化肥有机肥配合施用下双季稻田氮素形态变化

为揭示有机无机肥配合施用下稻田氮素的动态及迁移特征,在湘南双季水稻农作区第四纪红土发育的红黄泥稻田上进行了连续6年田间试验。通过比较不施氮肥（PK）、施用有机肥猪粪（M）、化肥（NPK）及有机肥化肥配合（NPKM）,研究稻田表层全氮、无机氮动态变化,不同层次（25—30、55—60、85—90 cm）土壤溶液无机氮动态,耕层土壤无机氮动态等。结果表明,NH4+-N是红壤双季稻田无机氮素存在的主要形态,施用化学肥料处理（NPK）施肥后1～3 d表面水NH4+-N浓度占全氮比例可达0.5～0.9,有机肥处理（M）为0.3左右。不同层次土壤溶液及其土壤氮素浓度呈现一致的特征,即施肥后短期内出现浓度峰值随后迅速下降,且随着往下推移,氮素峰值出现时间延长,表层水全氮及无机氮在施肥后1～2 d出现浓度高峰,耕层土壤及25—30 cm土壤溶液无机氮浓度高峰约在施肥后3～5 d。化肥有机肥配施有利于水稻稳产高产,年产量达12.2 t/hm2,比不施氮肥的对照产量（7.3 t/hm2）增加68%;土壤有机质6年提升18.5%,显著高于化肥。施用有机肥（M）及有机无机肥配合（NPKM）显著降低了稻田表层水全氮及不同层次土壤溶液和耕层土壤NH4+-N峰值浓度,提高水稻产量和培肥土壤,有利于减少当前氮肥过量施用带来的环境负荷。     

Green manure application improves rice growth and urea nitrogen use efficiency assessed using 15N labeling

ABSTRACT

Green manure is an efficient nitrogen (N) source when used as an alternative to chemical fertilizer. However, the N taken up by rice derived from green manure, chemical fertilizers or soil native N in complex nutrient systems is unclear. A pot experiment with partial substitution of urea with Chinese milk vetch (a green manure) implemented with ¹⁵N-labeled urea and Chinese milk vetch was set up to study the sources of N in rice and the fate of the fertilizers. The dry weights, N contents, N uptake, and urea N use efficiency were notably higher (by 15–16%, 4–13%, 22–30% and 182%-203%, respectively) in the Chinese milk vetch applied with urea treatment than in the urea alone treatment. The uptake of N from Chinese milk vetch and the use efficiency of Chinese milk vetch N were increased with reductions in the urea input amount. The application of Chinese milk vetch substantially changed the fate of urea: higher amounts of urea N were taken up by rice (approximately 29%) and remained as residue in the soil (approximately 15%) in the related treatments than in the treatment with urea alone (10% and 9%). More urea N than Chinese milk vetch N was taken up by rice (29% vs 20%, respectively) and lost (56% vs 14%, respectively), but less urea N than Chinese milk vetch N remained as residue in the soil (15% vs 66%, respectively). The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with green manure is an effective method of promoting rice growth by supplying N for rice uptake and promoting more efficient N use.     

Uptake of carbon and nitrogen through roots of rice and corn plants,grown in soils treated with 13C and 15N dual-labeled cattle manure compost

Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using ¹³C and ¹⁵N dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6–34.6% of N applied. The ¹³C concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the ¹⁵N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The ¹³C recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas ¹⁵N applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of ¹³C and ¹⁵N reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.     

Dynamics of microbial biomass nitrogen as influenced by organic matter application in paddy fields

The effects of annual application of rice straw or cow manure compost for 17–20 y on the dynamics of fertilizer N and soil organic N in Gley paddy fields were investigated by using the ¹⁵N tracer technique during the rice cropping season. The chloroform fumigation-extraction method was evaluated to determine the properties of soil microbial biomass under submerged field conditions at the tillering stage before mid-summer drainage, with special reference to the fate of applied NH₄ ⁺-¹⁵N.

