害虫生物防治新技术——载体植物系统

建立一个自我维持并可有效降低害虫种群水平的系统是害虫生物防治长期追求的理想目标。载体植物系统（banker plant system）又称开放式天敌饲养系统,是近年来开发出的一种集保护利用本地天敌、人工繁殖释放天敌以及异地引进天敌等传统技术特点为一体的新型生物防治技术。载体植物（banker plants）、替代食物（alternative foods）和有益生物（beneficial）是该系统的三个基本要素。本文对载体植物和载体植物系统概念、特点以及近年来国际上的研究进展进行了综述,并结合自身的研究实践,举例介绍载体植物系统的应用,以推动国内外对载体植物系统的研究和应用。     

显花植物在提高节肢动物天敌控制害虫中的生态功能

由于农业集约化生产引起的非作物生境减少和农业化学品的过量使用减弱了农田生态系统中害虫天敌的自然控制作用。合理而有效地利用显花植物可以为害虫天敌提供食物来源和庇护场所,从而能有效地提高天敌对害虫的自然控制能力、减少化学农药的使用量。本文综述了显花植物对天敌种群的促进作用及其在果园、蔬菜和粮食作物等害虫防治中应用的最新进展,同时对进一步利用显花植物提高农业生态系统稳定性的发展方向进行了讨论。     

Plant training for induced defense against insect pests: a promising tool for integrated pest management in cotton

Enhancing cotton pest management using plant natural defenses has been described as a promising way to improve the management of crop pests. We here reviewed various studies on cotton growing systems to illustrate how an ancient technique called plant training, which includes plant topping and pruning, may contribute to this goal. Using examples from cotton crops, we show how trained plants can be brought to a state of enhanced defense that causes faster and more robust activation of their defense responses. We revisit the agricultural benefits associated with this technique in cotton crops, with a focus on its potential as a supplementary tool for integrated pest management (IPM). In particular, we examine its role in mediating plant interactions with conspecific neighboring plants, pests and associated natural enemies. We propose a new IPM tool, plant training for induced defense, which involves inducing plant defense through artificial injury. Experimental evidence from various studies shows that cotton training is a promising technique, particularly for smallholders, which can be used as part of an IPM program to significantly reduce insecticide use and to improve productivity in cotton farming. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

云南甘蔗地下害虫猖獗原因及防治对策

在总结云南甘蔗地下害虫发生特点的基础上,分析猖獗发生的原因,主要与复杂性虫源、寄主植物、种植制度、天敌等因素有关。根据地下害虫的发生为害特点,提出以农业防治、生物防治为基础,物理防治灯光诱杀为辅,减少虫源;统一化防为重点和抓好关键时期科学用药的综合防治措施,可持续、有效控制甘蔗地下害虫发生为害。     

云南蔗区甘蔗地下害虫猖獗原因及防治对策

在总结云南甘蔗地下害虫发生特点的基础上,分析猖獗发生的原因,主要与复杂性虫源、寄主植物、种植制度、天敌等因素有关。根据地下害虫的发生为害特点,提出以农业防治、生物防治为基础,物理防治灯光诱杀为辅,减少虫源;统一化防为重点和抓好关键时期科学用药的综合防治措施,可持续、有效控制甘蔗地下害虫发生为害。     

Temporal dynamics of the arthropod community in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants

BACKGROUND: Increasing attention has been paid to enhancing biological control through habitat management in agricultural systems for enhanced pest management. Pest management benefits can be realised by intercropping, which can increase natural enemy abundance and, in turn, reduce pest abundance. In this study, the composition and temporal dynamics of arthropod communities in pear orchards when intercropped with aromatic plants were investigated, and the effectiveness and applicability of aromatic plants as intercrops for enhancing insect control were assessed. RESULTS: When compared with natural grasses or clean tillage, intercropping significantly reduced pest abundance and increased the ratio of natural enemies to pests. Intercropping also shortened the occurrence duration and depressed the incidence peak in annual dynamics curves of the pest subcommunity and the arthropod community, mainly because of the repellent effects of aromatic plants. Equally important, intercropping significantly reduced the numbers of major pests, such as Psylla chinensis, Aphis citricola and Pseudococcus comstocki, while their incidence period was delayed to varying degrees, and the numbers of their dominant natural enemies (Coccinella septempunctata, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Chrysoperla sinica) increased. CONCLUSION: Intercropping with aromatic plants led to a considerable improvement in arthropod pest management by enhancing the activity of the beneficial arthropod community within the pear orchard ecosystem. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Natural enemy‐mediated indirect interactions among prey species: potential for enhancing biocontrol services in agroecosystems

