Dyeing properties and colour fastness of wool dyed with indicaxanthin natural dye

This research work involves the dyeing of wool with indicaxanthin, a natural dye extracted from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to mix 50 g of Juice from cactus pears with 100 mL of 80% aqueous ethanol as solvent for dye extraction. Liquid chromatography was applied for the separation. Two main dyes were obtained, which were identified as indicaxanthin (75 mg per 50 g) and betanin (5 mg per 50 g). The effect of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature were studied. The optimal conditions for wool dyeing with indicaxanthin dye were carried out at 70 °C for 90 min with the pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordant. The colour yields of the dye on the wool were found to be highly dependent of the pH, optimum results being obtained at pH 4. The K/S of wool increased in the order of the dyeing using KAl (SO₄)₂ > MnSO₄ > CoSO₄ > FeSO₄ > none > ZnSO₄ > CuSO₄. Un-mordanted samples have good properties of water and washing fastness. Mordants KAl (SO₄)₂ and CoSO₄ were found to give good light fastness (rating 5).     

Extraction,Dyeing, and Antibacterial Properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crataegus Elbursensis</Emphasis> Fruit Natural Dye on Wool Yarn

Fruits obtained from shrubs of the Crataegus elbursensis (C. elbursensis) plant demonstrate significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties. In this study, natural dye was sono-extracted from fresh and dried fruits and applied in dyeing and antibacterial finishing of wool. The maximum sono-extraction yield was obtained when optimal conditions of ethanol/ water (4/1 v/v) as extracting solvent, time 30 min, pH 4, temperature 50 oC, and C. elbursensis concentration 10 g/l were used. When wool yarns were dyed with the extracted natural dye, the maximum dye uptake was achieved using dye concentration 75 % owf, and dyeing condition of 100 oC, 60 min, pH 4, and LR 100:1. Different metal salts like aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate, and tin chloride were applied on wool by pre-mordanting method and their effects on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness were examined. Results showed that the natural dye itself had relatively high uptake and good color fastness on un-mordanted wool. Further, each mordant had different effect on dye uptake, color variation, and color fastness properties depending on its coordination ability with dye molecules and wool chains. Moreover, dyed yarns showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria.     

Dyeing and fastness properties of a reactive disperse dye on PET, nylon, silk and N/P fabrics

Dyeing and color fastness properties of a reactive disperse dye containing an acetoxyethylsulphone group on PET, Nylon, silk and N/P fabrics were examined. The reactive disperse dye exhibited almost the same dyeing properties on PET fabric as a conventional disperse dye except the level of dye uptake. The most appropriate pH and dyeing temperature for the dyeing of Nylon fabric were 7 and 100°C respectively. The build-up on Nylon fabric was good and various color fastnesses were good to excellent due to the formation of the covalent bond. Application of the reactive disperse dye on silk fabric at pH 9 and 80°C yielded optimum color strength. The rate of dyeing on Nylon fabric was faster than that on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in a dye bath, accordingly color strength of the dyed Nylon was higher. The reactive disperse dye can be applied for one-step and one-bath dyeing of N/P mixture fabric with good color fastness.     

Extraction, identification and dyeing studies of Isosalipurposide, a natural chalcone dye from Acacia cyanophylla flowers on wool

A chalcone compound Isosalipurposide 1 was qualitatively isolated from Acacia cyanophylla yellow flowers. The dyeing of wool fabrics with this chalcone compound as a natural dye has been studied. The effect of dye bath pH and dyeing temperature were investigated. The obtained shades were bright with generally a good fastness. A post-mordanting method was used in the dyeing of wool with this chalcone dye. It was found that, generally, mordanting improved light fastness especially in the case of zinc sulphate.     