The transfer ratios from applied NH₄ ⁺-¹⁵N to immobilized N in soil and to uptake N by rice during given periods varied with the rice growth stages and were affected by organic matter application. The accumulated amounts of netmineralized soil organic N (net-M_j ), immobilized N (I_j ), and denitrified N (D_j ) during the cropping season were estimated to be 14.0–22.5, 6.3–11.2, and 3.4–5.3 g N m^-2, respectively. Values of net-M_j and I_j were larger in the following order: cow manure compost plot > rice straw plot > plot without organic matter application, and their larger increase by the application of cow manure compost contributed to a decrease of the D_j values, as compared with rice straw application.

Values of E _N extra extractable soil total N after fumigation, increased following organic matter application, ranging from 2.1 to 5.4 g N m^-2. Small residual ratios of applied ¹⁵N in the fraction E _N at the end of the given period indicated that re-mineralization of newly-assimilated ¹⁵N through the easily decomposable fraction of microbial biomass had almost ended. Thus, the applicability to paddy field soils of the chloroform fumigation-extraction method was confirmed.     

Fate of nitrogen derived from 15N-labeled plant residues and composts in rice-planted paddy soil

Pot experiments that lasted for 3 y were conducted to investigate the dynamics of nitrogen derived from plant residues (rice root, hull, straw, corn root, and rapeseed pod-wall), and composts (rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and cattle manure sawdust compost), which were labeled with ¹⁵N. The rates of nitrogen uptake by rice (=N efficiency), denitrification, and immobilization derived from the organic materials incorporated before the first year of cultivation were investigated throughout 3 y of cultivation. At the end of the first year of cultivation, relatively high rates of N efficiency were obtained for rapeseed pod-wall (24.6%), rice straw (19.1%), and rice hull (18.6%), while corn root and cattle manure sawdust compost displayed a noticeably high denitrification rate. Corn root, cattle manure sawdust compost, rice hull, and rapeseed pod-wall exhibited remarkably high N mineralization rates ranging from 60 to 75% of the organic materials N applied. Cumulative rates of N efficiencies from the organic materials applied before the first year of cultivation fitted well to a first-order kinetic model and their asymptotes were compared among the organic materials. The asymptotic rates of N efficiency tended to depend on the rates at the end of the first year of cultivation.     

Comparison of two chemical methods for extracting residual N fertilizer

Summary Considerable effort has been spent in developing chemical indices to predict N mineralization. However, in spite of numerous studies, the relationship between the index value and plant N uptake has not been as apparent as hoped, and therefore, additional work is required to evaluate the ability of promising new indices to predict the extraction of mineralizable N from soil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of phosphate borate and hot KCl to extract immobilized ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer, applied 1 and 2 years previously. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected on 12 June 1989 from field soil fertilized in either 1987 or 1988 with ¹⁵N-labeled urea. In the laboratory, net N mineralization over 51 days and the amount of N extracted by the phosphate borate and hot KCl methods were determined. In the field, the amount of residual fertilizer and soil plus fixed N in soybeans (Glycine max) at the V5 growth stage were determined on 12 June 1989. The extractability ratio (ER^*) and the mineralizable extractability ratio (MER) were higher for mineralizable N and phosphate borate N for fertilizer applied in 1988 than 1987, while ER^* and MER values for the hot KCl were similar for both application dates. These results suggest that compositional changes occurred which influenced the extractability and mineralization of residual fertilizer applied 1 and 2 years previously, and that the phosphate borate was able to predict these changes while the hot KCl method was not.     

