趋磁细菌磁小体合成相关蛋白的研究进展

趋磁细菌是一类能够沿着磁场方向运动的革兰氏阴性细菌的总称,其最显著的特征是能够在胞内合成特殊的原核细胞器——磁小体。磁小体是具有外膜包被、纳米级、在胞内成链状排列的Fe3O4或Fe3S4磁性颗粒,并且具有专属的形态、大小和排列。正是因为磁小体的这些特性使不同领域的科研工作者开发着趋磁细菌的应用。另外,磁小体可以作为生物矿化和原核生物形成膜细胞器的理想模型。趋磁细菌磁小体合成相关蛋白在磁小体囊泡的形成、铁的转运、成晶的控制以及胞内磁性颗粒的排列等过程中发挥作用。文中重点介绍了近年来发现的和趋磁细菌磁小体合成相关的蛋白,并对未来磁小体蛋白的研究进行了展望。     

趋磁细菌的特点及其纳米磁小体的合成条件

综述了趋磁细菌及其胞内纳米磁小体的特性，评述了趋磁细菌磁小体形成的条件及影响因素。在分析趋磁细菌大量培养和影响磁小体形成因素的基础上，指出了细胞培养和磁小体产量提高所存在的问题及解决途径。提出了趋磁细菌形成磁小体的机制和生理意义的假说：大量Fe^2＋运入细胞是在低氧浓度的胁迫下，以Fe^＋2作为电子最终受体呼吸并跨膜转运的结果；避免大量进入细胞的Fe^2＋对自身的毒害作用是其进一步转化为Fe3O4原因；提出在细胞膜内表面形成Fe3O4并包裹等新观点。     

细菌磁小体形成机制和应用研究进展

趋磁细菌(magnetotactic bacteria,MTB)可以在细胞内形成磁小体(magnetosome,MS)并在磁场作用下定向运动。MTB的MS合成是一个多基因参与的复杂过程。MS由于其优良的性能而有着广阔的应用前景。本文对MS的合成机制和应用的研究进展进行了初步的概述。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的磁性及铁源种类对磁小体合成的影响

氧化亚铁硫杆菌,通过氧化二价铁或还原态无机硫化物获得能量,在细胞内能合成磁性纳米颗粒。通过扫描电镜和透射电镜对氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌体进行分析。探讨了该菌的趋磁性以及不同铁源对菌体生长和磁小体合成的影响。结果表明:生长于9K培养基的细菌能够合成磁小体,单个细胞的磁小体数目大概为2个;干燥菌体和湿菌体都能被磁铁吸附;当有外加磁场时,细菌在半固体平板和光学显微镜下均可见趋磁性;氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长和磁小体合成的最佳铁源均为硫酸亚铁。     

大庆黑鱼湖秋季趋磁细菌多样性分析

为研究大庆市黑鱼湖秋季沉积物中趋磁细菌的多样性,了解趋磁细菌分布。采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察,扩增趋磁细菌16S rRNA基因的方法进行分析,结果发现,该区域趋磁细菌绝大多数为球菌。磁小体形状单一,皆为六面体棱柱,成分为Fe_3O_4,排列方式多样,分别为单链、散链和碎链。测序得到了30个趋磁细菌序列,分属7个OTU。系统发育分析结果表明,都属于α-变形菌纲。5个OTU与已知趋磁细菌序列的相似性等于95%,代表了趋磁细菌的5个新种。说明该区域存在可观的趋磁细菌资源。     

济南冬季泉水水系中趋磁细菌的多样性

为探究济南冬季泉水水系中细菌的生态分布、未培养趋磁细菌及其磁小体形态的多样性,选择济南市泉水源头、护城河及泉水汇集的大明湖等8处不同位点,于2018年1月13日收集水底表层泥样,富集环境中趋磁细菌,提取样品总DNA,进行16S r DNA高通量测序及生物信息学分析,并利用透射电子显微镜观察和统计趋磁细菌及磁小体的形态,揭示济南泉水水系中趋磁细菌的分布特征。结果表明,济南冬季泉水水系中趋磁细菌分布明显不均,泉水源头处未检测到趋磁细菌;黑虎泉下游护城河中发现了少量单链趋磁球菌,基因序列表明为新种,暂定为η-变形菌纲(Candidatus Etaproteobacteria)的一个菌株;众泉汇集的大明湖中趋磁细菌种类最多,且细菌和磁小体形态多样性复杂。微生物多样性分析发现,冬季泉水水系中细菌种类主要是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),三者总丰度均占细菌总量的65%以上,具有磁细菌生长所需的群落环境。本研究可为深入研究未培养趋磁细菌的全基因组及可培养条件等提供素材与线索。     

