喀斯特山区草地施肥对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊抗氧化系统功能的影响

为选择草地施肥的肥料种类,减少施肥对乌蒙半细毛羊产业的影响,在威宁县凉水沟种羊场多年生人工草地开展施肥和放牧试验。 结果表明:凉水沟种羊场人工草地牧草铜含量相对较低,但仍高于乌蒙半细毛羊营养需要标准;施肥极显著增加牧草氮含量(P<0.01),各施肥处理之间没有明显差异。硫酸铵施肥显著增加牧草硫和锌含量(P<0.01),显著降低了牧草硒的含量(P<0.01)。放牧试验结束时,施硫酸铵草地的乌蒙半细毛羊血液中铜、铁和硒的含量极显著低于施硝酸铵草地和对照组(P<0.01), 动物血液锌和硫含量极显著高于硝酸铵施肥牧场和对照组(P<0.01)。硫酸铵施肥牧场的乌蒙半细毛羊血红蛋白、红细胞压积容量极显著低于硝酸铵施肥牧场和对照牧场(P<0.01),血清铜蓝蛋白含量、血清超氧化物歧化酶活力、血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力和血清过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶的活力极显著低于硝酸铵施肥牧场和对照牧场(P<0.01),丙二醛的含量显著高于硝酸铵施肥牧场和对照牧场(P<0.01)。血液其他矿质元素和血液指标及血清生化值在2个施肥处理和对照之间均差异不显著。 因此得出结论,草地施肥的种类需要根据土壤矿物质分布和含量情况确定,铜含量低的牧场不适合硫酸铵施肥,硫酸铵施肥明显影响了乌蒙半细毛羊机体抗氧化系统功能。     

施用不同氮肥对牧草和放牧牦牛血液营养元素含量的影响

为了评价草地施肥对放牧牦牛血液矿物质元素含量的影响,我们在黄河首曲草地进行施肥试验和放牧试验。结果表明:草地施肥明显增加了牧草氮(N)的含量,但各施肥处理之间没有明显的差异;(NH4)2SO4施肥明显增加了牧草硫(S)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)的含量,明显减少了牧草Se的含量。试验完成时,(NH4)2SO4施肥牧场的牦牛血液铜(Cu)和硒(Se)的含量极显著低于NH4NO3施肥牧场和对照牧场的含量,而牦牛血液Mn和Zn的含量极显著高于NH4NO3施肥牧场和对照牧场的含量,血液其它元素没有明显的差异,说明黄河首曲草原不适合用(NH4)2SO4施肥。     

不同氮化合物添加对农牧交错带草地土壤净氮矿化速率的影响

为研究不同氮化合物在土壤中对氮转化过程的影响是否存在差异，本研究依托山西右玉黄土高原草地生态系统国家定位观测研究站2017年建立的不同形态氮化合物添加试验平台，通过顶盖埋管法监测5种不同氮化合物(硝酸铵(NH₄NO₃,AN)、硫酸铵((NH₄)₂SO₄,AS)、碳酸氢铵(NH₄HCO₃,AC)、尿素(CO(NH₂)₂,UN)、缓释尿素(RUN))添加对农牧交错带草地土壤净氮矿化速率的影响。结果发现：添加硝酸铵、硫酸铵、碳酸氢铵、尿素与缓释尿素对硝化细菌的基因丰度均有不同程度提升；添加硝酸铵及缓释尿素会更有效地提高净氮矿化速率，不同氮化合物均是通过直接或间接影响土壤微生物实现对净氮矿化速率的调控。     

乌蒙半细毛羊“锌缺乏症”的研究

试验旨在研究乌蒙半细毛羊"锌缺乏症"的病因。在赫章县兴发养殖场选取20只锌(Zn)缺乏的乌蒙半细毛羊作为试验组,在威宁县凉水沟种羊场选取20只健康的乌蒙半细毛羊作为对照组。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析土壤、牧草和动物血液及肝脏中微量元素的含量,应用全自动血细胞分析仪测定血液参数,应用全自动生化分析仪测定血清生理生化指标。结果发现,试验牧场土壤及牧草中锌含量均极显著低于对照牧场(P0.01);试验组乌蒙半细毛羊血液和肝脏中Zn含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),两组间其他元素含量均无显著差异(P0.05);试验组乌蒙半细毛羊血液中红细胞数(RBC)、淋巴细胞(LY)和中性粒细胞(NE)均极显著低于对照组(P0.01);血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均极显著低于对照组(P0.01),丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),而两组间血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(PCV)、白细胞数(WBC)、血清尿素氮(BUN)含量和谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)活性均无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,乌蒙半细毛羊"锌缺乏症"主要由土壤和牧草锌含量过低引起,且在日粮中添加适量的硫酸锌可以防治乌蒙半细毛羊"锌缺乏症"的发生。     

