The Appreciative System of Urban ICT Policies: An Analysis of Perceptions of Urban Policy Makers

ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an important tool to promote a variety of public goals and policies. In the past years much attention has been given to the expected social benefits from deploying ICTs in different urban fields (transportation, education, public participation in planning, etc.) and to its potential to mitigate various current or emerging urban problems. The growing importance of ICTs in daily life, business activities, and governance prompts the need to consider ICTs more explicitly in urban policies. Alongside the expectation that the private sector will play a major role in the ICT field, the expected benefits from ICTs also encourage urban authorities to formulate proper public ICT policies. Against this background, various intriguing research questions arise. What are the urban policy‐makers’ expectations about ICTs? And how do they assess the future implications of ICTs for their city? A thorough analysis of these questions will provide a better understanding of the extent to which urban authorities are willing to invest in and to adopt a dedicated ICT policy. This study is focusing on the way urban decision‐makers perceive the opportunities of ICT policy. After a sketch of recent development and policy issues, a conceptual model is developed to map out the driving forces of urban ICT policies in cities in Europe. Next, by highlighting the importance of understanding the decision‐maker's “black box,” three crucial variables are identified within this box. In the remaining part of the paper these three variables will be operationalized by using a large survey comprising more than 200 European cities. By means of statistical multivariate methods (i.e., factor and cluster analysis), the decision‐makers were able to be characterized according to the way they perceive their city (the concept of “imaginable city”), their opinion about ICT, and the way they assess the relevance of ICT policies to their city. Next, a solid explanatory framework will be offered by using a log‐linear logit analysis to test the relationships between these three aspects.     

From Lujiazui in Shanghai to New East Area in Chongqing--An exploration on Urban Land Use Form Oriented by the Public Traffic

To develop the public traffic and setup a city form coordinated with the development of the public traffic has become a common sense in the full achievement of the city sustainable development. Due to the particularity of the exploration procedure and some difficulties in urban development, the policy on developing public traffic has not been realized in our country. Now it is on edge to solve these problems, particularly in the new area of development. In this article, the authors intend to find a practical way of establishing a ciity development mode with adapting the public traffic development by contrasting Lujiazui new area in Shanghai and the new east area in Chongqing.     

The Planning Response to Urban Service Sector Growth: an International Comparison

The restructuring of urban economies from manufacturing to service industries has been a major feature of the last twenty-five years. Large cities with a population of at least one million have been at the forefront of this change with the primate cities of the newly industrialized countries increasingly affected. The growth characteristics, planning experiences, and policy implications of the expansion of service industries in large and medium-size metropolitan areas around the world are examined. This has illuminated issues connected with the interurban competition for services. The service sector has shaped new urban planning and public policy agendas and the way in which metropolitan areas in this study have started to reshape their policies provides a good lead for others to follow. It is likely that new pressures will strengthen the need to look beyond their established urban planning policies to broader, integrated urban management policies.     

Cities,transport and agglomeration: Addressing the urban mobility challenges in India

Cities are the drivers of economic growth and structural transformation in developing countries. Transport makes or mars a city. It connects people to opportunity and business to prosperity. Urban transport acts as a catalyst of growth through direct, indirect and induced effects, including those linked to agglomeration and networking externalities. Yet policy makers and planners in developing countries like India continue to neglect the economics of urban public transport. Hardly has there been any attempt to study relationships between city externalities, spatial planning, public transport infrastructure, economic growth and value capture financing. This paper delves into these aspects and presents lessons from theory for the strategies of development and financing of urban public transport in India. It is focused on the implications of urban externalities for transit‐oriented development, transport land use integration, strategic densification of growth nodes and public transport financing based on a value creation, capture and recycling paradigm.     

Analysis of the Environmental Design of the Urban Sunken Square: A Case Study of Shanghai Wujiaochang Sunken Square

Under the background of stock planning,fine planning promotes intensive and efficient utilization to become an important measure of urban space utilization.The three-dimensional development of urban public space promotes the emergence and gradual growth of urban sunken square.However,there are many problems in the design of urban sunken square.In order to have a clear understanding of the current situation between the sunken square and the surrounding environment in the domestic mega city,the Shanghai Wujiaochang Sunken Square was selected for field investigation and questionnaire survey to understand the main problems and advantages and disadvantages in this case.The common problems were summarized and the disadvantages of the lack of integration between the sunken square and the surrounding environment were obtained and the role of integration of the two was clarified.It is expected that the design points of sunken square and surrounding environment integration can provide guidance for the follow-up design.     