大庆龙凤湿地一株新型δ-变形菌纲趋磁螺菌的发现

通过对大庆龙凤湿地中趋磁细菌的首次研究,发现了一株新型趋磁螺菌,它能够在细胞内合成子弹头形磁小体,成分为磁铁矿,呈单链排列,16S rRNA基因系统发育分析,该趋磁细菌属于变形菌门中的δ-变形菌纲,是目前国内在东北地区第一例、内陆第三例发现的属于δ-变形菌纲的趋磁细菌。研究揭示了大庆地区可能蕴含丰富的趋磁细菌资源,δ-变形菌纲趋磁细菌在该地区的首次发现对龙凤湿地的生态环境认识也具有一定的指示意义。     

磁小体的碱性磷酸酶活性分析

为测定磁小体的碱性磷酸酶活性及作为磁性免疫ELISA固相载体的可行性,设置不同显色时间、温度及pH条件,分析比较磁小体与商业化碱性磷酸酶的酶活。结果表明:商业化碱性磷酸酶显色时间较短,非常灵敏,但对温度和pH要求严格;微量的磁小体,需经过较长的显色时间,才能使显色剂显色,但温度和pH对磁小体的显色反应影响较小。通过不同的蛋白变性剂进行处理,表明磁小体的类碱性磷酸酶活性是其表面蛋白作用的结果。但磁小体微弱的显色能力,在磁性免疫ELISA检测时,没有显著影响。因此,磁小体可作为磁性免疫ELISA的固相载体,用于免疫检测。     

趋磁细菌的分离研究

从与湖南农业大学相邻的东湖水域中采集泥水样,经过样品的富集,趋磁细菌的收集及细菌的培养等过程后,再用超声波破碎细胞,再用永久磁性收集趋磁颗粒。趋磁颗粒经盐酸溶解后,与硫氰酸铵反应,溶液变为红色,证明有铁离子的存在。结果表明,已初步分离到趋磁细菌。     

趋磁细菌RNA提取方法的比较研究

[目的]筛选磁螺菌(Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense)MSR-1的总RNA提取方法。[方法]通过比较实验室法和试剂盒法提取RNA的效果,选择适合趋磁细菌RNA提取的方法。用琼脂糖凝胶电泳及紫外分光光度仪检测趋磁细菌RNA的纯度、浓度及质量。[结果]RNAiso Plus试剂盒利用其特殊成分能选择性的与RNA结合,使蛋白等杂质不能与之结合,能更有效地清除DNA及蛋白质污染,提取的RNA纯度、质量较高。[结论]该研究成功的得到一种快速、高质量提取趋磁细菌RNA的方法。在提取中发现产磁小体菌株的RNA较不产磁小体菌株的量少,推测磁小体对核酸具有吸附性,为今后利用磁性吸附对生物的核酸提取方面提供依据。     

Multiple evolutionary origins of magnetotaxis in bacteria

Magnetosomes are intracellular, iron-rich, membrane-enclosed magnetic particles that allow magnetotactic bacteria to orient in the earth's geomagnetic field as they swim. The magnetosomes of most magnetotactic bacteria contain iron oxide particles, but some magnetotactic species contain iron sulfide particles instead. Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences showed that all known magnetotactic bacteria of the iron oxide type are associated with the a subgroup of the Proteobacteria in the domain Bacteria. In contrast, uncultured magnetotactic bacteria of the iron sulfide type are specifically related to the dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria within the delta subdivision of the Proteobacteria. These findings indicate a polyphyletic origin for magnetotactic bacteria and suggest that magnetotaxis based on iron oxides and iron sulfides evolved independently.     

