粗放管理条件下山西中部地区适用草坪草种评价

选择北方地区建植草坪常用的草地早熟禾Poa pratensis、多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne、高羊茅Festuca arundinacea、匍匐剪股颖Agrostis stolonifera和白三叶Trifolium repens 为供试种,采用NTEP草坪质量评价体系进行了3年的引种评比试验.结果表明:在粗放管理条件下,高羊茅和白三叶适应性很强,其草坪质量保持性好;草地早熟禾次之,虽然其草坪质量下降较快、抗性较低,但草坪质量相对较好,可以与高羊茅以适当比例混播;多年生黑麦草和匍匐剪股颖适应性差,草坪质量下降速度很快,不适宜于低养护强度下在山西中部地区单播建植草坪使用.     

北京地区57个冷季型禾草草坪品种的生态适应性评价

在北京市顺义区克劳沃试验基地,通过不同品种高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)、紫羊茅(F.aubra)、硬羊茅(F.ovinavar.durivscula)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)各草坪特性指标定量测定,对各草坪草品种的生态适应性进行综合评价。结果表明:不同草坪草种的综合生态适应性多年生黑麦草最好,高羊茅次之,紫羊茅和草地早熟禾中等,硬羊茅较差。多年生黑麦草各品种的综合生态适应性以Protegeglr和Laquinta最好,Fairway最差;高羊茅各品种以Rhamldersrp、Traversersrp和Hum-mer综合表现最好,Ruby最差;紫羊茅邱氏羊茅表现最好;硬羊茅Ecostar最好;草地早熟禾则以Rush最好,Camask最差。综合比较认为,在北京地区建植草坪,多年生黑麦草适宜作先锋种或补播草种,高羊茅适宜作运动场或开放地草坪建植,草地早熟禾适宜观赏性草坪建植。     

高羊茅的生理生态及其生化特性研究进展

在研究和大量借鉴国内外最新研究成果的基础上,系统论述和报道了高羊茅在水分、温度、酸碱盐以及重金属等逆境胁迫下的生理变化,也包括内生真菌和植物生长调节剂对高羊茅的影响.同时,对高羊茅的生化特性的研究进展作了报道,主要包括高羊茅品种的生化鉴定以及以转基因技术应用为主的基因工程等方面的研究.展望了高羊茅在生理生态以及生化特性方面的研究趋势,特别是高羊茅的抗性机理以及有关分子生物学方面的研究将成为未来研究的重点和热点,为今后深入开展高羊茅的研究和利用提供科学依据.     

“精英”高羊茅——极耐热、抗病的高羊茅新品种

“精英”是改良型高羊茅新品种，提高了耐热性、抗病性和适应性以及矮生能力和草坪质量。叶片颜色深绿，质地中等。含有的大量内生真菌使其对食草虫类的抗性强。     

“精英”高羊茅——极耐热、抗病的高羊茅新品种

“精英”是改良型高羊茅新品种，提高了耐热性、抗病性和适应性以及矮生能力和草坪质量。叶片颜色深绿，质地中等。含有的大量内生真菌使其对食草虫类的抗性强。     

“精英”高羊茅——极耐热、抗病的高羊茅新品种

“精英”是改良型高羊茅新品种，提高了耐热性、抗病性和适应性以及矮生能力和草坪质量。叶片颜色深绿，质地中等。含有的大量内生真菌使其对食草虫类的抗性强。     

高羊茅新品系"98-1"的选育与利用

利用征集的野生高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)材料,采用改良混合选择法,培育出坪用型高羊茅"98-1"新品系(种).经品种比较试验和生产试验示范应用结果表明高羊茅"98-1"的坪用性状综合表现评分最高,抗性极为突出,但个别坪用性状稍次于引进的国外优良高羊茅对照品种.已在生产上较大面积的推广利用,深受广大客户的欢迎.     