高寒草地硫酸铵施肥对放牧牦牛铜代谢的影响

为了评价施肥对牧草矿物元素含量和牦牛铜代谢的影响,在黄河首曲草地进行施肥试验、放牧试验和动物矿物元素补充试验.结果表明:施肥明显增加了牧草N的含量(P<0.01),但各施肥处理之间没有明显的差异.(NH4)2SO4施肥明显增加了牧草S的含量(P<0.01).试验结束时(NH4)2SO4施肥牧场的牦牛血液和肝脏铜(Cu)含量极显著低于(P<0.01)NH4NO3施肥牧场和对照牧场,同时(NH4)2SO4施肥牧场的牦牛出现小红细胞贫血.肝脏Cu含量最低的10头牦牛接受Cu补充,在整个试验过程中接受Cu补充的牦牛肝脏和血液的Cu含量都在升高.试验结束时,补充CuClO(OH)3的牦牛肝脏铜含量极明显高于(P<0.01)补充CuSO4的牦牛,但血液铜蓝蛋白(Cp)含量没有显著的差异 .     

铜污染草地施钼肥对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊铜代谢的影响

为评价铜污染草地施钼肥对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊铜代谢的影响,探讨铜污染草地的治理方法,在乌蒙山区的威宁县铜污染草地开展草地施肥和放牧试验。用原子发射光谱法分析土壤、牧草和动物组织的矿物质含量,用可见光分光光度法测定血液生化指标。结果表明:草地施钼肥能显著增加混合牧草钼和氮的含量(P0.01),但各施肥组间差异不显著;试验结束时,施钼肥草地放牧的乌蒙半细毛羊肝脏和血液钼含量极显著大于对照组(P0.01),血液和肝脏铜含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),血液谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶的活力极显著高于对照组(P0.01),血液铜蓝蛋白和丙二醛的含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。研究结果显示,铜污染草地施钼肥能显著降低铜污染对乌蒙半细毛羊的毒害性作用,改善乌蒙半细毛羊的健康状况。     

乌蒙半细毛羊“锌缺乏症”的研究

试验旨在研究乌蒙半细毛羊"锌缺乏症"的病因。在赫章县兴发养殖场选取20只锌（Zn）缺乏的乌蒙半细毛羊作为试验组,在威宁县凉水沟种羊场选取20只健康的乌蒙半细毛羊作为对照组。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析土壤、牧草和动物血液及肝脏中微量元素的含量,应用全自动血细胞分析仪测定血液参数,应用全自动生化分析仪测定血清生理生化指标。结果发现,试验牧场土壤及牧草中锌含量均极显著低于对照牧场（P<0.01）;试验组乌蒙半细毛羊血液和肝脏中Zn含量极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）,两组间其他元素含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）;试验组乌蒙半细毛羊血液中红细胞数（RBC）、淋巴细胞（LY）和中性粒细胞（NE）均极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性均极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）,丙二醛（MDA）含量极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,而两组间血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（PCV）、白细胞数（WBC）、血清尿素氮（BUN）含量和谷草转氨酶（AST）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷氨酰转肽酶（γ-GT）活性均无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上所述,乌蒙半细毛羊"锌缺乏症"主要由土壤和牧草锌含量过低引起,且在日粮中添加适量的硫酸锌可以防治乌蒙半细毛羊"锌缺乏症"的发生。     