GARDEN CITY,GREEN CORE CITY AND ECOLOGICAL CITY

Starting from the fact of contemporary urban problemsexsiting universally,this paper traces back and analyses the theoreticalpoints of green city and its widespread and profound influence.Thispaper also expounds its benefit and enlightenment to us.To relax thesevere urban ecological and environmental problems,the author,consci-entiously drawing some modern urban planning thoughts such as gardencity,organic dispersion and systematical coordination and based on thepractice in the over all planning of Leshan city,presents a new conceptof green core city aiming to combine overall city planning with ecologyplanning and layout structure with improving urban living quality bylaying the city in several natural ecological circles.It will creat a higher urban living environmental quality.To satisfy demand of contemporarycities on a higher stage of development for environmental quality,it isnecessary to achieve the developmental goal of ecological city.This paperstates this point of veiws on the meaning and basic requirements for anecological city and stresses that it is important to raise the view ofunifying economical and social benefits with ecology and environment inurban planning and construction.     

Optimization of Urban Opening Space Pattern Based on Landscape Ecology

City is a spatial synthesis which consists of various buildings and urban opening space.With the developing of the urbanization,the urban planning will directly influence the sustainable development of a city,and the optimization of the urban zone pattern is the main section of the urban planning.The urban opening space is the main part of the urban landscape with important eco-function.Due to its flexibility,the urban opening space is becoming the object of the urban landscape pattern.In this study,some ecological problems during urban development were discussed,and a series of strategies of urban opening space pattern optimization have been put forward based on landscape planning theories.     

Applying SLEUTH model for simulating urban growth scenario of Chongqing districts

Districts of Chongqing is selected as the study area, which has a rapid rate of urbanization and eco-environmental pressure. The fundamental data of this study is the remote images and urban planning images of Chongqing city in 1988, 1993, 2000 and 2007. After data processing by RS and GIS, model calibration is applied to obtain the best parameters for the SLEUTH model. Then, the SLEUTH model is used for the simulation of the urban growth over the past 20 years. On the basis, the SLEUTH model is applied to predict the situation of urban expansion of the region in the next 10 years. The simulation results show that the calibrated model has a higher simulated precision for the urban expansion of study area, and the pace of urbanization has become relatively rapid in the study area, which may be closely related to the current land planning, road construction, industrial structure and economic policy.     

Rural Development Program for State-Level New Area in Western China: An Empirical Analysis and Policy Suggestions Based on Villagers' Wishes

Rural development that has been raised to an unprecedented strategic position has become an important fulcrum for China to maintain its rapid economic growth in the future when China's economy has entered a period of new normal. As a quintessential example in the state-level new area of western China and mountainous city, rural areas around Chongqing's Liangjiang New Area have typical preferential policies, space structure, and industrial layout. This study is different from the traditional rural research which focuses on the spatial arrangement of settlements and facilities. From the perspective of villagers' participation and field investigation, this study objectively understands the characteristics, advantages and problems of rural development, and explores the development problems in rural areas, so as to provide a reference for rural planning.     

Study of Information System of Urban Planning Based on Three Dimensions Geographical Information System Technolo

The 3D urban planning information system has been the focus topic in urban palnning management. In this paper,the related development of 3D urban planning is reviewed and the development object,data acquisition, system application level and three important characters of 3D urban planning information system have been also discussed. Thus, a system framework iseatablished. Finally,several primary problems are put forward and thought to be resolved to improve the practicability of 3D urban planning information system over large scale.     

Research on the Urban Agriculture Planning Models of Metropolis:A Case Study of Chengdu

With the accelerating urbanization, ecological environment of the city has attracted increasing attention, so the resulting problems have become key research focuses in all countries. Against this background, urban agriculture has been applied as one of the effective approaches for relieving urbanization. From the perspective of industrial form of urban agriculture, planning models of urban agriculture were explored, industrial form and planning model of Chengdu urban agriculture were analyzed to forecast its development prospects. Multi-dimensional development, and sustainable development measures were given to guarantee the sustainable development of urban agriculture.     

Planning of Urban Public Disaster-prevention Green Spaces: A Case Study of Living Water Park in Chengdu City

Based on disaster-prevention functions of urban public green spaces, necessity and significance of emergency shelters in a city were analyzed. Taking Living Water Park in Chengdu for example, planning of urban public disaster-prevention green spaces was analyzed to further explore planning of urban disaster-prevention green space system and refugee spaces, and provide instructions for the planning and construction of urban disaster-prevention green spaces in China.     

Public Participation in Community Landscape Planning and Design: A Case Study of Public Participation in Planning of Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle

This paper, based on a case study of public participation in Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle, explored public participation in community landscape planning and design and analyzed the present situation, main forms and problems of public participation in development planning of community setting in China, so as to provide constructive reference for public participation in Chinese community planning and design that involves public interests.     