Extraction of natural dye from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreopsis tinctoria</Emphasis> flower petals for leather dyeing − An eco-friendly approach

This study evaluated the extraction of two colors of dye (yellow and brown) from Coreopsis tinctoria flower petals using ultrasound and the dyeing of leather with the extracted dyes as a source of nontoxic and eco-friendly dye. The results showed an increase in the dye extraction values with increasing time at 100 W ultrasonic power at 80 °C for 1 h. Leather dyeing was optimized with the aid of ultrasound and magnetic stirring. The optimum leather dyeing conditions, with respect to the dye uptake, dye penetration and intensity of the color, were determined to be 12 % dye concentration, 100 W power, 1,000 rpm, and pH 7.0 for 60 min at 80 °C. It was shown that sonication improves dye exhaustion from a 90 % to 60 % rating for 1 h of dyeing time. The dyed leather was assessed by reflectance measurements and compared with visual assessment data. The fastness properties of dyed leather samples showed good fastness against washing, light, and dry and wet rubbing. The strength properties were not significantly altered and the bulk properties, such as softness, were found to be improved by the use of Coreopsis tinctoria yellow and brown dyes using an ultrasonic and magnetic stirring dyeing process.     

Ultrasonic dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with natural dye. Part 2: Cationization of cotton using Quat 188

The dyeing of cationized cotton fabric with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride 69% (Quat 188) using Cochineal dye was studied using both conventional and ultrasonic techniques. Factors affecting dye extraction and dye bath exhaustion were investigated. The results indicated that the dye extraction by ultrasound at 300 W was more effective at lower temperatures and times than conventional extraction. Also, the colour strength values obtained were found to be higher with ultrasound than with conventional techniques. However, the results showed that the fastness properties of the dyed fabrics with ultrasound are similar to those of the conventional dyed fabrics. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were measured for cationized cotton fabrics dyed with both conventional and ultrasound techniques, thus showing the sonicator efficiency.     

Response surface optimization of mechanochemical-assisted extraction of flavonoids and terpene trilactones from Ginkgo leaves

Mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) method was developed for extraction of flavonoids and terpene trilactones from Ginkgo leaves. The MCAE parameters and the antioxidant activities of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) were investigated. Through response surface methodology design experiments, the processing conditions were optimized as follows: amount of solid reagent (NaHCO₃) 21%, milling time 7.5 min, and ratio of solvent to solid 33 mL/g. Under these conditions, the yields of flavonoids and terpene trilactones in GBE were 6.83 mg/g and 1.72 mg/g, respectively. Compared with the heat reflux extraction method, the yields of flavonoids and terpene trilactones are higher, and the extraction time was significantly shortened. What is more, the MCAE method only used water as solvent. GBE of MCAE possessed notable antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 11.7 and 13.8 μg/mL, respectively.     

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of Nigella sativa L. oil using full factorial design

In this study, Nigella sativa L. oil was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with full factorial design to determine the best extraction condition (pressure, temperature and dynamic extraction time) for obtaining an extract with high yield, antioxidant activity and thymoquinone (TQ) quantity. The maximum thymoquinone content in the highest overall yield was achieved through SC-CO₂ extraction condition of 150 bar, 40 °C, 120 min with the value of 4.09 mg/ml. The highest SC-CO₂ extraction yield was 23.20% which obtained through extraction condition of 350 bar, 60 °C and 120 min. The extraction conducted at 350 bar, 50 °C, 60 min showed the lowest IC₅₀ value (highest antioxidant activity) of 2.59 mg/ml using DPPH radical scavenging activity method. Fatty acid composition of the extracted oil with highest radical scavenging activity was obtained by gas chromatographic analysis.     