高寒灌丛土壤温室气体释放对添加不同形态氮素的响应

为探索不同形态氮素输入对青藏高原高寒灌丛土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄排放的影响,采集青藏高原东部金露梅高寒灌丛土壤,设置1个对照(CK)和3个添加不同形态氮素的处理(NH₄Cl,NH₄NO₃,KNO₃),在实验室恒温15℃下进行培养,分析了土壤CO₂、N₂O和CH₄的释放量以及土壤NH₄⁺,NO₃^-和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量。结果表明:1)所有氮素处理抑制了高寒灌丛土壤CO₂的排放,土壤CO₂排放量与DOC浓度呈显著正相关关系;2)所有氮素处理显著增加了土壤N₂O的排放,而且以添加NO₃^--N增加的N₂O最为显著;3)高寒灌丛土壤N₂O的产生过程以反硝化作用为主;4)添加不同形态氮素对高寒灌丛土壤CH₄吸收没有显著影响。5)不同形态氮素施入后,高寒灌丛土壤温室气体全球增温潜能(GWP)顺序:KNO₃>NH₄NO₃>NH₄Cl>CK。     

两种措施下施氮肥对狼毒型退化草地群落及营养品质的影响

施肥是退化草地恢复常用的管理措施。以狼毒型退化天然草地为对象,研究了禁牧和刈割两种措施下不同施氮量10(N₁)、20(N₂)、30(N₃)、40(N₄) kg·hm^-2对狼毒型退化草地群落结构、功能及牧草品质的影响。结果表明:两种措施下狼毒密度及地上生物量均显著低于对照区(P<0.05),且禁牧+施肥处理下狼毒种群下降最明显。在禁牧区,N₄处理的丰富度指数具有最高值,但与CK处理差异不显著(P>0.05),N₁的Alatalo指数最高;而在刈割区,Shannon-Wiener指数最高的为N₄,刈割后不施肥的Alatalo指数显著高于N₄(P<0.05),且其物种数最多。不同施氮水平的草地群落功能群地上生物量均显著高于CK,莎草科的地上生物量均高于禾本科,不同施肥水平间的总地上生物量和各个功能群的生物量差异均不显著(P>0.05),禁牧+N₃的总生物量和莎草科的增产比率均为最高,分别为47.21%和48.24%,禁牧+N₄的禾本科的增产比率最高,为119.35%。不同施肥水平牧草营养物质含量除粗蛋白含量禁牧显著高于禁牧+N₁(P<0.05)、粗灰分含量刈割+N₂显著高于CK(P<0.05)和中性洗涤纤维含量刈割显著高于刈割+N₂(P<0.05)外差异均不显著(P>0.05)。通过分析单位面积的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量得到粗蛋白含量在各施肥样区差异不显著(P>0.05),但与CK差异显著(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量为禁牧+N₄显著高于禁牧和CK(P<0.05),刈割+N₁显著高于刈割和CK(P<0.05)。     

东祁连山高寒草地返青期不同草地型土壤氮的分布特征

本试验在东祁连山选择代表性的7种高寒草地型为研究对象,在返青期对其土壤微生物量氮、全氮、K₂SO₄浸提氮、碱解氮、氮密度及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明,土壤全氮、碱解氮和氮密度分别介于4.2~7.9 g/kg、104.1~234.0 mg/kg和0.38~0.61 kg/m²。2005和2006年土壤K₂SO₄浸提氮分别介于3.4~11.4和1.8~13.9 mg/kg,占土壤微生物量氮的3.93%~11.62%和3.88%~15.37%。微生物量氮在2005和2006年分别介于49.0~143.0 mg/kg和35.9~171.7 mg/kg;与K₂SO₄浸提碳在灌丛草地呈显著正相关(P<0.05),在草本草地呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);与K₂SO₄浸提氮在杜鹃灌丛和高山柳灌丛呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),在金露梅灌丛和草本草地呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。除嵩草草地外,微生物量氮与微生物量碳和微生物量磷呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。2005年K₂SO₄浸提氮和微生物量氮对土壤全氮贡献率分别为0.07%~0.16%和1.16%~1.93%。在东祁连山高寒草地,草地型间土壤全氮、碱解氮、K₂SO₄浸提氮及微生物量氮有明显差异,且草地型决定了微生物量氮的数量和生态分布,植物群落是影响微生物量氮数量和生态分布及其与土壤K₂SO₄浸提碳、氮相关性的关键因素之一;微生物量碳、氮、磷间的相关性由土壤微生物本身或其群落结构决定。     

Effect of ammonium sulfate fertilization on bahiagrass quality and copper metabolism in grazing beef cattle