Simple Analysis of the Thermal Environment in Chongqing

There are a series of city environmental problems especially in the mountain city along with the city fast development. In recent decade, many scholars have studied the urban heat island, the urban temperature, the urban wind field, the precipitation and the urban visibility etc. But the urban thermal environment has not been settled radically. All the measures have not been used in the practice. And the researches in thermal environment of the mountain cities are very few. So the authors consider Chongqing as the researching object. Chongqing is one of the typical mountain cities in the semi-tropical. Sequentially we find out the characteristic of the thermal environment in the mountain city. Further the authors seek for the measures to plan and build ecological city. They conclude that CFD can be used in the simulation of urban environment, and use the result of simulation in urban planning is possible. The thermal environment in the center of Chongqing needs to be improved.     

Participatory Road Planning System in Japan and Its Enlightenment

Japan has introduced public participation into road planning processes in recent years. This paper firstly describes the Japanese institutional system of public participation in infrastructure planning; then it focuses on the institutionalization of participatory road planning procedure and road planning framework. Taking Yokohama Northwest Line for an example, it explains the planning procedure and public participation techniques in detail and analyzes the special advanced characteristics of the procedure. Finally, it suggests that China could learn the following experience from Japan: the institutionalization of participatory planning procedure, detailed division of road planning stages, setup of third-party organization, full publicity of information, and adoption of public suggestion, and implementation of multiple involvement techniques.     

屯溪区应急避难绿地规划设计的研究

摘 要：在城市各类防灾系统中,应急避难绿地是一种既能为城市提供自然空间又有助于防灾救援的有效手段。通过对应急避难绿地的概念及其建设条件等内容的分析,结合黄山市屯溪区规划布局特点、灾害类型以及城区防灾避难工作现状调查,提出建立屯溪区绿地避难场所的必要性和规划设计建议。     

阜康市城市土地供给侧政策绩效综合评价

旨在剖析阜康市城市土地供给侧结构方面存在的难题,从城市土地供给侧政策的结构效益、经济效益和公平效益三视角,运用主成分分析模型构建阜康市城市土地供给侧政策综合绩效评价体系。结果表明2009—2013 年阜康市城市土地供给侧政策绩效虽呈波动状态,但评分总体较好,土地供给侧政策实施效果整体良好。在供给结构调整方面,阜康市城市土地供给结构还需进一步调整,工矿仓储用地占用比重较大,商服和住宅用地比重较小;在经济效益方面,保持着较高的土地供给率和土地市场公开出让率,但土地投资强度较低;在公平效益方面,城市人均道路面积、人均公共管理与公共服务用地面积、经适房比重得到一定程度的扩大,但总体仍处于较低水平。最后,为阜康市土地供给侧结构调整优化提出优化供地结构、注重存量土地内部挖潜、转变低效供地利用、以“三规合一”为导向等建议,以实现未来城市土地供给的可持续发展。     

Study on Compensation Standard of the Urban House Dismantlement Based on Game Theory

It is a hot question in recent years in China about the urban house dismantlement and development, and the low compensation standard of the urban house dismantlement has been thought to be the main reason that cause dispute of the urban house dismantlement. After a two-player game model is built, the paper solves mix-strategy Nash equilibrium of game and analyzes the influence of improving compensation to game equilibrium. It is concluded that, if government only improve policy of compensation standard to issue, the resident ready to move with their house to be dismantled can enjoy the great benefit shortly, but the long-term policy result is to reduce the incidence of the urban house dismantlement and slow down paces that the old city transforms.     

Analysis on the Problems and Contradictions of the Protection of Historic Cultural Towns in China

On the foundation of lucubrating the concept and connotation of the historic cultural towns,this paper analyzes the contradictions and problems for their protection briefly.The main contradictions and problems are as follows: the relationship between the types of city space structure and the rate of economic development,the progress of tourism and the historic city protection,the authenticity and the false curio,the system of public participation and the public's protection consciousness etc.Finally,it presents some countermeasures for those problems given above.     

城市景观建设中某些弊端的探讨

为了完善城市景观规划,减少资源浪费和生态环境的破坏,达到景观规划的观赏性与生态环境的持久性相协调的目的,就树木进城对原树木生存地植物被的破坏、城市景观规划不当造成的树木成活率的降低、树木移植后期管理不当造成树木资源的浪费、景观设计模式千篇一律导致某些地区园林施工造价的增加和城市景观建设中带来的水土流失问题,开展了一系列的探讨。针对存在的问题,建议苗圃企业增加大型苗木的栽植,减少大树进城对原树木原生态地植被的破坏;加强城市监管部门的执行力度,减少树木资源的浪费;加强城市建设规划部门长远规划理念,保持景观建设的持续性。