新优品种

“瞪羚”高羊茅———耐热抗病的矮生型高羊茅新品种“瞪羚”高羊茅是改良型矮生品种。出色的耐热性和抗病性,使其有了更好的坪质表现和更强的适应性,在草坪质量和褐斑病的抗性评分中名列前茅。而“瞪羚”最突出的优点是矮生,缓慢的垂直生长习性,大大减少了养护中的修剪次数。育种家还在发芽速度、恢复能力和耐荫性等方面对“瞪羚”进行了改良。品种特点●坪质佳:叶色深绿、致密均一●出色的耐热性和抗病性,高抗褐斑病●矮生,垂直生长缓慢,修剪强度低●耐荫、耐旱、耐湿热●耐瘠薄,耐低养护,适应性强生长习性及应用“瞪羚”适应性强,应用范…     

应用灰色关联度分析法综合评价高羊茅品种初探

应用灰色关联度分析法,对2000～2002年本院引进的13个高羊茅品种的适应性鉴定结果进行评估,其评估结果与品种的实际表现基本一致,说明应用关联度分析法综合评价草坪品种是可行的.分析结果皇后、贝克、上南都的关联系数与理想品种最接近,是种植高羊茅草坪的首选品种.     

国外冷季型草坪草种在成都引种适应性评价

在成都对高羊茅等 2 6个国外冷季型草坪草品种进行了为期 3a的引种适应性评价研究 ,结果表明 :(1) 11个参试的高羊茅品种和 2个白三叶品种、2个剪股颖品种都表现出较好的适应性和抗逆性 ,其中高羊茅以Barfa、Vegas表现最优、剪股颖以Prominent最优、白三叶以Tahara最好 ;(2 )高羊茅冬季有叶尖发黄现象 ,部分品种夏季有褐斑病 ;(3)紫羊茅、羊茅、硬羊茅等 11个细叶类品种 ,抗热性较差 ,越夏率 <50 % ,基本不适应 ,但冬春表现好 ,是冬季暖季型草坪补播的较好材料     

草坪型高羊茅幼苗对基质铅污染的生理生化响应

为探索植物对重金属的修复作用以及自身对重金属污染的生理效应,以基质盆栽高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗为试验材料,比较分析了不同铅胁迫下,高羊茅的生理生化效应.结果表明:随着胁迫时间的延长,不同铅浓度下的高羊茅叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性整体变化为先升后降,POD变化趋势较为缓慢,表明低浓度或短时间内铅可快速诱导高羊茅保护酶活性.叶绿素总量变化为低浓度(500,1000 mg·L^-1)下先增加后下降,高浓度下则为持续下降,表明高羊茅可能通过增加叶绿素来适应低铅胁迫,而高浓度下则失去了这种调节能力.3个铅浓度下的丙二醛(MDA)含量与胁迫时间及胁迫浓度均为正相关,表明随着胁迫浓度和时间的增加,细胞膜脂过氧化作用加强.脯氨酸含量在500,1000 mg·L^-1铅浓度下随时间增加为先降后升,1500 mg·L^-1浓度下则相反,但均高于对照,表明经铅胁迫后细胞的渗透调节能力增强.3个浓度下的可溶性糖含量变化均随时间表现出降-升-降,最终显著降低,整个变化过程低于对照.因此在铅胁迫过程中,这些生理特性的变化表明在低铅胁迫时高羊茅表现为积极适应和抵抗,而在高铅胁迫下则表现为忍耐和受损.     

高羊茅应答盐胁迫的AtSOS途径基因的效应分析

本研究在2015年采用基因工程技术改良高羊茅耐盐性,通过种植转基因耐盐草坪草达到改良土壤改善生态环境的目的。以草坪草成熟种子诱导的胚性愈伤组织为受体,通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥AtSOS途径基因AtSOS1、AtSOS2-AtSOS3和AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3分别导入高羊茅爱瑞3号中,经PCR检测、Southern blotting分析和RT-PCR鉴定,获得了能稳定表达的转基因株系。以转不同组合AtSOS基因的高羊茅植株和野生型植株为材料进行盐处理,每次处理重复3次,测定其生理生化指标、株高、Na⁺、K⁺离子含量、叶绿素含量,结果显示,盐胁迫下转基因植株的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性都显著高于对照植株,而丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量的增加幅度均显著低于对照植株;盐胁迫下转基因和野生型植株叶片中的Na⁺、K⁺含量都增加;盐胁迫下所有植株的株高均呈下降趋势,各株系的叶绿素含量也减少,但是转基因(AtSOS1-AtSOS2-AtSOS3)植株的叶绿素含量增加。转AtSOS基因的高羊茅通过发挥AtSOS途径的作用,促进了植物体内Na⁺的外排,减轻了盐胁迫所导致的伤害,提高了植物的耐盐性。     

Thiamin supplementation and the ingestive behavior of beef cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue

Livestock grazing endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) perform poorly due to tall fescue toxicosis, especially when animals are under heat stress. In order to determine whether thiamin promotes recovery from tall fescue toxicosis, 1 or 0 g of thiamin per day, as mononitrate, was fed orally to adult Angus (Bos taurus) cows (380 +/- 8 kg) grazing either tall fescue pasture with and without endophyte or alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A tethered grazing system employing a split-plot design was used to estimate intake and components of ingestive behavior. No significant differences attributable to thiamin supplements were seen in rates of intake and biting, grazing time and intake per bite when cows grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue during the first 4 d of exposure. When cows grazed endophyte-infected (greater than 95%) tall fescue with 2,091 micrograms/g loline alkaloids after 4 d of exposure, the untreated animals ingested herbage dry matter (DM) at 1.19 kg/h, whereas the cows receiving thiamin ate 1.57 kg/h (P less than .05). Cattle achieved these rates of DM intake by forming bites of 1.0 and 1.2 g DM at 24 and 26 bites/min when treated with 0 and 1 g of thiamin per day, respectively. Thiamin supplements had no effect on ingestive behavior of cows grazing endophyte-free tall fescue or alfalfa after exposure to these forages for 4 d. Responses to thiamin generally were greater when cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue were exposed to heat stress. Oral thiamin supplementation may alleviate tall fescue toxicosis of beef cattle during warm weather.     

高羊茅耐热性的研究概况

综述高温对冷季型草坪草——高羊茅的伤害、高羊茅对热胁迫的响应以及提高高羊茅耐热性的措施，为防止高羊茅热害及改善高羊茅在过渡地带的夏季草坪质量提供可靠的理论依据。     

盐胁迫对两个高羊茅品种幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

本研究以两个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)品种'钛极-2LS’(Festuca arundinacea'Titanium 2LS’)和'易凯’(Festuca arundinacea'Easycare’)幼苗为研究对象，通过盐浓度递增的方式对其进行14 d高盐处理(500 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)，测定两个高羊茅品种幼苗的形态、离子含量、光合参数以及抗氧化酶活性等指标，比较其耐盐性差异。结果表明：在盐胁迫下，两个高羊茅品种幼苗地下生物量，K⁺/Na⁺，光合、荧光参数，超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著降低(P＜0.05)，但'钛极-2LS’的降低幅度低于'易凯’；两个高羊茅品种幼苗内可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加，但'钛极-2LS’的增加幅度高于'易凯’；此外，盐胁迫下过氧化物酶活性在'钛极-2LS’中呈上升趋势而在'易凯’中呈下降趋势。综上，盐胁迫下'钛极-2LS’可以维持相对较高的K⁺/Na⁺和较好的光合能力，积累更多渗透调节物质来缓解盐胁迫引起的渗透胁迫、离子毒害和氧化胁迫的伤害，从而更有利于植株生长，因此'钛极-2LS’耐盐性更好。     

高温胁迫下水肥耦合对高羊茅生态性状的影响

采用盆栽方式,在控水、控肥条件下,设计了低、中、高3个水分水平和3个养分水平,研究了在高温(38/30 ℃,昼/夜)胁迫条件下,不同水肥耦合方式对高羊茅品种凌志Festuca arundinecea cv. Barlexas生态性状的影响。结果表明：水分和养分及其耦合效应对高羊茅草坪草的生态性状有显著的影响,水肥耦合的施肥灌溉方式明显好于单纯的水分灌溉;最佳的水肥耦合方式是中水中肥（f2w2）,能最大限度地改善高羊茅草坪草的生态性状,延长高羊茅草坪草在高温胁迫下的绿期,而水分不足或淹灌以及养分不足或过多都不利于高羊茅的生长;在高温胁迫下,水分比肥料对高羊茅的作用更大。     

CO2浓度对高羊茅抗旱性及水分利用效率的影响分析

为探明CO₂浓度对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)抗旱性及水分利用效率的影响机制,通过控制土壤水分及大气CO₂浓度条件获得不同生境中高羊茅的生理光合参数,利用对比和统计分析的方法研究高羊茅的生理特征变化,并对影响高羊茅水分利用效率、蒸腾速率、净光合速率变动的主要环境因子进行了甄别与分析。结果表明:高大气CO₂浓度对干旱胁迫给高羊茅带来的负效应具有补偿作用,可提高高羊茅的抗旱性;在高大气CO₂浓度和干旱胁迫的交互作用下,影响高羊茅水分利用效率的主要环境因子是大气CO₂浓度,而该效应产生的主要原因是蒸腾作用的减弱;高羊茅的净光合速率及蒸腾速率主要受气孔导度等限制因素的影响。在高大气CO₂浓度和干旱胁迫交互作用时,蒸腾速率与气孔导度成线性关系,且R²超过0.97;而净光合速率除受气孔导度影响外,还与叶绿素含量及胞间CO₂浓度关系显著,是多种因素综合作用的结果。     

