Effects of Different Organic Materials on Crop Production under a Rice–Corn Cropping Sequence

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important index of soil quality because of its relationship with crop yield. The application of organic matter to soil is a significant method for increasing SOM. Different organic materials have varying effects in increasing SOM. This study investigates the effects of combining different sources of organic matter (i.e., compost, leguminous green manure, and peat) with a chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the growth and N accumulation in corn and rice plants. This study examines seven treatments, including a no-fertilization check and a conventional chemical fertilizer treatment. Shoots of corn and rice were sampled at the tasseling (panicle initiation for rice) and maturity stages. The biomass yield was measured and the total N was analyzed. At the maturity stage, the soil samples were collected to determine the chemical properties. The results showed that a small percentage of the N in the compost and peat, after their application, was available to the crop during the growth season; the production of biomass and N absorption among rice and corn plants was minimal compared to that treated with chemical N fertilizer. The application of compost and peat resulted in SOM accumulation, particularly with peat. However, the application of compost combined with chemical fertilizer not only produced sufficient nutrients for crop growth but also resulted in an accumulation of SOM, which is vital for enhancing the soil quality. Most of the N in green manure (GM) was mineralized shortly after application, causing excessive growth of rice and corn plants during the early stage, but reducing their reproductive growth and grain yield.     

Long-Term Effect of Nitrogen and Tillage Management on Soil Carbon Pools in the Semiarid Northern Great Plains

No-tillage and manure application effect on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations were studied under a 27-year-old 4-year rotation consisting corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Under each crop, four applied N treatments were control, annual urea-N applications at the rate of 45 and 89 kg N ha^?1, and composted beef cattle feedlot manure-N at the rate 179 kg N ha^?1 applied once every four year. For each fertilizer treatment, no-till (NT) and conventional till (CT) were compared for basic soil properties, SOC, and total N within 0–15 cm soil. Manure application significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased SOC and total N over urea-N. Particulate organic matter, mineralizable N, and permanganate-oxidizable C fractions significantly related with SOC. Long-term manure additions and no-tillage had potential to improve soil compaction and maintain SOC over chemical fertilizer N and CT.     

Influence of fertilizers applied to a paddy-upland rotation on characteristics of soil organic carbon and humic acids

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC) and related humic acids (HAs) extracted from the soils of field plots were investigated after 8 years of annual paddy (Oryza sativa L.) and upland maize (Zea mays L.) rotation with various fertilizations. Seven fertilization treatments were selected: Ck (no inputs); Chem (chemical fertilizer of NPK); Comp (swine compost); Comp + 33% of Chem N rate; Comp + 67% of Chem N rate; GM (legume green manure) + 33% of Chem N rate; and peat + 33% of Chem N rate. Organic and inorganic nitrogen inputs of six treatments were equivalent with respect of nitrogen content, but Comp, GM, and peat treatments were complemented with various amounts of inorganic N. After harvest of the eighth paddy crop, surface soil samples collected from the plots were subjected to soil characterizations and extraction of humic substances, which were used for chemical, spectroscopic (FTIR, 13C NMR, ESR, X-ray diffractometry), delta13C, and 14C dating analyses. The yields of HAs extracted from the seven treatments were significantly different. Treatment containing persistent organic compound such as the peat + 33% N treatment increased the humification process in topsoils and produced higher yield of HA. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that fertilization treatments changed the functional groups, alkyl C, crystalline characteristics, and delta13C ratios of HAs and turnover rate of SOC considerably. The SOC of the peat + 33% N treatment had the highest mean residence time of 3100 years. Various fertilizer treatments are correlated with turnover rate of SOC and related HAs, which are associated with concerned carbon sequestration as well as mitigation of CO2 emission in the soil environment.     

