Generation of light from free electrons

Experiments with the interaction of a rectangular cross- section beam of electrons which is brought into contact with a metallic diffraction grat e ng produce light variable in wavelength throughout the visible spectrum. Con tinuous variation of the beam thickness shows that light is produced by electrons hundreds of wavelengths from the grating, if the side of the beam near the grating is in contact with it. The results can be accounted for by periodic accelerations of the electrons passing over the surface of the grating. These accelerations are caused by electrostatic forces which in turn are due to the average spacecharge of sheets of elec trons reflected from the grating surface, so that in their space- charge structure the periodicity of the grating rulings is preserved.     

Bipolar spin switch

A thin ferromagnetic film can be used to polarize the spin axes of the electrons carrying an electric current in a manner loosely analogous with a light polarizer. When such a film is fabricated on a gold film, a nonequilibrium population of spin-polarized electrons is built up in the gold causing a "spin bottleneck" effect. The addition of a second ferromagnetic film results in a device whose output voltage depends on the orientation of the spins.     

Nonlinear Optics in Relativistic Plasmas and Laser Wake Field Acceleration of Electrons

When a terawatt-peak-power laser beam is focused into a gas jet, an electron plasma wave, driven by forward Raman scattering, is observed to accelerate a naturally collimated beam of electrons to relativistic energies (up to 10(9) total electrons, with an energy distribution maximizing at 2 megaelectron volts, a transverse emittance as low as 1 millimeter-milliradian, and a field gradient of up to 2 gigaelectron volts per centimeter). Electron acceleration and the appearance of high-frequency modulations in the transmitted light spectrum were both found to have sharp thresholds in laser power and plasma density. A hole in the center of the electron beam may indicate that plasma electrons were expelled radially.     

Wet electrons at the H2O/TiO2(110) surface

At interfaces of metal oxide and water, partially hydrated or "wet-electron" states represent the lowest energy pathway for electron transfer. We studied the photoinduced electron transfer at the H2O/TiO2(110) interface by means of time-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy and electronic structure theory. At approximately 1-monolayer coverage of water on partially hydroxylated TiO2 surfaces, we found an unoccupied electronic state 2.4 electron volts above the Fermi level. Density functional theory shows this to be a wet-electron state analogous to that reported in water clusters and which is distinct from hydrated electrons observed on water-covered metal surfaces. The decay of electrons from the wet-electron state to the conduction band of TiO2 occurs in 相似文献   

"Microsome" fraction of brain: structural changes induced by ascorbic acid

The usual vesicular configuration of membrane fragments in the brain "microsome" fraction is radically altered by treatment with ascorbic acid and adenosine monophosphate. Lightscattering measurements and electron micrographs show that the treated membranes assume predominantly planar forms. This change in structure appears to be contingent upon a continued transport of electrons from ascorbic acid.     

Photon emission at molecular resolution induced by a scanning tunneling microscope

The tip-surface region of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) emits light when the energy of the tunneling electrons is sufficient to excite luminescent processes. These processes provide access to dynamic aspects of the local electronic structure that are not directly amenable to conventional STM experiments. From monolayer films of carbon-60 fullerenes on gold(110) surfaces, intense emission is observed when the STM tip is placed above an individual molecule. The diameter of this emission spot associated with carbon-60 is approximately 4 angstroms. These results demonstrate the highest spatial resolution of light emission to date with a scanning probe technique.     

Biochemistry. High-tech lures hook into new marine microbes

Two scientific teams, one of which reports its findings on page 1902, have identified large populations of bacteria that convert sunlight hitting the sea surface into energy. These two groups of bacteria, which harness light to move electrons and power cellular processes, likely help bring energy into the food chain. And that could help to explain a puzzle that has confounded researchers trying to understand marine ecosystems: how so many bacteria can survive in the open ocean, where there seems to be relatively little for them to eat.     