Understanding how arthropod pests and their natural enemies interact in complex agroecosystems is essential for pest management programmes. Theory predicts that prey sharing a predator, such as a biological control agent, can indirectly reduce each other's density at equilibrium (apparent competition). From this premise, we (i) discuss the complexity of indirect interactions among pests in agroecosystems and highlight the importance of natural enemy‐mediated indirect interactions other than apparent competition, (ii) outline factors that affect the nature of enemy‐mediated indirect interactions in the field and (iii) identify the way to manipulate enemy‐mediated interactions for biological control. We argue that there is a need to increase the link between community ecology theory and biological control to develop better agroecological methods of crop protection via conservation biological control. In conclusion, we identify (i) interventions to be chosen depending on agroecosystem characteristics and (ii) several lines of research that will improve the potential for enemy‐mediated indirect interactions to be applied to biological control. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on biological control of arthropods

During 1999-2001, ARS scientists published over 100 papers on more than 30 species of insect pest and 60 species of predator and parasitoid. These papers address issues crucial to the three strategies of biological control: conservation, augmentation and introduction. Conservation biological control includes both conserving extant populations of natural enemies by using relatively non-toxic pesticides and increasing the abundance of natural enemies in crops by providing or improving refuges for population growth and dispersal into crops. ARS scientists have been very active in determining the effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods and in studying movement of natural enemies from refuges into crops. Augmentation involves repeated releases of natural enemies in the field, which can be inoculative or inundative. Inoculative releases are used to initiate self-propagating populations at times or in places where they would be slow to colonize. ARS scientists have studied augmentative biological control of a variety of pest insects. The targets are mostly pests in annual crops or other ephemeral habitats, where self-reproducing populations of natural enemies are not sufficiently abundant early enough to keep pest populations in check. ARS research in augmentative biological control centers on methods for rearing large numbers of healthy, effective natural enemies and for releasing them where and when they are needed at a cost less than the value of the reduction in damage to the crop. ARS scientists have researched various aspects of introductions of exotic biological control agents against a diversity of pest insects. The major issues in biological control introductions are accurate identification and adequate systematics of both natural enemies and target pests, exploration for natural enemies, predicting the success of candidates for introduction and the likelihood of non-target impacts, quarantine and rearing methods, and post-introduction evaluation of establishment, control and non-target impacts. ARS scientists have published research on several general issues in biological control. Among the most important are the mechanisms affecting mate- and host-finding and host specificity.     

Structure,function and management of semi‐natural habitats for conservation biological control: a review of European studies

Different semi‐natural habitats occur on farmland, and it is the vegetation's traits and structure that subsequently determine their ability to support natural enemies and their associated contribution to conservation biocontrol. New habitats can be created and existing ones improved with agri‐environment scheme funding in all EU member states. Understanding the contribution of each habitat type can aid the development of conservation control strategies. Here we review the extent to which the predominant habitat types in Europe support natural enemies, whether this results in enhanced natural enemy densities in the adjacent crop and whether this leads to reduced pest densities. Considerable variation exists in the available information for the different habitat types and trophic levels. Natural enemies within each habitat were the most studied, with less information on whether they were enhanced in adjacent fields, while their impact on pests was rarely investigated. Most information was available for woody and herbaceous linear habitats, yet not for woodland which can be the most common semi‐natural habitat in many regions. While the management and design of habitats offer potential to stimulate conservation biocontrol, we also identified knowledge gaps. A better understanding of the relationship between resource availability and arthropod communities across habitat types, the spatiotemporal distribution of resources in the landscape and interactions with other factors that play a role in pest regulation could contribute to an informed management of semi‐natural habitats for biocontrol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