有机无机配施体系中有机肥腐熟程度对化肥氮利用率的影响机制

为探究有机肥腐熟度对配施化肥氮利用率的作用机制,利用~(15)N标记技术进行意大利生菜盆栽试验,从堆肥过程中选取不同腐熟度的有机肥[按照种子发芽指数(GI值)为50%、80%和100%进行堆肥的腐熟度区分],研究施~(15)NPK化肥(对照, CK)、~(15)NPK+GI 50%有机肥(GI50)、~(15)NPK+GI 80%有机肥(GI80)、~(15)NPK+GI 100%有机肥(GI100) 4个处理对意大利生菜化肥氮的转化、吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,添加有机肥处理意大利生菜生物量、~(15)N吸收量与~(15)N利用率分别显著提高30.5%～56.1%、 40.0%～91.0%和15.5%～41.8%(P0.05), GI80处理较GI50处理生物量、~(15)N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高17.1%、31.8%和35.4%(P0.05), GI100处理较GI50处理生物量、~(15)N吸收量与利用率分别显著提高19.6%、15.8%和22.8%(P0.05)。试验期间,添加有机肥处理较CK处理土壤~(15)NH_4~+-N显著提高44.9%～74.2%(P0.05), ~(15)NO_3~--N显著降低8.4%～38.1%(P0.05),净硝化率显著降低10.8%～24.6%(P0.05);GI80处理较GI50处理土壤~(15)NH_4~+-N提高7.9%～11.5%, ~(15)NO_3~--N显著降低18.5%～50.4%(P0.05),净硝化率显著降低15.0%～28.2%(P0.05);GI100处理较GI50处理土壤~(15)NH_4~+-N显著提高11.5%～26.9%(P0.05), ~(15)NO_3~--N显著降低15.8%～22.7%(P0.05),净硝化率显著降低12.5%～23.9%(P0.05)。土壤微生物量氮(MB~(15)N)缓慢上升,添加有机肥处理较CK处理显著提高67.3%～94.1%(P0.05),GI80处理较GI50处理提高6.0%～23.8%,GI100处理较GI50处理显著提高6.9%～25.5%(P0.05)。各处理MB~(15)N占MBN的54.9%～71.6%(P0.05)。相关分析结果表明, MB~(15)N、~(15)NH_4~+-N与~(15)N吸收量、~(15)N利用率呈现极显著正相关关系,且RDA分析结果说明MB~(15)N是影响化肥~(15)N吸收利用的关键驱动因子。因此,有机无机配施体系中适当增加有机肥的腐熟度(GI≥80%)能够明显增强土壤微生物的固氮能力,提高土壤氮素水平,减缓土壤铵态氮向硝态氮的转化速度,降低土壤净硝化速率,从而提高化肥氮的利用效率。     

Estimates of Gross Transformation Rates of Dairy Manure N Using 15N Pool Dilution

Abstract

Most measurements of dairy manure nitrogen (N) availability depend on net changes in soil inorganic N concentration over time, which overlooks the cycling of manure N in the soil. Gross transformations of manure N, including mineralization (m), immobilization (i), and nitrification (n), can be quantified using ¹⁵N pool dilution methods. This research measures gross m, n, and i resulting from application of four freeze‐dried dairy manures that had distinctly different patterns of N availability. A sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthod) was amended with four different freeze‐dried dairy manures and incubated at 25°C with optimal soil water content. The dilution of ¹⁵ammonium (NH4⁺) during a 48‐h interval (7–9 d and 56–58 d after manure application) was used to estimate m, whereas the dilution of ¹⁵nitrate (NO₃ ^?) was used to estimate n. Gross immobilization was calculated as gross minus net mineralization. Gross mineralization in the unamended soil was similar at 7‐ to 9‐d and 56‐ to 58‐d intervals and was significantly increased by the application of manures. For both amended and unamended soil, m was much greater (i.e., three‐ to nine‐fold) than estimated net mineralization, illustrating the degree to which manure N can be cycled in soil. At the early interval, both m and i were directly related to the manure C input, demonstrating the linkage between substrate C availability and N utilization by soil microbes. This research clearly shows that the application of dairy manures stimulates gross N transformation rates in the soil, improving our understanding of the impact of manure application on soil N cycling.     