Natural dyeing with black cowpea seed coat. I. Dyeing properties of cotton and silk fabrics

A new trial to determine the dyeing properties of cotton and silk fabrics with a black cowpea seed coat as crop waste was investigated. The natural dye anthocyanins were extracted from a black cowpea seed coat in an aqueous solution and used to dye silk and cotton. The optimal conditions for colorant extraction were an aqueous solution of a dried seed coat of black cowpea in a 1:10 liquor ratio at 70 °C for 4 hours with pH of 4. The best dye-uptake of silk and cotton fabric were obtained when the pH was 3.5 and 3.0 respectively, the temperature was 80 °C for 1 hour and the liquor ratio of black cowpea was 1:20. Different colors as dusky brown, brown, faint yellow, light green, reddish brown, cyan and green could be obtained using a various kind of mordants. The depth and brightness of color tones were affected by different dyeing and mordanting pH conditions. The colors of the fabrics were examined using a computer color matching system in terms of the K/S values and CIELAB color-difference values. The dyeing was evaluated using standard light, wash and heat fastness tests. Good wash and heat fastness were obtained but the poor light fastness indicated the need for improvement to fulfill the requirement for textile applications.     

Optimisation of a solvent for the complete extraction of prolamins from heated foods

Wheat bread was lyophilised, ground, extracted and centrifuged. The supernatants were analysed for gluten content by RP-HPLC and a commercial sandwich ELISA. Prolamin extraction solvents contained tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP; 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 mmol/L), guanidine hydrochloride (GUA; 0 or 2 mol/L) and a buffered salt solution. A commercial cocktail solution (250 mmol/L mercaptoethanol (ME), 2 mol/L GUA, buffered salt solution) as well as 60% (v/v) ethanol were used as control solvents. Wheat flour was the control for the extractability of the native prolamins. 60% ethanol only extracted 37% of the prolamins from wheat bread (cocktail = 100%). When ME was replaced by TCEP the protein yield increased from 35% at the lowest TCEP-level to 95% when 20–50 mmol/L TCEP were used. The use of GUA was essential to extract prolamins quantitatively. Comparative protein analysis using RP-HPLC and ELISA showed that both methods provided comparable prolamin (gliadin) concentrations of the wheat flour (40.3–45.7 mg/g), when 60% ethanol was used as extraction solvent. The extraction yields from bread were considerably lower (16.7–24.7 mg/g). Cocktail and TCEP extracted almost the same amount of protein from flour and bread with TCEP showing slightly lower yields. Total extractable protein (gliadin + glutenin) as determined by RP-HPLC was 70.5–75.3 mg/g, and total gliadin as determined by ELISA was 42.7–44.2 mg/g. Thus, the study has shown that TCEP in combination with GUA extracts proteins from heated, gluten-containing foods as effective as the commercial cocktail solution.     

Study on the natural dyeing of wool modified with enzyme

In this study, the natural pigment from sappan was used for the dyeing of wool fabrics after treatment with the protease and transglutaminase. The influences of protease and transglutaminase on the UV/visible absorption spectrum of aqueous extract of sappan were studied. The enzymatic modified wool was compared with non-modified wool in K/S value and fastness after direct dyeing and mordant dyeing. It was shown that protease and transglutaminase made the absorbance at the λ _max 540 nm in visible region increase. It suggested that there might be some interaction between the enzymes and sappan dye and the residual enzyme on wool fabric might affect the color of following dyeing. Compared to untreated wool, treatments with protease and transglutaminase enhance K/S value of wool dyed subsequently with sappan. Modification of protease led to some decrease in wet rubbing fastness, whereas transglutaminase had almost no influence on rubbing fastness. Enzymatic treatments have no influence on the washing fastness for samples dyed with sappan.     

Dyeing of cotton and silk yarn with the extracted dye from the fruit hulls of mangosteen,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Garcinia mangostana</Emphasis> linn

The extracted dye from the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen was used as a natural dye for the dyeing of cotton and silk yarn. The optimal conditions for dye extraction were to extract the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen at 80°C for 1 hour with a 15 % w/v citric acid solution in a 1:4 ratio of mangosteen powder to solvent. Cotton dyeing with the extracted dye from the dried fruit hulls of mangosteen was carried out at 60°C for 60 minutes with a material to liquor ratio of 1:25. The effect on dyeing of mordant type with different mordanting methods was studied. The results showed that the dyeing of cotton using the post-mordanting method with ferrous sulfate and calcium hydroxide not only provided better depth of shade but also provided better wash fastness and light fastness than with other mordants (alum; zinc tetrafluoroborate) or without a mordant. Good fastness properties were also obtained using a post-mordanted silk with calcium hydroxide.     

