我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异分析

 采用40个SSR标记,分析了329份我国近50年来常规稻主栽品种的遗传变异。结果显示,39个SSR标记具有多态性,在多态性位点共检测到223个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均57个;平均Nei基因多样性指数（He）为0632。籼粳亚种间的SSR变异差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 54,He = 0440）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 44,He = 0397）。Nei遗传相似系数表明总体样本具有较小的遗传相似度（I = 0366）,而骨干亲本具有较高的遗传相似度（籼:I = 0590;粳:I = 0590）。这导致了籼粳亚种内较高的遗传一致性（籼:I = 0558;粳:I = 0600）。早、中、晚稻各类型遗传相似度差异明显,晚籼和早粳类型具有较高的遗传变异。籼粳稻品种尤其是粳稻的聚类结果显示出较强的季节型和地域特征。这些均提示育种家应选择更广泛的亲本源以拓宽选育品种的遗传基础。     

江淮稻区不同生态型粳稻品种的籼粳分化度和遗传多样性

 摘要： 利用25对籼粳特异性SSR标记分析81份江淮稻区不同生态型粳稻品种籼粳分化程度,品种TDj值变异幅度为0773~0962,以中熟中粳类型品种最高,晚粳类型品种最低。49对多态性SSR引物共检测到131个等位基因,每个位点为2~5个,平均为267个; 多态性信息量（PIC）为0068~0657,平均为0362,第11染色体平均位点等位基因数和平均PIC值最高。在三个生态型粳稻品种群体中,中熟中粳品种检测出的等位基因数最多,而迟熟中粳品种的平均位点PIC值和Nei基因多样性指数（He）均高于中熟中粳和晚粳品种,表明在DNA水平上迟熟中粳品种的遗传多样性高于中熟中粳和晚粳品种。中熟中粳与迟熟中粳群体之间的遗传相似性最高,遗传距离最近,而中熟中粳与晚粳群体之间的遗传相似性最低,遗传距离最远。UPGMA聚类结果表明,同一育种单位育成品种的品种间遗传距离较小,亲缘关系较近。     

中国栽培稻选育品种等位酶多样性及其与形态学性状的

选取源自我国26个省（自治区、直辖市）不同选育时期、不同类型的744份栽培稻选育品种为试验材料,应用5种等位酶12个等位基因位点分析我国栽培稻选育品种的遗传多样性,并研究等位酶和形态学性状在多样性研究中的相关性。结果显示：等位酶多态位点百分率（P）、平均等位基因观察数（A）、平均等位基因有效数（Ae）、Shannon多样性指数（I）和Nei基因多样性指数（He）分别为100%、3.167、1.515、0.452和0.272;籼粳两类型等位基因频率分布有所不同,籼型多样性指数（I和He）明显高于粳型,分别为粳型的1.702和1.730倍;华中稻区遗传多样性指数最高（He=0.283）,东北稻区则最低（He=0.062）;除西南稻区外,其余稻区等位酶和形态学两类性状所获得的品种间距离矩阵呈显著或极显著相关,相关系数为0.163~0.390。     

中国常规稻主栽品种的遗传结构及籼粳组分变化

 采用SSR标记分析了304份我国20世纪50-90年代生产上广泛应用的常规稻主栽品种的遗传结构及不同时期籼粳组分的变化。结果显示,我国常规稻主栽品种可明显分为籼、粳两类,籼稻的亚遗传结构比粳稻更为复杂,但晚籼和早粳类型的遗传背景略为单一。早、中、晚各季节类型与遗传结构的分型结果符合度较低。利用12个籼粳分化特异的SSR位点分析各品种的籼粳组分,发现20世纪90年代晚籼类型的粳型组分明显增加,而其他类型不同时期间籼粳组分的差异较小。研究结果对了解我国常规稻品种的遗传结构以及籼粳交育种具有一定的意义。     

水稻种质资源的籼粳分类及遗传多样性分析

采用程氏指数法鉴定了71份水稻种质资源的籼粳属性,将其分为籼、偏籼、偏粳、粳4类。同时选用15对SSR引物对供试材料进行了遗传多样性分析,结果共检测到80个等位基因,平均每对SSR引物检测到5.33个,平均多样性指数(I)为1.24,多态性信息含量(PIC)为0.59,供试材料中籼稻的遗传多样性大于粳稻。根据遗传相似系数进行聚类分析,将供试材料分为2大类(籼稻和粳稻),聚类结果与形态分类结果基本相符。     