长期施用有机肥增加黄壤稻田土壤微生物量碳氮

【目的】微生物量碳、氮是土壤中易于利用的养分库及有机物分解和矿化的动力,与土壤养分循环密切相关,其变化可反映土壤耕作制度和土壤肥力的变化。本研究旨在揭示长期施肥对贵州黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳 (SMBC) 和土壤微生物生物量氮 (SMBN) 的影响,并探讨其合理培肥模式。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位监测基地为依托,采用氯仿熏蒸—K₂SO₄提取法,重点研究不同施肥条件下土壤微生物生物量碳氮的变化及其与全量有机碳氮的关系。试验处理包括不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施有机肥 (M)、低量有机无机肥配施 (0.5MNPK) 和高量有机无机肥配施 (MNPK)。【结果】长期不同施肥处理下,SMBC的变化范围在423.87～695.04 mg/kg之间,SMBN的变化范围在44.36～91.65 mg/kg之间。施用化肥 (NPK) 和施用有机肥及两者配施 (M、0.5MNPK和MNPK) 能增加SMBC和SMBN含量,其中MNPK处理较CK处理SMBC含量增幅最高,达64.0%,显著高于NPK和0.5MNPK处理,但与M处理差异不明显;M处理较CK处理SMBN含量增幅最高,达106.6%,显著高于NPK和0.5MNPK处理,但与MNPK处理差异不明显;长期单施化肥 (NPK) 仅对SMBN含量有显著提高作用 (44.1%),对SMBC作用不明显。SOC、TN和微生物熵 (qMB) 的变化与SMBC一致,均表现为MNPK处理最高,其次为M和0.5MNPK处理,NPK处理最低;所有施肥处理下的SMBC/SMBN无显著性差异且均低于CK处理。【结论】土壤微生物碳、氮量和微生物熵的显著提高均与土壤有机质和全氮的含量变化呈正相关,单施有机肥和高量有机无机肥配施是提高土壤微生物生物量的有效途径。     

Crop sequences and fertilization affect soil vital enzyme activities

This experiment was conducted in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three crop sequences: (R1): chickpea, sunflower, wheat, and canola; (R2): green manure, chickpea, green manure, wheat, green manure, and canola; (R3): canola, wheat, and canola were used as main plots. Sub plots consisted of six methods of fertilization: (N1): farmyard manure; (N2): compost; (N3): chemical fertilizers; (N4): farmyard manure + compost; (N5): farmyard manure + compost + chemical fertilizers; and (N6): control. Results showed that the enzyme activities were higher in the N4 treatment. The highest amount of acid phosphatase, protease, dehydrogenase activity, and grain yield was observed in R2 sequence. The highest urease activity (58.6 µg g^?1 h^?1) was obtained in R2N4 treatment. In R2N4 treatment using in-farm inputs, a non chemical fertilizer system can be carried out to improve soil biological activity.     

Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on soil organic carbon and carbon management index under a double-cropping rice system in Southern China

The effects of manure and chemical fertilizer on soil bulk density, soil organic carbon (SOC), and the role of carbon management index (CMI) in soil quality evaluation were studied under a double-cropping rice system in a long-term experiment. The experiment included five fertilizer treatments: without fertilizer input (CK), chemical fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw residue plus chemical fertilizer (RF), 30% organic matter plus 70% chemical fertilizer (LOM), and 60% organic matter plus 40% chemical fertilizer (HOM). RF, LOM, HOM treatments increased SOC content relative to MF treatment in the paddy fields at 0–20 cm. RF, LOM, HOM treatments were more effective for increasing CMI, lability index, lability of C, and SOC stocks, as compared with MF treatment. Based on rice grain yield and carbon storage, integrated fertilization of chemical fertilizer and organic manure proved to be the most effective practices for improving crop productivity and SOC sequestration.     