ASTRONOMY: A New Source of Gamma Rays

Relativistic outflows or "jets" are collimated streams of high-energy electrons that emit synchrotron radiation at radio wavelengths and have bulk velocities that are a substantial fraction of the speed of light. They trace the outflow of enormous amounts of energy and matter from a central supermassive black hole in distant radio galaxies. As Fender explains in this Perspective, much smaller, more local sources may also produce such jets. Data presented by Paredes et al. point toward association of one such source, a relatively faint x-ray binary, with a gamma-ray source. This and similar pairs may contribute substantially to the production of high-energy particles and photons within our galaxy.     

不同倍性苹果叶片叶绿素荧光参数分析

对不同倍性苹果嘎拉（二倍体）、4-9（四倍体）、富士（二倍体）、天星（四倍体）叶片的叶绿素荧光参数进行了测定分析。结果表明：四倍体苹果叶片的荧光参数（Fv,Fv/Fm,Fv/F0,Fm/F0）显著高于二倍体,因此四倍体苹果叶片相对于二倍体苹果叶片而言,具有更强的光系统活性、光能转化效率和电子传递效率,能将所吸收的光能更有效地转化为化学能。     

Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene

There are few phenomena in condensed matter physics that are defined only by the fundamental constants and do not depend on material parameters. Examples are the resistivity quantum, h/e2 (h is Planck's constant and e the electron charge), that appears in a variety of transport experiments and the magnetic flux quantum, h/e, playing an important role in the physics of superconductivity. By and large, sophisticated facilities and special measurement conditions are required to observe any of these phenomena. We show that the opacity of suspended graphene is defined solely by the fine structure constant, a = e2/hc feminine 1/137 (where c is the speed of light), the parameter that describes coupling between light and relativistic electrons and that is traditionally associated with quantum electrodynamics rather than materials science. Despite being only one atom thick, graphene is found to absorb a significant (pa = 2.3%) fraction of incident white light, a consequence of graphene's unique electronic structure.     

Excitation and decay of correlated atomic States

Doubly excited states of atoms and ions in which two electrons are excited from the ground configuration display strong radial and angular electron correlations. They are prototypical examples of quantum-mechanical systems with strong coupling. Two distinguishing characteristics of these states are: (i) their organization into successive families, with only weak coupling between families, and (ii) a hierarchical nature of this coupling, with states from one family decaying primarily to those in the next lower family. A view of the pair of electrons as a single entity, with the electron-electron repulsion between them divided into an adiabatic and a nonadiabatic piece, accounts for many of the dominant features. The stronger, adiabatic part determines the family structure and the weaker, nonadiabatic part the excitation and decay between successive families. Similar considerations extend to three-electron atomic states, which group into five different classes. They are suggestive of composite models for quarks in elementary particle physics, which exhibit analogous groupings into families with a hierarchical arrangement of masses and electroweak decays.     

对微观客体本性的探讨

用光束就是光子流的观点不能够解释光的干涉,用电子束就是电子流的观点也不能解释电子的干涉,唯有用微观粒子的几率幅能够圆满地解释其干涉.因而,干涉可以理解为是两个几率幅之间的干涉.所以,从干涉实验来看,量子理论的最基本的概念,或者说,微观粒子的本性,应当是几率幅,而不是波粒二象性.     

Attosecond control and measurement: lightwave electronics

Electrons emit light, carry electric current, and bind atoms together to form molecules. Insight into and control of their atomic-scale motion are the key to understanding the functioning of biological systems, developing efficient sources of x-ray light, and speeding up electronics. Capturing and steering this electron motion require attosecond resolution and control, respectively (1 attosecond = 10(-18) seconds). A recent revolution in technology has afforded these capabilities: Controlled light waves can steer electrons inside and around atoms, marking the birth of lightwave electronics. Isolated attosecond pulses, well reproduced and fully characterized, demonstrate the power of the new technology. Controlled few-cycle light waves and synchronized attosecond pulses constitute its key tools. We review the current state of lightwave electronics and highlight some future directions.     