利用SSR分子标记分析云南陆稻品种遗传多样性

 利用24对SSR引物对云南131个陆稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。共检测到195个等位基因。每个位点的等位基因数平均为8.125个,范围在5(RM55)～13(RM218、RM241)之间;平均表观杂合度为0.0014,平均期望杂合度为0.6545;平均Shannon Weaver指数(I)为1.381;Nei基因多样性指数(H)平均为0.6543,变幅为0.2073(RM235)～0.8689(RM218)。不同地区间陆稻种质资源遗传多样性比较分析表明,滇西南和滇南地区存在丰富的遗传变异,是云南陆稻品种遗传多样性的分布中心。藏缅语族和孟 高棉语族所种植的陆稻品种遗传多样性最丰富。AMOVA分析表明陆稻的遗传变异主要存在于地区内品种间(82%),只有3%遗传变异存在于地区间,品种内的遗传变异占15%。聚类分析显示Nei遗传相似系数为0.22时,云南陆稻品种分为籼粳两个类群,主坐标分析与UPGMA聚类结果基本吻合,并将类群Ⅳ的4个偏籼品种从粳稻类群中重新划归到籼稻类群中,校正了UPGMA聚类的误差,但是不能区分地理组。     

太湖流域粳稻地方品种的微卫星分析

 采用45对SSR引物对224份太湖流域粳稻地方品种进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到162个等位变异,每个位点等位基因数的变幅为2～7,平均为3.6。各位点Nei基因多样性指数变异较大,为0.009（RM169）～0.663（RM444）,平均为0.197。青稻、黄稻、红稻和白稻各传统生态型均具较低的遗传多样性。分子方差分析表明,SSR遗传变异绝大部分存在于传统生态型内。青稻与红稻间、青稻与白稻、红稻与白稻、红稻与黄稻间遗传分化显著。太湖流域粳稻地方品种SSR多样性较低,稀有类型等位基因较多。这对科学制定太湖粳稻地方资源的保护和利用策略具有指导意义。     

籼粳亚种间核DNA特征性分子标记在美洲爪哇稻中的分布规律初步研究

对籼粳亚种间特征性SSR分子标记和ITS序列中特征性碱基在美洲爪哇稻中的分布特点进行了初步研究。结果表明,籼稻和粳稻特征性SSR分子标记在供试爪哇稻材料中都有分布,但不同爪哇稻品种所含籼稻或粳稻特征性分子标记的多少存在差异;通过对比ITS序列籼、粳特征性碱基,Lemont与籼稻一致,P002在4个位点与籼稻相同,2个位点与粳稻一致,另4个爪哇稻的ITS序列与粳稻完全一致。表明爪哇稻是介于籼、粳稻之间的中间类型,但不同爪哇稻品种偏籼或偏粳程度存在差异。     

海南普通野生稻自然居群间遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用48个SSR标记分析了海南11个普通野生稻自然居群的遗传多样性。结果显示海南普通野生稻自然居群具有较丰富的遗传变异（Na=8.3,He=0.716）。居群内多数等位基因（77.6％）频率较低,其中,70个等位基因仅出现在1个居群中。62.9％的等位基因显著偏离哈迪 温伯格平衡,多数居群及等位基因实际杂合度大于期望杂合度,表明居群内自交率低、杂合体过剩。居群间遗传变异差异明显,在11个自然居群中,崖城居群遗传多样性最低（Na=1.7,He=0348）,和庆、椰林B两居群遗传变异最为丰富（和庆：Na=4.0,He=0.577;椰林B： Na=4.0,He=0.531）。Mantel测验表明,居群间Nei遗传距离与地理距离呈极显著相关（r=0.386,P=0004）。东、西海岸居群间遗传分化显著但较小（Fst=0.048,P=0024）,而居群间遗传分化则较大（Fst=0.335,P < 0.001）。11个自然居群间基因流非常有限（Nm=0.404）,表明居群间隔离程度较大。基于居群等位基因数目、基因多样性指数以及基因频率特点,认为海南11个自然居群中和庆和椰林B居群应是优先保护对象。     

东南亚与南亚稻属AA基因组种间的遗传多样性差异

选用36对水稻微卫星（SSR）引物,对稻属428份东南亚及南亚AA组种进行遗传多样性分析。试验结果显示选取的SSR标记均具有多态性,多态性位点百分率（P）达100%。36个多态位点共扩增出311个等位基因,每个位点3～17个,平均8.6。Nei基因多样性指数（He）平均为0.650,变幅为0.337（RM455）～0.865（RM169）。东南亚稻属AA组的SSR多样性大于南亚,两地区又以普通野生稻的多样性指数（He）最大。种（类型）间遗传分化东南亚小于南亚,其中以尼瓦拉野生稻与亚洲栽培稻的遗传分化程度最大。特异等位基因的数量、涉及的位点数及频率均表明东南亚及南亚稻属AA组间具有较大的遗传差异,而某些特异位点（如RM161）等位基因所显示的较高频率,则表明该位点较高的鉴别效率。     

A Comparative Study of SSR Diversity in Chinese Major Rice Varieties Planted in 1950s and in the Recent Ten Years （1995-2004）