To assess the impact of S fertilization on bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) quality and Cu metabolism in cattle, two studies were conducted during the summer grazing season (1999 and 2000). Pasture replicates (16.2 ha; n = 2/treatment) received the same fertilizer treatment in each growing season, consisting of 1) 67 kg N/ha from ammonium sulfate (AS), 2) 67 kg N/ha from ammonium nitrate (AN), and 3) control (no fertilizer; C). Forage sampling was conducted at 28-d intervals following fertilization by the collection of whole plants (four samples/pasture) in randomly distributed 1-m2 grazing exclusion cages and analyzed for CP, in vitro organic matter digestibility, S, P, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, and Zn. To determine the effect of fertilizer treatment on liver trace mineral concentrations in grazing cattle, random liver tissue samples were collected (n = 12; four/treatment) at the start and end of the study period in 2000. Ammonium sulfate fertilization increased (P < 0.001) forage S concentration in both years. Plant tissue N concentrations were increased by N fertilization, regardless of source, in 2000, but not in 1999. Cows grazing AS pastures had lower (P < 0.05) liver Cu concentrations at the end of the study period in 2000 compared to AN and C. In Exp. 2, 37 Cu-deficient heifers grazing AS fertilized pastures were obtained from the same location and allocated to one of two treatments, consisting of supplements providing 123 mg/d of either inorganic (Cu sulfate; n = 12) or organic (Availa-Cu; n = 15) Cu. Treatments were delivered for 83 d. Liver Cu increased over time in all heifers regardless of treatment; however, heifers supplemented with Availa-Cu tended (P = 0.09) to have higher mean liver Cu concentrations than those receiving Cu sulfate. The results of these studies indicate that AS fertilization of bahiagrass increases forage S concentrations. When provided free-choice access to a complete salt-based trace mineral supplement, cows grazing AS-fertilized pastures had lower liver Cu concentrations than cows grazing pastures fertilized with AN; upon removal from high-S pastures, cattle were able to respond to Cu supplementation.     

Study on the Nutritional-ecologic Environment of Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn and Se in Yili Summer Pasture of Xinjiang (Ⅱ)

This experiment objective was to study the Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se five kinds of trace element contents and change rule in the blood and wool of sheep pastured of different age and different gender, provide the basis for summer grazing sheep scientific supplementary feeding trace elements.At the altitudinal belt of 1 400 to 2 999 m of the summer pasture of the Karajon grassland (South slope) and Tangbula grassland (North slope) of Yili, Xinjiang, Chinese merino (Xinjiang type) sheep wool and sheep blood were collected, to determine their contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se for evaluating the nutritional-ecologic environment of trace elements of summer pasture of Yili.The results showed that the contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in wool of grazing sheep wool were 520.70, 3.89, 30.16, 102.64 mg/kg and 41.18 μg/kg, respectively, in which the contents of the Cu and Se were lower than normal value by 48.3% and 79.9%, respectively, and that of Fe was higher by 603.4%.The contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in blood were 357.05, 4.18, 0.25, 3.08 mg/L and 45.23 μg/L, respectively, in which the contents of the Cu and Se were lower than normal value by 29.9% and 73.9%, respectively, and that of Fe was higher by 95.5%.The contents of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in the wool and blood were increased with the age.The blood contents of Zn and Se between male and female were extremely different.     

新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅱ)

本试验通过研究伊犁夏牧场不同年龄、不同性别绵羊羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量及变化规律,为夏季放牧绵羊科学补饲微量元素提供依据。选择在新疆伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)1 400~2 999 m垂直带放牧的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛和血液样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量,并评估其微量元素的营养生态环境。结果表明,放牧绵羊羊毛铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为520.70、3.89、30.16、102.64 mg/kg和41.18 μg/kg,其中铜和硒分别低于正常值48.3%和79.7%,而铁高于正常值603.4%;血液中铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为357.05、4.18、0.25、3.08 mg/L和45.23 μg/L,其中铜、硒分别低于正常值29.9%和73.9%,而铁高于正常值95.5%。羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒含量均随年龄而增加。不同性别绵羊间血液中锌、硒含量差异明显。     