基于有限元分析的机翼损伤评估的建模

以某型轻型飞机机翼结构为例,给出了在 Ansys 中建立机翼损伤模型的过程。首先通过结构模型建立以及对其进行约束分析、载荷分析和结果修正,实现了机翼结构的"杆一板"模型。在此基础上,根据损伤的位置和特征,建立了机翼局部损伤评估有限元模型。     

Imaging surface atomic structure by means of auger electrons

Measurements of the complete angular distribution of Auger electrons emitted from well-defined platinum[111] single-crystal surfaces have led to the discovery that the distributions are composed of "silhouettes" of surface atoms "back lit" by emission from atoms deeper in the solid. Theoretical simulations of Auger electron angular distributions based upon atomic point emitters and spherical atomic scatterers of uniform cross section are in close agreement with these experimental results, but opposite to previous theoretical predictions. In view of the definitive results obtained and the straightforward agreement between theory and experiment, angular distribution Auger microscopy (ADAM) is useful for direct imaging of interfacial structure and investigation of electron-solid interactions in the physical and biological sciences and engineering. Applicability of ADAM is illustrated by images obtained for monolayers of silver and iodine on platinum[111].     

完善北京城市隔离片林种植结构的研究

为提高城市隔离片林生态效益及景观面貌,片林结构除简单的乔木层外,还应具有一定面积的复层混交种植结构．该文推荐７６种适合北京城市隔离片林各层次应用的园林植物,设计“林景型”的“春花秋实”、“林生型”的“防护”、“林经型”的“药用”３类３种复层混交种植结构模式,并改造金盏片林（局部）,建立较为理想的复层混交种植结构的示范区     

Modulation instability and pattern formation in spatially incoherent light beams

We report on the experimental observation of modulation instability of partially spatially incoherent light beams in noninstantaneous nonlinear media and show that in such systems patterns can form spontaneously from noise. Incoherent modulation instability occurs above a specific threshold that depends on the coherence properties (correlation distance) of the wave packet and leads to a periodic train of one-dimensional filaments. At a higher value of nonlinearity, the incoherent one-dimensional filaments display a two-dimensional instability and break up into self-ordered arrays of light spots. This discovery of incoherent pattern formation reflects on many other nonlinear systems beyond optics. It implies that patterns can form spontaneously (from noise) in diverse nonlinear many-body systems involving weakly correlated particles, such as atomic gases at (or near) Bose-Einstein condensation temperatures and electrons in semiconductors at the vicinity of the quantum Hall regime.     

Simultaneous inhibition and redistribution of spontaneous light emission in photonic crystals

Inhibiting spontaneous light emission and redistributing the energy into useful forms are desirable objectives for advances in various fields, including photonics, illuminations, displays, solar cells, and even quantum-information systems. We demonstrate both the "inhibition" and "redistribution" of spontaneous light emission by using two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals, in which the refractive index is changed two-dimensionally. The overall spontaneous emission rate is found to be reduced by a factor of 5 as a result of the 2D photonic bandgap effect. Simultaneously, the light energy is redistributed from the 2D plane to the direction normal to the photonic crystal.     

我国原油产需矛盾及战略储备库建设

随着我国能源结构的逐步改变,我国原油的产量与需求矛盾进一步突出,对此进行了分析,解决了这个矛盾应从鼓励参与开发国外石油资源,拓宽进口原油的渠道和尽快建设我国原油战略储备库三个方面入手,针对“9．11事件”,指出了建设我国原油战略储备库的必要性和重要性的建议。     

Magnetic domain-wall logic

"Spintronics," in which both the spin and charge of electrons are used for logic and memory operations, promises an alternate route to traditional semiconductor electronics. A complete logic architecture can be constructed, which uses planar magnetic wires that are less than a micrometer in width. Logical NOT, logical AND, signal fan-out, and signal cross-over elements each have a simple geometric design, and they can be integrated together into one circuit. An additional element for data input allows information to be written to domain-wall logic circuits.