蜜源植物波斯菊对捕食性天敌种群动态的影响

蜜源植物有利于天敌昆虫田间定殖与增效控害,是保护性生物防治的重要组成部分。为筛选及评价蜜源植物对天敌的涵养作用,本研究比较了波斯菊Cosmos bipinnata、千屈菜Lythrum salicaria、荷兰菊Symphyotrichum novi-belgii与对照杂草区域的天敌、害虫种群动态,同时评价了不同种植密度下波斯菊对瓢虫及蚜虫种群数量影响。结果表明：与对照杂草区域相比,千屈菜区域内天敌及害虫数量均显著较多,波斯菊区域内天敌数量显著较高但害虫数量较少,优势天敌为捕食性瓢虫。不同种植密度下波斯菊花带内的捕食性瓢虫和蚜虫数量存在显著差异;种植密度为50%波斯菊花带内瓢虫和蚜虫数量高于种植密度100%,且两种密度下波斯菊花带内益害比均显著高于对照杂草区域。本研究初步表征：波斯菊花带对捕食性天敌具有较好的诱集涵养作用,可作为天敌优良的蜜源植物增效害虫生物防治。     

The Ecological Concept of Costs of Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)

Plant defence is thought to provide benefits for the defended plants. Theoretical concepts must, therefore, explain why there is variation in defensive traits, which naively might be assumed to be present constitutively in fixed high amounts. Explanations are mainly based on the assumption of fitness costs. Investment in defence is thought to reduce the fitness of plants in enemy-free environments. Fitness costs often result from allocation costs, i.e. allocation of limited resources to defence, which then cannot be used for growth or other fitness-relevant processes. This theoretical concept can provide a useful tool for the interpretation of induced plant responses against pathogens, named induced systemic (or systemic acquired) resistance (ISR or SAR). Phenotypic plasticity, leading to induced responses, might have evolved mainly to reduce costs, since investment in defence is restricted to situations actually requiring defence. ISR can incur allocation costs and other, indirect costs, which ultimately may lead to fitness costs. Evolution of any defensive trait depends on both what a plant ideally 'should do and what it actually 'is able to do. Costs of defence constrain its expression. This might have important influences on the evolution of plant defensive traits, as well as on the exploitation of natural defences in agricultural crop protection.     

微刺盲蝽的生物学特性研究概述(半翅目∶盲蝽科)

微刺盲蝽属 (Campylomma)昆虫既可取食植物如棉花、苹果、梨、芒果和茄子等 ,对农作物造成一定的危害 ,又可捕食多种害虫并成功地应用于生物防治。在害虫与益虫之间难以作一个明确的界定。本文介绍了该属昆虫的主要生物学特性和研究进展 ,旨在为该属昆虫作为害虫和天敌昆虫的进一步研究提供基础。     

生态工程控害技术提高稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量

随着水稻病虫害绿色防控技术的不断发展,应用生态工程控制害虫技术已取得较大进展。本研究对实施生态工程控害技术稻田中的稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量及时空动态进行了连续5年的跟踪调查,分别于2009、2011和2013年用扫网法进行系统采样调查分析,以探明生态工程技术对稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的动态影响。结果表明,尽管年份之间以及不同水稻生育期的天敌功能团数量有差异,但实施生态工程防控技术稻田中的蜻蜓目天敌功能团、肖蛸科天敌功能团和幼虫寄生蜂天敌功能团的种群数量均显著高于农民自防田,分别提高了1.63~8.94、0~3.69和1.20~2.47倍,且数量逐年递增或维持较高水平。本研究结果说明通过实施水稻生态工程控害技术可以有效提高稻田稻纵卷叶螟天敌功能团的种群数量,这对减少化学农药使用和提高水稻生长中后期的天敌控害作用有重要的意义。     

Factors in the Success and Failure of Microbial Agents for Control of Migratory Pests

Microbial control agents generally kill insects more slowly than chemical pesticides, and fast-moving migratory pests may not at first sight appear to offer the most promising targets for microbial control. Operators responsible for control may need to have recourse to chemical control agents. Nevertheless, there are many occasions when pests breed and feed outside the crop and a microbial control agent can be used. Similarly, immature stages may cause little damage and early treatment in the crop can avoid damage. Microbial control agents are particularly likely to be favoured if the pest breeds in a conservation area, and if a publicly-accountable agency is responsible for control.Other key points of importance are the IPM context, in particular detection, planning and forecasting of outbreaks and the role of natural enemies.With these points in mind, we identify several locust and grasshopper systems where microbial control is becoming established; additionally, Sunn pest of wheat and Armyworm are identified as promising situations forbreak microbials.     