氮肥施用对作物吸收土壤氮的影响——兼论作物氮肥利用率

在15N标记肥料微区试验中采取了抑制土壤中氮生物固持作用的措施——用长期不施肥试验地、小麦拔节前施15N标记KNO3,成功显示了影响施氮作物吸收土壤氮的另一个过程:肥料氮对土壤氮库的稀释作用(或作物吸收养分过程中肥料氮和土壤氮的库替换作用)的存在;试验中施氮作物较不施氮作物少吸收土壤氮,呈现负的ANI(加入氮交互作用)。生物固持作用和肥料氮对土壤氮库的稀释作用是两个作用相反且交织在一起的过程,其相互抵消、平衡后的最终结果可以是正ANI,也可以是负ANI,决定于两者影响力的强弱。由于受上述过程的影响,用田间试验估测作物氮肥利用率,无论15N标记法或传统的差值法,均不可能获得可信的结果。作为替代方法,比值法可避免上述过程的影响,经本试验检验,结果良好。     

A 15N tracing technique-based analysis of the fate of fertilizer N: a 4-year case study in eastern China

The fate of fertilizer N applied with different irrigation amounts in tobacco fields was quantitatively studied by applying ¹⁵N double-labelled NH₄NO₃ in lysimeters. The ¹⁵N (fertilizer N originating from the fertilizer applied in 2011) in tobacco plants, ¹⁵N in soils and ¹⁵N loss were observed continuously from 2011 to 2014. The results showed that 21.6% of ¹⁵N was utilized by tobacco plants, 72.1% remained in the 0–60 cm soil layer and 6.3% was lost from the soil–plant system after the first season’s harvest (2011) of flue-cured tobacco. During the four seasons from 2011 to 2014, cumulative utilization of ¹⁵N by tobacco plants was 34.3%, while 54.2% remained in the 0–60 cm soil layer, and 11.5% was lost via mechanisms such as leaching and volatilization. The fate of ¹⁵N in terms of accumulation in plants and soils or losses from the soil–plant system from 2012 to 2014 was greatly affected by the fertilizer and irrigation management strategies in 2011. The results of this investigation suggest that the major amount of fertilizer N applied during the first season remains available in the soil for utilization by tobacco plants after 4 years.     

Incorporation of nitrogen from urea fertilizer into soil organic matter in rice paddy and cassava upland fields in Indonesia

Incorporation of newly-immobilized N into major soil organic matter fractions during a cropping period under paddy and upland cropping systems in the tropics was investigated in Jawa paddy fields with and without fish cultivation and a Sumatra cassava field in Indonesia. ¹⁵N-labelled urea (¹⁵N urea) was applied as basal fertilizer, and the soil samples were collected after harvest. The percentage of distribution of the residual N in soil from ¹⁵N urea into the humic acids, fulvic acid fraction, and humin were 13.1–13.9, 19.0–20.5, and 53.4–54.3%, respectively, for the Jawa paddy soils, and 14.9, 27.4, and 52.4%, respectively, for the Sumatra cassava soil. These values were comparable to the reported ones for other climatic zones. The percentage of distribution of ¹⁵N urea-derived N into humic acids was larger than that of total N into the same fraction in all the soils. The distribution into the fulvic acid fraction was also larger for ¹⁵N urea-derived N than for total N in the Jawa soils. Humic and non-humic substances in the fulvic acid fraction were separated using insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) into the adsorbed and non-adsorbed fractions, respectively. Less than 5% of the ¹⁵N urea-derived N in fulvic acid fraction was detected in the PVP-adsorbed fraction (generic fulvic acids). The proportion of non-hydrolyzable N remained after boiling with 6 M HCl in the ¹⁵N urea-derived N was 9.4–13.5%, 17.3–26.7%, and 8.4–16.6% for the humic acids, generic fulvic acids, and humin, respectively. The significantly low resistance to acid hydrolysis suggested that the ¹⁵N urea-derived N was less stable than the total N in soil regardless of the fractions of humus.     

