot and 5 barley plants per pot corresponding to approximately 400 fenugreek plants per m mixed with 130 barley plants per m². Biochar application increased RYT of the total dry weight by 2.7 and 5.5% in mixtures of 25 and 50% barley plants, RYT of the total nitrogen by 0.8% in mixtures with 25% barley plants, and RYT of the total carbon by 2.7 and 6.6% in mixtures with 25 and 50% barley plants. The RYT values declined with increasing number of barley plants as a result of a less competitive ability of fenugreek when growing in high barley densities. The yield was highest with intercropping but monoculture of barley also resulted in high yields. The total highest yield was found when approximately 130 fenugreek plants per m² were mixed with 400 barley plants per m². Mixtures with 75% fenugreek and 25% barley obtained RYT values larger than 1 for biomass, carbon and nitrogen percentages.     

生物炭对酸化土壤锰毒害的缓解效应研究

生长在酸性土壤上的植物受一系列障碍因素的影响,其中锰毒是继铝毒之后限制植物生长的第二重要因素。本研究旨在利用生物炭改良酸化土壤的同时进一步缓解土壤锰的毒害效应。通过1个月的室内培养试验,研究在酸化土壤中和在酸化土壤施加外源锰(2、4 mmol/kg)两种情况下,分别添加3%的两种不同生物炭──稻壳炭和苹果枝条炭,对空心菜生长和锰毒害的影响。结果表明：（1）在酸化土壤中,添加两种不同生物炭均可显著增加空心菜的株高和生物量;在酸化土壤施加外源锰条件下,空心菜的株高和生物量显著受到抑制,添加稻壳炭能够显著缓解锰对空心菜生长的抑制作用,但苹果枝条炭不能有效缓解锰对空心菜的生长抑制;在高锰(4 mmol/kg)抑制条件下,空心菜植株出现生理缺水,两种生物炭的添加均能显著缓解空心菜植株的缺水现象。（2）生物炭的添加显著提高了土壤pH值,土壤pH值的变化与空心菜株高和生物量变化呈显著或极显著性相关。（3）添加稻壳炭和苹果枝条炭使空心菜对锰的累积浓度分别减少了48.5%和26.6%;外源锰施加情况下,空心菜对锰元素的富集浓度达到1502.1~2185.9 mg/kg,稻壳炭的添加使空心菜对锰的累积显著降低到516.4~975.5 mg/kg,但苹果枝条炭无法有效缓解外源锰对空心菜的毒害。（4）两种生物炭尤其稻壳炭可有效或显著降低土壤交换性锰含量,增加土壤易还原性锰含量,但未对土壤活性锰总量产生显著性影响。稻壳炭和苹果枝条炭能够显著促进空心菜生长、改善外源锰毒对植株造成的缺水现象;两种生物炭均能显著降低空心菜对锰的累积,提升土壤pH值、减少土壤交换性锰含量,不同程度缓解锰的毒害并促进植物生长。     

Influence of the root endophyte Piriformospora indica on the plant water relations,gas exchange and growth of Chenopodium quinoa at limited water availability

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Piriformospora indica to colonize the root of Chenopodium quinoa and to verify whether this endosymbiont can improve the growth, performance and drought resistance of this species. The study delivered, for the first time, evidence for successful colonization of P. indica in quinoa. Hence, pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse, where inoculated and non‐inoculated plants were subjected to ample (40%–50% WHC) and deficit (15%–20%WHC) irrigation treatments. Drought adversely influenced the plant growth, leading to decline the total plant biomass by 74%. This was linked to an impaired photosynthetic activity (caused by lower g_s and C_i/C_a ratio; stomatal limitation of photosynthesis) and a higher risk of ROS production (enhanced ETR/A_gross ratio). P. indica colonization improved quinoa plant growth, with total biomass increased by 8% (controls) and 76% (drought‐stressed plants), confirming the growth‐promoting activity of P. indica. Fungal colonization seems to diminish drought‐induced growth hindrance, likely, through an improved water balance, reflected by the higher leaf ψ_w and g_s. Additionally, stomatal limitation of photosynthesis was alleviated (indicated by enhanced C_i/C_a ratio and A_net), so that the threat of oxidative stress was minimized (decreased ETR/A_gross). These results infer that symbiosis with P. indica could negate some of the detrimental effects of drought on quinoa growth, a highly desired feature, in particular at low water availability.     

Comparative Effect of Nitrogen Sources on Maize under Saline and Non-saline Conditions

The main objective of this study was to compare the relationship between biomass yield and nutrient uptake in salt-stressed maize ( Zea mays L.) following nitrogen (N) nutrition in a greenhouse. Three forms of N were applied, each at the rate of 100 kg ha⁻¹: urea-N, nitrate-N, 1/2 urea-N + 1/2 nitrate-N (mixed-N) and no N application (control). Maize was grown as a test crop for 6 weeks. All N sources greatly stimulated crop growth and nutrient uptake compared with the control. The biomass (shoot and root) of maize was significantly greater in mixed-N treatment than in single sources in saline soil whereas it varied in the order of urea-N > mixed-N > nitrate-N > control in non-saline soil. Under both soil conditions, the concentration of Ca, Mg and Na in shoot was highest in nitrate-N treatments while that of K was highest in the control. Shoot nitrogen concentration was not significantly different among N sources under non-saline treatment, whereas under saline conditions, the concentration varied markedly in the order of nitrate-N > urea-N > mixed-N > control. The mineral concentrations in the shoot increased under salt treated soil when compared with non-saline soil. The ratios of Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg were also higher under salt stress due to higher accumulation of Na ion in the shoot. Among N-fertilizer sources, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios were highest in control whereas Na/K ratio was the highest in nitrate-N treatment. The lowest cation ratios were noted in mixed-N-treated plants under both soils. Regression analysis showed that maize biomass was related to N concentration by the following equations: Y = −4.54 + 0.97N for the non-saline soil and Y = 0.89 + 0.25N for the saline soil. Nitrogen use efficiency for non-saline soil exceeded that of saline soil by 15 %.     