Soil microbial response to tillage systems and fertilization in a sunflower rhizosphere

Tillage systems and fertilization have important effects on soil microorganism activity. Information regarding the simultaneous evaluation of long-term tillage and fertilization on soil microbial traits in sunflower fields is not available. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the best tillage and fertilization system for soil microbial parameters. The experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of the long-term tillage systems (1999–2011) including: no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). Six methods of fertilization, including farmyard manure (N1), compost (N2), chemical fertilizers (N3), farmyard manure + compost (N4); farmyard manure + compost + chemical fertilizers (N5), and control (N6) were arranged in subplots. Results showed that the highest amount of microbial biomass was observed in treatment NTN4. The highest and lowest values of enzyme activities (acid, alkaline phosphatase, urease, dehydrogenase and protease) were found in organic fertilizers + NT and chemical fertilizers + CT plots, respectively. Highest basal and induced respiration values were found for NTN4 treatment. Correlation coefficients between enzyme activity, respiration and microbial biomass carbon were significant.     

Continuous manuring combined with chemical fertilizer affects soil microbial residues in a Mollisol

In this study, the influence of 10 years’ continuous application of organic manure at various rates combined with chemical fertilizer on microbial residues was evaluated in a highly fertile temperate soil. The presence and origin of microbial residues were indicated by amino sugar analysis. The treatments were: (1) CK, unfertilized control; (2) OM₀, only chemical fertilizer, no manure added; (3) OM₁, organic manure added at 7.5 Mg?ha^?1?year^?1 plus chemical fertilizer; (4) OM₂, organic manure added at 15 Mg?ha^?1?year^?1 plus chemical fertilizer; and (5) OM₃, organic manure added at 22.5 Mg?ha^?1?year^?1 plus chemical fertilizer. Fertilization significantly increased the total amino sugar concentrations, especially in the plots with higher manure addition rates (OM₂ and OM₃ plots, P?<?0.05). This suggests a positive effect of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer on the accumulation of microbial residues in soil. However, the highest manure rate (OM₃) did not lead to further increase in the total amino sugar pool as compared with the moderate manure rate (OM₂). This suggests manure addition “saturates” in its effect on microbial residue build-up. The different patterns of individual amino sugars suggest a change in the quality of microbial-derived soil organic matter after 10 years.     

苜蓿对旱地土壤有机碳氮变化的驱动作用

根据旱地长期定位试验和分离土壤有机质中微粒有机质及矿物结合有机质的方法,研究了长期生长苜蓿对土壤有机碳、全氮变化的驱动作用。结果表明:不施肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳、全氮的含量比裸地土壤中的含量明显增加,土壤有机碳和氮库中的微粒有机碳、氮的含量没有显著增加,而增加的有机碳、氮主要分布在矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。在施用有机肥及氮、磷化肥条件下,苜蓿地土壤有机碳和全氮的含量显著地提高,增加的有机碳、氮几乎平均地分布在微粒有机碳、氮和矿物结合有机碳、氮组分中。由此表明,保持适宜的苜蓿生产力并采用合理的施肥措施,长期生长苜蓿能够有效地驱动土壤固定有机碳和氮素,从而保持和提高土壤肥力。     

不同培肥模式对茶园土壤微生物活性和群落结构的影响

以闽东地区红黄壤茶园定位实验地为对象,通过测定6种不同施肥处理土壤微生物学特性,研究不同培肥对土壤微生物特性和生物化学过程的影响,阐明各指标间的相互关系.结果表明,除了单施无机肥处理外,半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥以及半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等的培肥方式均不同程度提高了土壤有机质,可培养微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤酶活性,尤以半量无机肥+半量有机肥+豆科牧草的培肥模式增幅更为明显,而单施无机肥不利于微生物的生长、酶活性的提高和维持生态系统的稳定性.微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)标记主成分分析显示,各种不同施肥方式使微生物群落结构发生改变.相关分析表明,微生物量与可培养微生物数量、微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量之间的相关性明显高于微生物量与各种酶活性之间的相关性,说明微生物数量大小对微生物群落结构的影响大于对酶活性功能的影响.研究也表明土壤各微生物指标能从不同方面反映土壤肥力水平,所以采用各种不同的方法能更客观地评价闽东地区茶园红黄壤质量的优劣.     