Dyeing characteristics of Nylon,cotton and N/C mixture fabrics with reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulphatoethylsulphone group

The dyeing and color fastness properties of three reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulphatoethylsulphone group on Nylon, cotton and N/C mixture fabrics were examined. Reduction-clearing was more effective in removing the unfixed dyes than soaping since the reactive-disperse dye became hydrophobic during dyeing process. Nylon was dyed well with three reactive-disperse dyes at pH 5∼8 and difference in chemical structure between dyes did not affect the final color strength of the dyed Nylon fiber, but their build-up properties on Nylon were not so good. The color strength of the dyed cotton was not as high as that of Nylon. The color strength of cotton increased by lowering dyeing temperature when the reactive-disperse dyes having hydroxy group were used. Nylon absorbed more dye molecules than cotton in simultaneous dyeing, the color difference between Nylon and cotton could be reduced as the dyeing temperature decreased. N/C mixture fabric was dyed well at 60 °C with the reactive-disperse dyes having hydroxyl group when applied at pH 7 and 60 °C, and their build-up properties were good. It was also found that washing fastness and rubbing fastness of dyed Nylon, cotton and N/C fabrics with the reactive-disperse dyes were excellent, while light fastness was moderate.     

Superfine pigment dyeing of silk fabric by exhaust process

The surface of silk is modified by a cationic reagent, N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride(CHTAC) in order to enable the fibre to be dyed with superfine pigments by an exhaust process. The effects of cationization pretreatment conditions such as the amount of cationic reagent, pH, treatment temperature and time on color yield are discussed in detail. The result shows that the condition suitable for modification treatment is that the concentrationc of cationic reagent is 10 g/l, pH 8, liquor to goods ratio of 100:1 and 60°C for 30 min. The white index decreases with the increase of alkali of cationic treatment. The crock fastness and wash fastness of silk dyed by pigment exhaust dyeing achieve 3–4 and 4 scale, respectively. The treated silk fabrics still retain a soft handle because the bending rigidity B and hysteresis 2HB increase slightly after cationization pretreatment and dyeing procedure. It has been demonstrated that properties of surface modified silk dyed with superfine pigment by exhaust process are acceptable.     

Eco-friendly dyeing of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) with temporarily solubilized azo disperse dyes based on pyridone derivatives

Dispersant-free PTT dyeing of temporarily solubilized azo disperse dyes based on pyridone moiety which contain β-sulfatoethylsulfonyl group was investigated. The dyes were successfully applied to PTT without the use of dispersants. The color yields of the dyes on PTT fabric were dependent on dyeing pH as well as dyeing temperature. The optimum results were obtained at pH 5–6 and 110 °C. The dyes showed alkali-clearing property and exhibited good to excellent fastness on the PTT fabric. The COD levels of the dyeing effluent from the temporarily solubilized disperse dyes were much smaller than those from commercial disperse dye.     

Optimization of dyeing condition for wool/cotton union fabric with direct dye using box-behnken design

Wool/cotton union fabric was dyed with a direct dye in union shade. The dyeing was performed in a single bath in relation to four factors: leveling agent (Lyogen SMKI, 0–1.5 % oww), electrolyte (sodium sulfate, 0–10 %), dyeing temperature (85–95 °C), and dyeing time (15–60 min). The dyeing was characterized by dye bath exhaustion (%), color strength (K/S value), washing fastness, and light fastness of dyed sample. Response surface analysis showed that the exhaustion of direct dye increased with electrolyte, dyeing temperature, and dyeing time while the K/S value followed a linear shape with leveling agent and dyeing temperature. An optimized recipe was formulated based on response surface strategy and numerical optimization solution.     