水稻田中氮肥损失研究进展

综述了水稻田中氮肥损失及减少氮肥损失的措施。主要涉及稻田中氮肥的损失途径、损失程度、测试方法及减少氮肥损失的主要措施。这些措施有实施生态农业政策、优化氮肥管理,包括确定适宜的施氮量,氮肥深施,根据水稻生育期需肥特点合理运筹,平衡施肥,控施(缓施)肥料的应用等。     

有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮对棉花养分吸收、氮素利用和产量的影响

为探讨有机肥氮替代化肥氮在新疆棉花生产中的增产增效作用,在滴灌条件下,采用连续2年定位试验,研究了不施氮(CK)、牛粪堆肥(OM)、农民常规施肥(CF)和不同有机肥氮替代10%(OF1)、20%(OF2)和30%(OF3)的化肥氮时,对棉花氮磷钾养分吸收、氮素利用率及产量的影响。与单施化肥相比,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮均有利于棉花氮磷钾养分吸收,可提高棉花氮素表观利用率、偏生产力、肥料氮贡献率和农学效率。在有机肥氮替代10%化肥氮的情况下,氮素利用率最高并能提高氮素表观利用率10.5个百分点,棉花产量增加6.8%(P<0.05),而且棉花经济效益与单施化肥相当。有机肥氮替代20%的化肥氮时,棉花产量增加7.9%(P<0.05)。有机肥氮替代30%化肥氮,获得与单施化肥相当的产量,氮素表观利用率仅提高3.4个百分点。综合养分吸收、氮素利用效率、产量及经济效益等方面考虑,有机肥氮替代10%化肥氮是该地区中等肥力棉田增产稳产、氮肥增效的合理施肥方式。     

青贮玉米-牛粪尿体系的15N标记及氮素转化研究

15N示踪技术已开始应用于畜禽粪便氮素循环与利用研究领域,而15N在畜禽粪便不同组分和不同形态氮素中的丰度与数量将直接影响到畜禽粪便15N示踪去向与氮素实际去向的一致性。为了解15N在畜禽粪便标记过程的转化特点和在标记粪尿的分布特征,本文首先采用改进的、含有15N标记硫酸铵(60 atom%15N)的Hoagland营养液砂培种植15N玉米,然后将15N玉米和普通玉米以55∶45的氮配比作为混合青贮饲料饲喂1头已空腹2 d的2龄黄牛,饲喂4 d后停喂2 d,收集全部牛粪尿并对其不同组分和形态氮素的15N丰度和数量进行分析。结果表明:标记玉米、混合青贮饲料、牛粪尿的15N丰度分别为48.024%、26.579%和8.044%;标记玉米对硫酸铵15N的回收率为26.3%,牛粪尿对标记玉米15N回收率为36.0%。在收集的牛粪尿氮中,牛粪全氮、牛尿全氮、牛粪铵态氮和牛尿铵态氮量分别占70.25%、29.75%、5.44%和0.03%,其15N丰度分别为9.223%、5.261%、6.505%和5.419%。在短期内通过饲喂黄牛15N青贮饲料制备的标记牛粪尿中,15N丰度在不同组分和形态氮素中的分布并不相同,牛尿氮的15N丰度低于牛粪氮,矿质态和易于矿化态氮的15N丰度低于不易矿化态氮。     

Mineralization of soil organic nitrogen solubilized by aqua ammonia fertilizer

Organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq) was extracted from ¹⁵N-labelled or unlabelled soil, concentrated and added to non-extracted soil, which was incubated under aerobic conditions at 27±1°C. Gross N mineralization, gross N immobilization, and nitrification in soils with or without addition of unlabelled soluble organic N were estimated by models based on the dilution of the NH ₄ ⁺ or NO _inf3 ^sup- pools, which were labelled with ¹⁵N at the beginning of incubation. Mineralization of labelled organic N was measured by the appearance of label in the mineral N pool. Although gross N mineralization and gross N immobilization were increased in two soils between day 0 and day 7 following addition of unlabelled organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq), there was no increase in net N mineralization. Solubilization of ¹⁵N-labelled organic N increased and the ¹⁵N enrichment of the soluble organic N decereased as the concentration of NH_3(aq) added increased. A constant proportion of approximately one-quarter of the labelled organic N added at different rates to non-extracted soil was recovered in the mineral N pool after an incubation period of 14 days, and the availability ratios calculated from net N mineralization data were 1.1:1 and 2.1:1 for 111 and 186 mg added organic-N kg^-1 soil, respectively, indicating that the mineralization of organic N was increased by solubilization.     