Influence of protein supplementation and implant status on alleviating fescue toxicosis

Heat stress is a major problem in transporting stocker calves with symptoms of fescue toxicosis. Removing calves from tall fescue pastures and offering diets devoid of endophyte-infected tall fescue could reduce the severity of toxicosis and precondition calves for transport to the feedlot. In the present experiment, a pasture phase was used to condition yearling steers to grazing tall fescue and induce symptoms of fescue toxicosis, and a pen phase followed to determine effects of implanting at the start of grazing and protein supplementation (hay only vs hay plus supplement) on short-term changes in rectal temperature and serum prolactin concentration. Neither implant status nor protein supplementation affected (P > 0.10) white blood cell count or rectal temperature. White blood cell counts at the conclusion of the pasture phase averaged 8,778 cells/microL and were within a range indicating no immunological response. Changes in rectal temperature and serum prolactin concentration during the pen phase were not influenced (P > 0.10) by implanting or supplementation. Initial rectal temperatures for the pen phase were high (39.9 degrees C) but declined linearly (P < 0.001) over the first 106 h and were below a normal temperature (39.2 degrees C) by 82 h following removal from tall fescue pastures. Serum prolactin gradually increased (P < 0.001) to a peak by 82 h and stabilized thereafter. Results indicate that neither supplemental protein nor an estrogenic implant influenced recovery indices of fescue toxicosis, whereas removing calves from tall fescue pastures and excluding dietary tall fescue for 3 to 4 d may alleviate symptoms of fescue toxicosis.     

Alterations in hemograms and serum biochemical analytes of steers after prolonged consumption of endophyte-infected tall fescue

The objective of the current study was to delineate changes that occur in serum analytes and blood cellular elements in cattle that graze endophyte-infested (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue. Tall fescue is grown on more than 35 million acres (14.2 million ha) of pasture in the United States, and three-fourths of the pastures are infected with the endophyte at a 60% or greater level. Tall fescue toxicosis caused by endophyte-produced ergot alkaloids continues to be the most important grass-related disease in the United States, in terms of economic loss to animal producers. However, the agronomic attributes of tall fescue make it an attractive forage species because of its ability to withstand cool temperatures, drought, poor soil conditions, and intensive defoliation from herbivore species, including insects. Tall fescue toxicosis is a complex disease and the need exists to understand the mechanisms of the toxic effects in order to institute effective, prophylactic control measures. Our group previously reported changes that occur in serum biochemical analytes of cattle that graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. An additional year's worth of data have been added, strengthening and corroborating these data. Consistent and significant changes associated with tall fescue toxicosis during the 3-yr study included decreased serum concentrations of cholesterol, globulin (increased albumin/globulin ratio), prolactin, total protein, and copper. The activity of alanine aminotransferase was decreased in serum, whereas an increase in serum concentrations of creatinine and total bilirubin occurred. The present report also documents comparative hemograms of cattle that grazed endophyte-infected or endophyte-free tall fescue over a prolonged period. The mean erythrocyte counts were increased in cattle that grazed endophyte-infected tall fescue, whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume were decreased, as were mean eosinophil counts. Thus, repeatable changes have been identified that occur in serum biochemical and blood cellular values of cattle grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue that will aid in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, these consistently altered parameters can be used to assess the effectiveness of potential prophylactic treatments.     

遮荫胁迫下外源一氧化氮对高羊茅的生理调控作用

用外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)处理遮荫胁迫下的2个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种,探讨外源NO对遮荫胁迫下其叶绿素含量、膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响。结果表明:外源NO可以显著提高遮荫胁迫下高羊茅叶片的叶绿素含量(P<0.05),减弱质膜相对透性的增加,减缓膜质过氧化产物MDA含量的升高,促进Pro的积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性(P<0.05)。遮荫胁迫下高羊茅品种踏火二号的电解质渗透率、MDA含量、CAT活性和Pro含量的变化显著(P<0.05),NO的作用效果更明显。表明外源NO对遮荫胁迫下的高羊茅具有一定的保护作用,且存在品种差异。