Dyeing properties of nylon,PET, and N/P mixture fabric with reactive-disperse dyes having a sulfatoethylsulfone group

The dyeing and color fastness properties of two reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulfatoethylsulfone group on nylon, PET and N/P mixture fabrics were examined. The rate of dyeing on nylon fabric was greatly dependent upon dye bath pH. The final dye uptakes at all pH, however, were as high as 97 %. Color strength of the dyed nylon fabric linearly increased up to 0.5 %owf and then slowed down over 1 %owf dyeing. Washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed nylon fabric were excellent, but grade of light fastness was moderate. Dyeability of the reactive-disperse dyes on PET fabric was not much affected by pH, and K/S values of PET fabric dyed at pH 5–8 were lower than those of nylon fabric at all pH examined. Buildup and color fastnesses properties on PET fabric showed the same tendency with nylon fabric. The rate of dyeing of the reactive-disperse dyes on nylon fabric was faster than on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in the same dye pot, resulting in higher color strength of nylon than PET. The reactive-disperse dyes were found to be adequate to the one-bath, one-step dyeing of N/P mixture fabric when applied at pH 5 and 120 °C.     

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects of Lactuca sativa extracts

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Lactuca sativa var longifolia leaves were investigated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay. The effect of the extracts against 5 Gram-positive and 6 Gram-negative bacteria was tested. The antiviral activity was determined against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD-169 (ATCC Ref. VR 538) and coxsackie B virus type 3 (CoxB-3) using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The methanol extract had the highest total phenolic contents (235.31 mg CE/g extract). It exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) greater hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 3.5 μg/ml) than the aqueous extract (4.1 μg/ml). It was also the most effective extract with the lowest MIC (2.5 mg/ml) against all Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited antiviral activity against HCMV and Cox-B3 viruses with IC₅₀ of 200 μg/ml.     

Effects of crude seed extracts of Annona atemoya and Annona squamosa L. against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni in the laboratory and greenhouse

Antifeedant, growth inhibitory and toxic effects of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa and Annona atemoya from Fazenda Viveiro Bona, Parasisópolis – Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated against the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using different bioassays. Crude methanolic seed extracts deterred feeding of third instar T. ni larvae in a leaf disc choice bioassay. A. squamosa was ∼10 times more active as a feeding deterrent than A. atemoya (DC₅₀ = 2.3 mg/ml vs. 20.1 mg/ml). A. squamosa was ∼three times more active as a growth inhibitor than A. atemoya (EC₅₀ = 38.0 ppm vs. 117.0 ppm). Methanolic seed extracts of A. squamosa and A. atemoya were toxic to third instar T. ni larvae both through topical and oral application. A. squamosa was more toxic through feeding (LC₅₀ = 167.5 ppm vs. 382.4 ppm) whereas, A. atemoya exerted greater toxicity via topical application (LC₅₀ = 301.3 μg/larva vs. 197.7 μg/larva). Both A. squamosa and A. atemoya extracts reduced leaf area consumption and larval growth in a greenhouse experiment. Our results indicate that both A. squamosa and A. atemoya have potential for development as botanical insecticides, especially for local use in Brazil.     

Dyeing of synthetic fabrics in water using azoic dyes based on boronic acid derivatives

Development of water-soluble dyes for the dyeing of different textile fabrics is essential for the textile industry due to ecological and economical reasons. In this study, a series of new azoic dyes were prepared by diazotization reaction between the phenyl boronic acid and different aniline derivatives, and their dyeing capacity in aqueous solution was evaluated. The synthesized boronic azo dyes present good water solubility and can dye polyamide (nylon), wool, silk, and cellulose acetate fabrics. The effect of factors such as concentration of dye, dyeing temperature, and pH on the level of color strength (K/S) was studied. The dyeing results showed that higher color strength K/S (about 16) and fastness properties (about 4/5) with boronic acid dyes were achieved at higher temperatures avoiding the use of surface agents, mordants, and other polluting chemical additives.