Response of soil organic matter fractions and composition of microbial community to long-term organic and mineral fertilization

The effects of organic and mineral fertilization on four soil organic matter (SOM) fractions (non-protected, physically protected, chemically protected, and biochemically protected) and microbial community composition were investigated by sampling soil of a 35-year-long fertilization experiment. The SOM fractions were investigated by combined physical and chemical approaches, while microbial community composition was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Organic C (SOC) was primarily distributed within the microaggregate-protected particulate organic matter (iPOM) and the hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable silt-sized (H-Silt, NH-Silt) fractions, which accounted for 11.6–16.9, 23.4–28.9, and 25.4–30.6% of the total SOC content, respectively. The contributions of these “slow” fractions (iPOM, H-Silt, NH-Silt) to the increased SOC were 178–293, 118–209, and 85–109% higher after long-term sole manure or manure in combination with inorganic N fertilization compared with unfertilized soil (control). The combination of manure and mineral fertilizers increased the coarse and fine non-protected C (cPOM and fPOM) contents much more (34.1–60.7%) than did manure alone. PLFAs, bacteria, G (+) bacteria, and actinomycete abundances were the highest in soil with manure, followed by soil treated with manure combined with mineral N. The addition of inorganic and organic fertilization both altered the microbial community composition compared with the control. All SOM fractions contributed to 81.1% of the variance of the PLFAs-related microbial community composition by direct and indirect effects. The change in coarse unprotected particulate organic matter (cPOM) was the major factor affecting soil microbial community composition (p < 0.001). Our study indicates that physical, chemical, and biochemical protection mechanisms are important in maintaining high SOC level after the addition of manure. A close linkage between soil microbial community composition and cPOM suggests that C availability is an important factor for influencing microbial composition after long-term inorganic and organic fertilization.     

Short-term responses of soil nutrients and corn yield to tillage and organic amendment

Field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Agricultural College of Shiraz University to evaluate the effects of cattle manure and nitrogen (N) fertilizers on soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), soil electrical conductivity, soil pH and corn yield under two tillage systems. Treatments included tillage systems in two levels as conventional tillage and reduced tillage as subplots, cattle manure (0, 25 and 50 tons ha^?1) and N fertilizer (0, 125 and 250 kg N ha^?1) as sub-subplots. Results showed that SOC and SON were significantly affected by tillage system in both years of the experiment. SOC and SON were higher in reduced tillage compared to conventional tillage. Tillage system had no significant effect on grain yield, plant height and 1000 seed weight. Increased cattle manure rates at 25 and 50 tons ha^?1 increased grain yield by 27% and 38%, respectively, in 2010 and 25% and 25% in 2011. The results showed that application of cattle manure combined with N fertilizer might be an efficient management to increase soil productivity in southern Iran, in soils with poor organic content. Additionally, reduced tillage showed to be an efficient method to increase soil organic matter.     

Long-term organic nutrient managements foster the biological properties and carbon sequestering capability of a wetland rice soil

Monitoring the qualitative and quantitative changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) is very much essential to keep the soil viable and productive for long-term sustainability. Impact of long-term (36 years) enforcement of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on changes in physio-chemical, microbiological properties and enzymatic activities of flooded rice soil was assessed along with soil carbon pools. The results revealed that the fractions of SOC, microbial biomass carbon, culturable microbial counts and dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activities increased significantly in green manure amended soil. The population of functional microbial groups, namely denitrifiers and methanotrophs was high in farm yard manure applied soil, while methanogens population was high in green manure application. Higher nitrifier population was evident in inorganic or integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer. Continuous application of recommended levels of chemical fertilizers did not greatly affect biological activities in the soil. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis of humic acid revealed that organic fertilized soil fractions were more aliphatic with greater diversity than did the inorganic fertilized soil fractions. This study emphasizes the importance of organic manure and underscores the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer to maintain the soil biological properties in flooded rice soil.     