新疆放牧绵羊的限制性矿物质元素调查

通过新疆5个羊场矿物质元素营养的研究，以了解新疆全年草场有关矿物元素的变化情况，缺乏程度及缺乏时间。研究表明：5个羊场中牧草含P量在秋草场至冬草场均表现缺乏。含Na量在塔城种羊场一年四季草场均缺乏，在阿勒泰二牧场冬、春、夏草场Na出现明显缺乏，而在秋草场又明显超出需要量；在巩乃斯种羊场春、夏草场明显缺乏，冬、牧草场又明显超量。5个羊场牧草含Se、Zn量的测定值明显低于需要量。而含Fe量在5个羊场中都不同程度地超过最高限量。牧草中元素Fe与Mn之间存在措抗作用；Mo、Cu比例少于1：4，绵羊体内仍表现缺Cu症。通过全面分析对比，初步确定在新疆5个种羊场天然草场上放牧的羊群，存在着P、Na、Zn、Mn、Se和Cu6种限制性矿物元素季节性营养紊乱现象。     

Forage mineral concentration, animal performance, and mineral status of heifers grazing cereal pastures fertilized with sulfur.

Thirty yearling Santa Gertrudis-sired heifers (average initial weight 238 kg) were continuously grazed (five heifers/pasture) on six 2-ha oat-wheat small grain pastures for 112 d to determine the effect of fertilization of pastures with urea (U) vs ammonium sulfate (AS) on mineral status and performance of heifers. Pastures were fertilized with either U, at 200 kg/ha, or AS, at 438 kg/ha, to provide 92 kg of N/ha in November 1987 and March 1988. Ammonium sulfate provided 107 kg of S/ha. Forage samples were collected during each month. Heifers were initially weighed following an overnight fast and at the end of four consecutive 28-d intervals (Periods 1 to 4). Serum and ruminal fluid were collected on d 56 and 112. Pastures fertilized with AS had a greater (P less than .10) in vitro dry matter disappearance during Periods 2 and 3. Ammonium sulfate-fertilized pastures had greater than (P less than .05) S concentrations from January 29 through termination of the trial. There were no differences in ADG (P less than .28) or gain/ha (GPH; P less than .43) over 112 d; however, heifer ADG was greater (P less than .08) in Period 3 and tended to be greater (P less than .16) in Period 2 for those animals grazing U-fertilized pastures. Pastures receiving AS produced less (P less than .04) GPH during Period 2. Ammonium sulfate fertilization in this trial had no effect on forage K, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, or Mo mineral concentrations or on serum mineral and ruminal VFA concentrations, but it did result in an increase in IVDMD and a trend for decreased ADG apparently associated with a decrease in forage intake.     

贵州高原人工草地上的绵羊放牧越冬试验

本文研究了绵羊在贵州高原人工草地上的放牧越冬情况,试验结果表明,杂种绵羊冬春季节在足够的优质豆科、禾本科混播人工草地上,进行纯放牧,其体重、羊毛细度均未发生明显变化,证明在这种条件下可以安全越冬;亦说明大力发展人工草地是发展养羊业的重要措施。     

绵羊放牧方式及强度对围封恢复草场牧草细胞壁成分及营养价值的影响

选取内蒙古自治区典型草原区封育恢复中天然放牧草场,进行毛肉兼用细毛羊的暖季放牧试验.采用2×5完全随机试验设计,设定不同放牧方式（不放牧,连续放牧,四区、五区、六区轮牧）及2种放牧强度（1.0,1.4 hm2/un.sh）,运用酶分析方法分析比较了围封过程中放牧绵羊对封育草场牧草细胞壁成分月动态变化及营养价值的影响.结果表明,整个暖季放牧期内,不同放牧区牧草营养物质含量主要受到放牧方式的显著影响（P＜0.05）.具体表现为,不放牧处理牧草细胞壁有机物（OCW）含量始终显著低于各放牧处理,不同放牧处理间没有明显差异;划区轮牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的消化性部分且显著高于连续放牧处理;不放牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的Oa和较低的Ob,而连续放牧处理与其相反,各轮牧处理间没有显著差异;轮牧处理总可消化养分（TDN）和代谢能（ME）含量较高,尤其在牧草生长旺盛期（八月份）,六区轮牧放牧场牧草可利用营养物质含量最高,营养价值最高.