Effects of NPK fertilizer combinations on yield and nitrogen balance in sorghum or pigeonpea on a vertisol in the semi-arid tropics

A long-term experiment was carried out on a Vertisol from 1986 to 1992 to examine the combined effects of NPK fertilizers on yield using sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. CSH 5) and short-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. cv. ICPL 87). The fertilizer treatments were as follows: 0 (no fertilization), N (150 kg N ha^-1 ), P (65.5 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1), K (124.5 kg K₂O ha^-1), and all possible combinations (NP, NK, PK, and NPK). In this study we continued this experiment during the period 1993 to 1994 and analyzed the crop yield response to fertilizers and the N balance. The amount of N derived from the atmosphere and fertilizer was estimated by the ¹⁵N natural abundance method and ^l5N isotope dilution method, respectively. A combined application of Nand P fertilizers gave the highest grain yield for the two crops under the 8th and 9th continuous croppings, unlike the application of K fertilizer. The values of total N for the two crops were significantly higher in the NP and NPK plots. These crops took up N mainly from soil. There was a significant positive relationship between the uptake of N_dff and N_dfs by each crop. Pigeonpea or sorghum took up more N from the soil in the N fertilizer plots than in the plots without N, suggesting that soil N fertility was enhanced and the amount of N supplied from soil increased in the plots with consecutive application of N fertilizer for 7 y. Even pigeonpea, which fixes atmospheric N inherently, needed N fertilizer to achieve high grain yield, suggesting that N fixation by the nodules was not always sufficient to meet the N requirements of the crop under these conditions. Although fertilizer N exerted a beneficial effect on plant growth and yield in the two crops, the values of fertilizer N recovery (FNR) by the two crops were considerably low. Therefore, it is suggested that the development of N fertilizer management which could maximize FNR of each crop should be promoted.     

Quantitative and qualitative changes of organic matter in an Ando soil induced by mineral fertilizer and cattle manure applications for 20 years

The effects of continuous application of cattle manure on the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (OM) were investigated in an Ando soil (Melanudand). Surface soil samples were periodically taken from NPK and NPK+ manure (80, 160, and 320 Mg ha^-1 y^-1) plots over a period of 20 y. Particulate (>53 µm) and mineral-associated <53 µm) OM fractions were separated from the soil samples by sieving after:mechanical dispersion. For the NPK treatment, both the organic C and total N concentrations of the whole soil continued to decrease, the reduction reaching about 10% after 20 y. Manure application at the rate of 80 Mg ha^-1 y^-1 did not lead to an increase in the amounts of organic C and total N in the whole soil. In contrast, both the organic C and total N concentrations increased by the application of 160 and 320 Mg ha^-1 y^-1 manure. Manure application at the rate of 320 Mg ha^-1 y^-1 increased the organic C concentration by 30% and total N concentration by 48% after 20 y. The decrease in the organic C and total N concentrations in soil with NPK fertilization was attributed to a decrease in the amount of mineralassociated OM. Manure application increased significantly the amount of particulate OM, while it did not affect the amount of mineral-associated OM. It also resulted in a decrease in the C/N ratio of soil OM, especially of the particulate OM. The analysis of humic acids showed that manure application induced a decrease in the degree of humification and an accumulation of high molecular weight components. The quantitative'and qualitative changes of OM in the Ando soil upon manure application were mainly due to the accumulation of manure-derived particulate OM.     

有机肥与无机肥在提高土壤肥力中的作用

以在山东禹城试验区持续近20年的定位试验为依据，对长期施用有机肥、无机肥、有机无机结合等不同施肥条件下的土壤养分演变进行了系统总结。结果表明，在同等施肥情况下，有机肥不但在增加土壤有机营养，改善土壤有机质质量等方面具有极其显著的作用，而且随着年限的增长，在增加土壤速效养分方面，有机肥的效果也逐渐超过无机肥。