有机–无机肥配施比例对双季稻田土壤质量的影响

【目的】利用江西省稻田土壤质量演变定位监测试验为平台,系统分析长期不同施肥措施下土壤质量状况,明确提升红壤性双季稻田土壤质量的优化施肥措施。 【方法】长期定位试验设置 8 个处理,分别为不施肥处理 (CK),施磷钾肥处理 (PK),施氮磷肥处理 (NP),施氮钾肥处理 (NK),施氮磷钾肥处理 (NPK),施 70% 化肥 + 30% 有机肥处理 (70F + 30M),施 50% 化肥 + 50% 有机肥处理 (50F + 50M),施 30% 化肥 + 70% 有机肥处理 (30F + 70M),于 2012 年晚稻收获后测定 2 个土壤物理性质指标 (容重和总孔隙度)、7 个基础化学性质指标 (有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和 pH 值) 及 3 个生物学性质指标 (细菌、真菌和放线菌数量),分析长期不同施肥对各土壤性质的影响,并运用主成分分析对各处理土壤质量进行综合评分,最后将综合得分进行聚类分析,以评价长期不同施肥措施对红壤性双季稻田土壤质量的影响。 【结果】经 28 年连续不同施肥处理后,各土壤性质在处理间均产生显著差异,但各土壤性质在处理间的变化趋势并不完全一致。化肥配施有机肥处理较化肥处理土壤容重降低 12.7%～20.6%,土壤孔隙度增加 2.3%～17.4%,有机质增加 22.5%～41.8%,全氮和碱解氮分别提高 9.8%～20.9% 和 11.1%～30.3%,全磷和有效磷分别提高 11.1%～71.7% 和 1.31～1.75 倍,pH 值提高 0.19～0.48 个单位;主成分分析方法将原 12 个土壤性质指标降维、提取出 2 个主成分,反映了原信息量的 87.4%,有机质、容重、真菌、全氮、有效磷、放线菌、总孔隙度、细菌、全磷和碱解氮在第一主成分上有较高载荷值,pH 值和速效钾在第二主成分上有较高载荷;各施肥处理下土壤质量综合水平高低排序为:30%F + 70M > 50F + 50M > 70F + 30M > NPK > NP > NK > PK > CK;聚类分析方法将长期不同施肥制度下稻田土壤质量划分为一级 (30F + 70M),二级 (50F + 50M、70F + 30M),三级 (NPK、NP),四级 (NK、PK、CK) 4 个等级。 【结论】与单施化肥相比,有机无机配施可有效增加土壤养分含量,改善土壤物理性质,缓解土壤酸化,提高土壤微生物数量,是提高红壤性双季稻田土壤质量的有效施肥措施。     

Effect of different application rates of organic fertilizer on soil enzyme activity and microbial population

Abstract

After cultivating 24 crops of vegetables for three consecutive years in a greenhouse, the effects of different application rates of compost (Rate 1, 270 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 2, 540 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 3, 810 kg N ha^?1 y^?1; Rate 4, 1,080 kg N ha^?1 y^?1) were compared with the effects of chemical fertilizer (CF) and no application of fertilizer treatments (CK) for some selected soil chemical properties, microbial populations and soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, protease, urease, arysulphatase, and acid and alkaline phosphatases). The results show that the pH, electrical conductivity, concentrations of total nitrogen (N) and the organic matter received from compost treatment were generally higher than those received through CF treatment. The soil microbial biomass, populations of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, as well as soil enzyme activities increased significantly in the compost-treated soils compared with the CF-treated soil. In most instances, no significant increase was observed in the enzymatic activities studied for compost applications higher than a Rate 2 treatment. However, all enzymatic activities examined showed significant linear correlations with the organic matter contents of the soils. The vegetable yield reached its highest level at the Rate 2 treatment and declined or leveled off in the higher treatments, implying that a high application rate of compost cannot further increase the crop yield after the soil fertility has been established. High organic matter content in the soil was found to alleviate the adverse effect of soluble salts on vegetable growth. In conclusion, an application rate of compost at Rate 2, 540 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, is adequate on the basis of vegetable yields and soil chemical, biochemical and enzymatic properties in greenhouse cultivation under subtropical climatic conditions.     