Self-assembling amphiphilic siderophores from marine bacteria

Most aerobic bacteria secrete siderophores to facilitate iron acquisition. Two families of siderophores were isolated from strains belonging to two different genera of marine bacteria. The aquachelins, from Halomonas aquamarina strain DS40M3, and the marinobactins, from Marinobacter sp. strains DS40M6 and DS40M8, each contain a unique peptidic head group that coordinates iron(III) and an appendage of one of a series of fatty acid moieties. These siderophores have low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). In the absence of iron, the marinobactins are present as micelles at concentrations exceeding their CMC; upon addition of iron(III), the micelles undergo a spontaneous phase change to form vesicles. These observations suggest that unique iron acquisition mechanisms may have evolved in marine bacteria.     

The association of iron and manganese with bacteria on marine macroparticulate material

Evidence of in situ metal (iron and manganese) deposition onto bacteria associated with rapidly sinking particles in the open ocean is reported. Below 100 meters, bacteria are found with extracellular capsules containing metal precipitates; the frequency of these capsules increases with depth. The capsular metal deposits appear to contribute a major portion of the weakly bound fraction of the particulate iron flux.     

A cytosolic iron chaperone that delivers iron to ferritin

Ferritins are the main iron storage proteins found in animals, plants, and bacteria. The capacity to store iron in ferritin is essential for life in mammals, but the mechanism by which cytosolic iron is delivered to ferritin is unknown. Human ferritins expressed in yeast contain little iron. Human poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) increased the amount of iron loaded into ferritin when expressed in yeast. PCBP1 bound to ferritin in vivo and bound iron and facilitated iron loading into ferritin in vitro. Depletion of PCBP1 in human cells inhibited ferritin iron loading and increased cytosolic iron pools. Thus, PCBP1 can function as a cytosolic iron chaperone in the delivery of iron to ferritin.     

Electron microscopy of fossil bacteria two billion years old

Occurrence of well-preserved rod-shaped and coccoid bacteria in the Precambrian Gunflint chert (1.9 x 10(9) years old) has been demonstrated by electron microscopy. This appears to be the oldest definite occurrence of bacteria in the fossil record. The organisms are morphologically comparable with certain modern iron bacteria.     

DFeRB和SRB对冰封期铁与硫还原的影响研究

铁硫还原对环境中碳、氮、磷等生源要素的环境地球化学行为及重金属等污染物的形态和生物有效性有重要影响,而微生物在铁硫还原过程中起关键控制作用。本文针对北方寒旱区冰封期较长的特点,采用室内模拟研究,重点探究了冰封期异化铁还原菌(Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria,DFeRB)和硫酸盐还原菌(Sulfate reducing bacteria,SRB)介导的还原过程对铁硫行为的影响以及铁硫还原的耦合关系。结果表明,铁硫共存时,DFeRB和SRB的存在影响铁硫自身的电子传递,使铁和硫的还原过程更为复杂。DFeRB和SRB的还原倾向性存在明显差异。铁硫共存时,DFeRB更有利于铁的异化还原,DFeRB对铁的影响程度强于SRB。无论是DFeRB还是SRB,铁和还原菌同时存在时对硫酸盐还原的促进作用更强。DFeRB和SRB介导下的异化铁还原和硫酸盐还原存在明显的耦合关系,且存在显著的阶段性差异。研究表明冰封期DFeRB和SRB仍具有生物活性及还原能力,且对异化铁还原和硫酸盐还原有明显促进作用。     

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As bacteria need iron from the environment to survive, they have evolved active iron transporter proteins in their outer membranes. In her Perspective, Postle discusses new insights into iron transport revealed by the crystal structure of the iron transporter FecA in E. coli (Ferguson et al.).     

Iron-source preference of Staphylococcus aureus infections

Although bacteria use different iron compounds in vitGro, the possibility that microbes distinguish between these iron sources during infection has hitherto not been examined. We applied stable isotope labeling to detect source-specific iron by mass spectrometry and show that Staphylococcus aureus preferentially imports heme iron over transferrin iron. By combining this approach with computational genome analysis, we identified hts (heme transport system), a gene cluster that promotes preferred heme iron import by S. aureus. Heme iron scavenging by means of hts is required for staphylococcal pathogenesis in animal hosts, indicating that heme iron is the preferred iron source during the initiation of infection.