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐based intercropping systems for biological pest control

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in temperate climates. As its pests are mainly controlled with insecticides that are harmful to the environment and human health, alternative practices such as intercropping have been studied for their potential to promote biological control. Based on the published literature, this study aimed to review the effect of wheat‐based intercropping systems on insect pests and their natural enemies. Fifty original research papers were obtained from a systematic search of the peer‐reviewed literature. Results from a vote‐counting analysis indicated that, in the majority of studies, pest abundance was significantly reduced in intercropping systems compared with pure stands. However, the occurrence of their natural enemies as well as predation and parasitism rates were not significantly increased. The country where the studies took place, the type of intercropping and the crop that was studied in the association had significant effects on these results. These findings show that intercropping is a viable practice to reduce insecticide use in wheat production systems. Nevertheless, other practices could be combined with intercropping to favour natural enemies and enhance pest control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Advances and Perspectives in the Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests with Special Reference to Colombia

This paper analyses the state of the art of biological control of greenhouse pests with special reference to Colombia, one of the world's largest producers of cut flowers. After a discussion of the use and impacts of selected natural enemies on a variety of arthropod pests in greenhouses, suggestions on how to enhance the effectiveness of inundative release strategies further to achieve successful biological control of key pests are provided.     

套种平托花生对芒果园节肢动物群落多样性的影响

为探究平托花生的种植对芒果果园节肢动物群落多样性的影响,对其生境下2018年8月至2019年11月芒果园芒果膨大期,对果园节肢动物群落系统调查(间隔15d查1次,五点取样法)。对多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势集中性指数、物种数量、个体数量分析,并与清耕生境进行了比较。结果表明,平托花生生境下果园节肢动物群落的物种数量约为清耕生境的2倍,个体数量为4倍,物种多样性、群落稳定性均高于清耕生境,在天敌亚群落方面也表现出相似趋势。而害虫亚群落方面,清耕生境害虫数量约为平托花生生境2倍。综合分析表明,芒果园种植平托花生有利于提高群落稳定性,增加天敌的个体数量,抑制害虫的暴发,便于发挥天敌的控制作用,是一种有效的防控害虫的措施。     

Pesticide use in ornamental production: what are the benefits?

Pest control in ornamental production is challenging owing to the diversity of crops grown, the desired aesthetic perfection, the potential economic loss due to failure and the multitude of arthropod pests encountered. Agricultural crops of less value per acre, such as row crops, can tolerate a certain level of damage from arthropod pests without compromising yields. Damage thresholds for ornamentals, however, are essentially zero. Pesticides are a viable method of protection for such a crop in lieu of alternatives. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of pesticides to the ornamental industry. Pesticides provide many benefits to ornamental producers, including: (1) consistent availability; (2) rapid kill; (3) reliable and consistent control; (4) increased crop production and quality; (5) they may be used to prevent movement of invasive pests; (6) they are less expensive (in general) than alternatives; (7) they may reduce plant pathogenic transmission; (8) they may be used in conjunction with natural enemies. Pesticide use will continue to be a significant strategy for dealing with arthropod pests so that ornamental producers can stay competitive in both national and international markets. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国植物害虫生物防治的研究现状及发展策略

植物害虫生物防治是指利用生物或生物代谢产物来控制农业害虫的一种害虫防治方法,具有安全、环境友好和可持续等优点。本文基于我国近年在天敌资源挖掘、天敌控害机制、天敌产业化应用和新方法探索等方面研究现状与存在问题的分析,探讨了我国植物害虫生物防治学科的体系建设及促进学科发展的主要策略。     

转cry1Ac+cry2Ab基因棉对棉田节肢动物群落的影响

以Bt棉和常规棉为对照,研究了转cry1Ac+cry2Ab棉对棉田节肢动物群落的影响。研究结果表明,转cry1Ac+cry2Ab棉田、转cry1Ac棉田和常规棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的结构与组成无明显差异;转cry1Ac+cry2Ab棉田刺吸类害虫、蛀食类害虫和食叶类害的数量均低于转cry1Ac棉田和常规棉田;转cry1Ac+cry2Ab棉田蜘蛛类、瓢虫类和捕食类天敌的数量均低于转cry1Ac棉田和常规棉田;转cry1Ac+cry2Ab棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的多样性指数与转cry1Ac棉田和常规棉田相比均无明显差异,说明转cry1Ac+cry2Ab棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的稳定性和转cry1Ac棉和常规棉相比均无明显差异。