Soil carbon sequestration and crop yield in response to application of chemical fertilizer combined with cattle manure to an artificially eroded Phaeozem

Organic manure application is a feasible approach to alleviate the deterioration of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC). However, to what extent manure application can restore carbon contents in SOC fractions in the eroded Phaeozems remains unknown. A 5-year field experiment was conducted in an artificially eroded Phaeozem with up to 30 cm of topsoil being removed. Chemical fertiliser, or chemical fertiliser plus cattle manure was applied. The contents of SOC were 23.6, 21.6 and 15.1 g C kg^?1 soil for non-soil removal control, 10 and 30 cm of topsoil removal, respectively. Compared with the chemical fertiliser-only treatment, the chemical fertiliser plus manure application markedly increased SOC contents by 30–45% and C sequestration rates by 7.1–9.0-fold, especially in the fraction of 53–250 μm particulate organic carbon. However, with manure applied, SOC content in the fraction of mineral associated organic carbon in the 30 cm topsoil-removed soil was 2.9 g kg^?1, 14.7% less than control (3.4 g kg^?1). The combination of chemical fertliser and manure application effectively restored SOC in the eroded Phaeozems mainly through increasing the size of 53–250 μm particulate organic C fraction, but did not improve the SOC stability in severely eroded Phaeozems.     

沼肥对保护地土壤酶及其呼吸强度的影响

以等有机质含量的猪粪、沼渣为基肥,追肥(化肥与沼液)以等N、等P、等K进行施用,采用二裂式区组设计的方法研究了沼肥、猪粪、化肥等不同施肥组合对保护地土壤酶活性及其呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,未施任何肥料的对照处理,其土壤磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性和土壤呼吸强度最弱。沼渣与沼液配合施用较沼渣与化肥配合施用有利于提高土壤磷酸酶的活性,而施用猪粪或沼渣、施用沼液或化肥对土壤磷酸酶活性的影响差异较小;施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性影响较小;施有机肥或有机肥和化肥配施提高了土壤呼吸强度。施用化肥、沼渣分别比施用沼液、猪粪有利于提高土壤呼吸强度。猪粪、沼渣与化肥配合施用分别比与沼液配合施用的土壤呼吸强度高。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响

施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本研究旨在探讨长期作物残留和投入有机物料对水稻土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,分析不同粒级团聚体的固碳特征及其与团聚体形成的相关性,以及土壤和不同粒级团聚体对累积碳投入的响应。长期定位施肥试验始于1986年,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、秸秆化肥混施(RS)、低量粪肥配施化肥(M1)和高量粪肥配施化肥(M2)5个处理。2009年采集0~10 cm土壤样品,测定总土以及大团聚体(LM,2 mm)、较大团聚体(SM,0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(MA,0.25~0.053 mm)和黏粉粒(SC,0.053 mm)的质量比例及其SOC浓度,并分析闭蓄于SM内部的颗粒有机物(POM)、微团聚体(MA-SM)和黏粉粒(SC-SM)的质量含量和SOC浓度。结果表明,与CK和CF比较,有机肥混施化肥处理(RS、M1和M2)均显著提高了LM和SM的质量比例和平均当量直径(MWD),降低了SC质量含量;两个粪肥配施化肥处理(M1和M2)的效果优于秸秆化肥混施(RS),但是M1和M2间差异不显著;单施化肥则降低了稳定性团聚体的比例。团聚体的SOC浓度没有随粒级增大而增加,各处理均为LM和SM结合的SOC浓度最高,其次为SC,最小为MA。与CK比较,有机肥混施化肥处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体的SOC浓度。总土SOC的增加主要取决于SM的SOC含量,而MA-SM组分决定了SM固持SOC的能力。总土、LM和SM的SOC含量以及从SM分离出的POM、MA-SM和SC-SM的SOC含量均与累积碳投入量呈显著正相关,但总土分离出的MA和SC的SOC含量对累积碳投入量反应不敏感,表现出碳饱和迹象。因此,尽管长期大量施用有机物料促进了红壤性水稻土大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性,增加了其SOC的固持,但有机质可能不是该土壤水稳性团聚体形成的最主要黏结剂。     