Forty pairs of SSR markers were used to compare the genetic diversity changes in 151 Chinese major rice varieties planted in 1950s and in the recent ten years. Of 40 SSR loci, 39 were found to be polymorphic while one locus (RM479) monomorphic. A total of 213 alleles were identified from the 39 polymorphic loci. The average number of alleles per locus (Na) was of 5.5, ranging from 2 to 11. Nei’s gene diversity index (He) varied drastically among loci from 0.309 at RM174 to 0.869 at RM418, with an average value of 0.649. There existed significant difference in SSR allelic diversity between indica and japonica subspecies, and indica had more variation than japonica both in Na and He. By comparison with the genetic changes in Na and He, it was revealed that the varieties planted in 1950s had more alleles and higher He than those in the recent ten years both for indica and japonica rices. The difference between two subspecies for Na was significant in a tendency over time (indica: z = 2.677, P = 0.007; japonica: z = 3.441, P = 0.001), but not significant for He (indica: z = 1.471, P = 0.141; japonica: z = 1.932, P = 0.053). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that there existed significant difference (P < 0.05) in genetic variation between the two periods, of which more genetic variation was contributed by indica (Fst = 0.050) and japonica (Fst = 0.082) subsets. Using locus-by-locus AMOVA procedure, significant genetic differentiations were observed in 13 loci (RM21, RM128, RM147, RM169, RM190, RM221, RM231, RM251, RM253, RM317, RM341, RM418, and RM478) for indica varieties and 11 loci (RM101, RM135, RM152, RM159, RM169, RM190, RM251, RM253, RM311, RM418, and RM478) for japonica ones between the two periods. It was found some alleles had been lost in current major rice varieties as comparing with those in 1950s. Therefore, it should be necessary to exploit more alien elite genetic resources for extension of genetic background in current rice breeding program.     

Genetic Diversity of Rice Landraces from Lowland and Upland Accessions of China

Genetic diversity of rice landraces from lowland and upland accessions of China was investigated using 66 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.The total number of alleles detected from all 324 tested accessions was 555 with an average allele number (Na) of 8.409 per locus,the average effective number of alleles (Ne) of 3.574 and the average Shannon’s information index (I) of 1.378.The genetic diversity was higher for the indica landraces compared to the japonica landraces,and the upland landraces were more genetically diverse than the lowland landraces.The SSR markers,RM72,RM232,RM219,RM241,RM224 and RM3 showed the highest rates of polymorphism and these SSR markers were suitable to assess the genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources.A dendrogram of 324 accessions of lowland and upland landraces showed that all rice accessions were mainly subdivided into two groups,japonica and indica,with some being intermediate.The distribution of lowland and upland landraces among the japonica and indica rice groups was distinct,with obvious differentiation between the lowland and upland landraces in japonica rice,but no such clear distinction in indica rice.     

Genetic Structure and Indica/Japonica Component Changes in Major Inbred Rice Varieties in China

We used 39 SSR markers to analyze the genetic structure of 304 major Chinese inbred rice varieties, and to compare changes in the indica or japonica components in these varieties that have been widely cultivated from the 1950s to the 1990s in China. The genetic structure analysis showed that these rice varieties were distinctly divided into two populations, indica and japonica. The sub-structure of indica varieties was more complex than that of japonica ones. Among the various lines, late-season indica and early season japonica varieties had simpler genetic backgrounds. The seasonal ecotypes were not quite consistent with the subtypes of genetic structure. Twelve SSR loci with specific differentiation between indica and japonica were used to calculate the indica/japonica components. The differences in indica/japonica components among the five decades were not significant, except for late-season indica varieties in the 1990s, which had a significantly higher japonica component. These results will help to understand the genetic structure of the major Chinese inbred rice varieties and will be useful for indica-japonica hybrid breeding in China.     

基于SSR标记的云南地方稻种群体内遗传多样性分析

 用20对SSR引物对原产于云南的16份地方稻种和2份选育品种进行单个品种群体内的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,87.5%的地方品种群体内SSR多态性高于选育品种,而12.5%的地方品种群体内SSR标记多态性与选育品种相近。81.2%的地方稻种群体内的等位基因数(Na)和Nei基因遗传多样性指数(He)高于选育品种,而18.8%的地方品种群体内Na和He与选育品种相同或略小。水稻地方稻种群体内He的差异较大,其变异范围为0.0146～0.5117,其中,黄板所 1（1980年收集）、黄板所 2（2007年收集）、麻线谷 1（1980年收集）、麻线谷 2（2007年收集）的群体内遗传多样性较高,分别为0.2327、0.4214、0.5117和0.4489。87.5%地方品种的杂合度(Ho)明显高于选育品种;地方品种群体间遗传多样性差异很大,其中1/4的遗传差异来源于地方稻种群体内,差异极显著。RM333、RM257和RM180在供试云南地方稻种群体内的多态性、等位基因数、多样性指数和变异百分率均较高,适用于云南地方稻种群体内遗传多样性检测。