Growth and Physiological Responses of Quinoa to Drought and Temperature Stress

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), traditionally called the mother of grains, has the potential to grow under high temperatures and drought, tolerating levels regarded as stresses in other crop species. A pot experiment was conducted in a climate chamber to investigate the potential of quinoa tolerance to increasing drought and temperature. Quinoa plants were subjected to three irrigation and two temperature regimes. At low temperature, the day/night climate chamber temperature was maintained at 18/8 °C and 25/20 °C for high temperature throughout the treatment period. The irrigation treatments were full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI) and alternate root‐zone drying (ARD). FI plants were irrigated daily to the level of the pot's water‐holding capacity. In DI and ARD, 70 % water of FI was applied either to the whole pot or to one side of the pot alternating, respectively. The results indicated that plant height and shoot dry weight significantly decreased by ARD and DI compared to FI treatment both at low and at high temperatures. However, plants in ARD treatment showed significantly higher plant height and shoot dry weight compared to DI especially at higher temperature, which is linked to increased xylem ion content. Higher quinoa plant growth in ARD was associated with increase in water‐use efficiency (WUE_i) due to higher abscisic acid concentration and higher nutrient contents compared to DI. From results, it can be concluded that quinoa plant growth is favoured by high temperature (25/20 °C) and ARD is an effective irrigation strategy to increase WUE in drought prone areas.     

The Tripartite Symbiosis Formed by Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soya Bean Under Field Conditions

The tripartite symbiosis formed by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan and soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Evans) was investigated under field conditions to test the hypotheses that: (i) the tripartite symbiosis enhances nodulation and nodule activity; and (ii) its establishment does not rely on improved phosphorus (P) uptake through the fungal partner. Soil tillage was used to produce treatments with contrasting AMF colonization potentials while the amount of B. japonicum inoculum was kept constant. Nodulation, AMF colonization and the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants were evaluated at 10 and 51 (full‐bloom) days after emergence. N₂ fixation was estimated by the difference method and by the isotopic dilution method. At the early stage of plant growth, AMF hyphal colonization and nodulation were, respectively, 16 % and 33 % greater in plants from untilled than from rototilled soil. The establishment of the tripartite symbiosis was observed under field conditions, and factors other than P nutrition were critical to its formation. However, the tripartite symbiosis did not promote N₂ fixation under the high soil P conditions of this study.     

生物炭与有机肥施用对黄褐土土壤酶活性及微生物碳氮的影响

研究了生物炭与有机肥配施对土壤酶及其微生物生物量碳氮的影响,为黄褐土障碍因子改良及合理施肥提供参考。在等氮条件下设置了6 个施肥处理：不施肥(CK)、单施生物炭(B)、氮磷钾配合施用(NPK)、氮磷钾+生物炭(NPK+B)、氮磷钾+有机肥(NPK+M)、氮磷钾+有机肥+生物炭(NPK+B+M)。采用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4浸提法和化学分析法分别对土壤微生物量碳氮、酶活性和土壤化学性质和作物产量进行测定分析。结果表明：在黄褐土条件下,生物炭与有机肥处理均能显著提高土壤脲酶活性和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量,其中以NPK+M+B处理效果最好。有机肥能够促进β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活性,而生物炭与其作用相反。土壤微生物量碳氮、脲酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶与产量之间存在显著或极显著正相关关系。本试验条件下,生物炭与有机肥的添加能够提高土壤酶活性,提高土壤有机碳和全氮含量,以NPK+B+M处理对酶活性提升效果最好。     

生物炭与化学肥料互作的大豆生物学效应

以大豆品种铁丰40为试材,在2010—2011年的大田试验中调查生物炭与不同用量化肥配施对大豆生长发育、光合作用、产量与品质及肥料表观利用率的影响。结果表明,炭/肥互作在不同程度上提高了大豆株高、叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率,增加了叶、茎干物重。炭/肥互作对大豆生长前期的氮、磷吸收影响不明显,但随着生育期的推进,叶、茎对氮、磷吸收逐步增加,单株氮、磷积累量明显提高。炭/肥互作提高了单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和产量,平均比单施化肥增产13.2%。其中,在常规施肥量减少15%、30%和60%基础上增施生物炭,2年平均产量分别比常规施肥提高11.20%、11.00%和8.17%,平均增产10.1%。并且炭/肥配施处理的蛋白质与脂肪总量明显优于单施化肥处理,表现为配施化肥量越少效应越明显。生物炭与化肥配施"减量增效"作用明显,可应用于大豆生产。     

缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放特征及其对春玉米氮吸收的影响

为了探讨几种缓/控释肥在宁夏淡灰钙土上的氮素释放特性和生物学效应,寻求合适的缓/控释组合材料。通过盆栽试验,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了5个施肥处理对春玉米生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响,同时探讨了几种缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放规律。结果表明,相对不施氮处理,施用缓/控释肥可提高春玉米株高、地上部生物量和总生物量,同时也能显著促进地上部氮、根系氮和总氮吸收量,其氮肥利用率达33.9%~39.7%,较NPK平衡施肥(31.5%)提高了2.4%~8.2%。自研制缓/控释肥在土壤中的氮素释放天数在65天左右,释放高峰在第32天前后;而商品包膜尿素的氮素释放高峰在第17天前后,65天后依然有较高的氮素释放。因此,与商品包膜尿素相比,自研制缓/控释肥的氮素释放周期有待延长,但其对春玉米生育前期的氮素供应相对充足。