好氧发酵猪粪部分替代化肥提高夏玉米氮素利用率和土壤肥力

  【目的】  化肥及畜禽粪便的不合理施用不仅影响作物增产，还严重威胁土壤健康和环境安全。探究不同发酵方式猪粪有机肥及有机肥替代化肥的比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳、氮含量的影响，为规模化养猪场粪便快速处理，及制定其与化肥的适宜配比提供理论依据。  【方法】  以‘先玉335’为供试材料，在中国农业大学丰宁动物试验基地进行田间试验。设置5个处理:不施肥 (CK)，100%化肥氮 (CF)，100%自然堆肥猪粪氮 (PM)，100%好氧发酵猪粪氮 (PC)，50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮 (FM)。分析猪粪不同发酵方式及有机氮替代比例对夏玉米氮素吸收及土壤碳氮的影响。  【结果】  在等氮条件下，与CF处理相比，FM处理产量、穗粒数、千粒重均以FM处理最高，其中FM处理显著增产13.2%，PC、PM处理与CF处理差异均不显著。FM处理玉米氮素积累量最高，两年平均为304.6 kg/hm2，较CF处理氮素累积量显著提高15.5%；PC、PM处理与CF处理氮素积累量差异不显著。与CF 处理相比，FM处理的氮素当季回收率、氮素农学利用率和偏生产力两年平均分别显著提高85.9%、59.5%和13.2% (P < 0.05)，PC、PM处理与CF 处理之间无显著差异。在玉米拔节期和抽穗期，FM处理0—40 cm土壤无机氮含量均最高，与 CF 无显著差异；在成熟期，FM处理土壤无机氮含量较CF处理显著增加41.8%，而PC和PM处理与CF处理无显著差异。此外，施用有机肥可不同程度地增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量，与CF处理相比，PC和FM处理使有机碳含量分别显著提高13.3%和9.8%；FM处理土壤全氮含量显著提高33.4%。  【结论】  在等氮条件下与单施化肥相比，50%好氧发酵猪粪氮 + 50%化肥氮配施不仅显著提高了夏玉米产量和氮素累积吸收量，还提升了土壤全氮和有机碳含量以及0—40 cm土层土壤无机氮含量。单独施用自然堆肥、好氧发酵猪粪及化肥在产量和氮素积累方面没有显著差异，但可增加土壤全氮和有机碳含量，有利于土壤培肥，而施用好氧发酵猪粪的效果又优于施用自然堆肥。     

Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration by Long-Term Application of Manures Prepared from Trianthema portulacastrurm Linn

ABSTRACT

A 6-year field experiment was conducted at Maharashtra, India, from 2011 to 2017 on a silty clay soil, to study the impact of organic manure prepared from common weed Trianthema portulacastrurm Linn. on soybean-fodder maize crop system and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Organic manures were prepared from Trianthema as compost, vermicompost, dry leaf powder and were compared with application of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK), and control. All treatments were repeated to same earlier treated plots every year for subsequent 6 years. Soil samples were analyzed before experiment and after harvesting of crops at the end of 6 years. All organic manures prepared from Trianthema and FYM increased SOC, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in the soil as compared to chemical fertilizer treatment and control. The overall increase in SOC content in the 0–60-cm soil depth in vermicompost treatment was 3.51 Mg C ha^?1 as compared to control at the end of this 6 years experiment at the carbon sequestration rate of 585 kg ha^?1 year^?1. Preparation and use of different manures from Trianthema will increase the carbon sequestration in soil, a measure to mitigate global warming.