板栗共生菌根食用菌固体接种剂制备的研究

对大红菇(Russula alutacea,菌株编号2014-10)、红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron,菌株编号2014-14)和美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis,菌株编号50559)3种板栗共生菌根食用菌袋装固体接种剂的制备进行了研究,分别确定了二级种培养和固体接种剂培养中最适营养液的种类,培养成功了质量稳定的固体接种剂。通过对上述3个菌种培养好的固体接种剂在约20℃室温下不同保存期菌丝的取样培养,分别确定了它们的最佳保存期和最长保存期,为固体接种剂的异地运输及使用提供了依据。     

外生菌根菌剂对白皮松幼苗生长效应的研究

白皮松是中国特有的珍贵树种，但长期以来由于苗期生长缓慢，阻碍了它们的推广。本试验研究在国内首次应用7种不同的外生菌根菌剂对其幼苗进行土壤根际处理，并对白皮松幼苗菌根菌的感染能力以及促进生长效果进行了分析研究，获得以下结果：(1)菌剂处理对白皮松苗高、地径、干质量、侧根等方面有显著的促生作用；(2)菌剂处理提高了苗木N、P、K及叶绿素的含量；(3)筛选出了北京地区促进白皮松幼苗生长的优良菌种——美味牛肝菌(Boletusedulis)及红绒盖牛肝菌(Xerocomus chrysenteron)。     

桉树生长和防御相关酶对摩西管柄囊霉和青枯菌的响应

【目的】研究桉树响应从枝菌根真菌和青枯菌的生长和生理特征,为应用菌根化育苗技术防控桉树青枯病提供理论支撑。【方法】以巨桉幼苗为对象,研究摩西管柄囊霉菌根化和青枯菌侵染进程对寄主生长和防御相关酶活性的影响。【结果】1）摩西管柄囊霉能与巨桉根系良好共生,菌根化桉树株高、地径、干质量、根冠比分别为非菌根化处理的2.30、4.38、2.75和1.71倍。与非菌根化处理相比,菌根化巨桉幼苗根长、根直径、根表面积、根体积、根冠比、根系和叶片中氮、磷和钾含量均显著增加（P<0.05）。2）随青枯菌侵染时间的增加,菌根化桉树叶片中的防御相关酶活性显著高于对应的非菌根化处理,过氧化物酶（POD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性在菌根化桉树组织中先升高后降低,分别在青枯菌侵染48、24、144 hpi时达到峰值;菌根化桉树叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和几丁质酶活性先升高后降低,在青枯菌侵染96 hpi后达到峰值。3）接种摩西管柄囊霉对桉树青枯病的防控效果为81.67%。【结论】接种摩西管柄囊霉显著促进桉树幼苗健壮生长,受青枯菌侵染后,菌根化桉树幼苗快速和...     

喜树育苗和接种菌根菌试验

用苏格兰球囊菌 [Glomuscaledonium (Nicol&Gerd .)Trappe&Gerd .]和地表球囊 [Glomusversiforme (Karsten)Berch]菌种接种喜树幼苗。试验结果表明 :喜树幼苗根均可与两种菌种菌形成菌根 ,接种前者的苗木菌根感染率为 5 3% ,接种后者的苗木菌根感染率为 4 0 % ,非接种苗木 (对照 )的感染率 6 .7%。接种菌根菌后的苗木总生物量、根茎比及根系长度和地径有所提高 ,反映了 2个菌种均促进了喜树幼苗的生长 ,但对幼苗高生长的促进作用不大。     

外生菌根菌对东北红豆杉幼苗生长的影响

对从红松林下新鲜子实体上分离纯化得到的两株外生菌根菌WSJ-1和WSJ-3进行ITS序列分析,确定其分别为赭丝膜菌(Cortinarius russus)和美味牛肝菌(Boletus edulis)。采用打孔注菌法,将两株外生菌根菌分别与东北红豆杉幼苗共同培养,研究其对东北红豆杉幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:赭丝膜菌与美味牛肝菌均可与红豆杉幼苗形成菌根,菌根侵染率分别为46.7%和35.0%;接种赭丝膜菌与美味牛肝菌后,均能显著提高东北红豆杉幼苗的鲜重、干重、苗高和地径的性状(P<0.05),其中赭丝膜菌效果优于美味牛肝菌。     

文冠果VA菌根真菌的分离、扩繁及幼苗菌根化效果的研究

本文以我国北方唯一的木本油料树种——文冠果为目标,对与其共生的VA菌根真菌进行了采集、分离和扩繁,并进行了文冠果幼苗的菌根化试验。在采集到的文冠果根系中发现了VA菌根真菌共生结构,其自然侵染率约为20.5%左右;从根际土中分离出典型孢子,经初步检索鉴定其为球孢囊霉属的某个种(Glomus sp.);利用高丹草作为载体进行该菌种的扩大繁殖培养,培养60d后采集根样进行镜检,可明显观察到菌根孢子在根表的侵染点、菌丝及在根皮层细胞内形成的丛枝结构,表明VA菌根真菌的孢子已经与高丹草根系发生了有效侵染。利用继代培养后的接种体进行文冠果幼苗的菌根化回接试验,1年生菌根化幼苗苗高、地径、地上、地下部鲜重与对照相比分别提高了5.9%、7.2%、8.8%和7.4%,差异显著,表明文冠果幼苗期菌根化效果显著。     

3种菌根菌对栓皮栎接种的效应

菌根技术对于优质苗木的培养具有重要的意义.应用3种不同的外生菌根菌剂对栓皮栎幼苗进行土壤根际处理,并对其幼苗菌根菌的感染能力以及促进生长效果进行了分析研究,获得以下结果:菌剂处理对栓皮栎苗高、地径、干质量、侧根等方面有显著的促生作用;菌剂处理提高了苗木净光合速率及叶绿素的含量;筛选出了北京地区促进栓皮栎幼苗生长的优良菌种绵毛丝膜菌.     

板栗芽砧嫁接育苗中的断胚根处理技术

分别采用500mg/L的NAA溶液浸根、固体板栗菌根菌剂平面蘸根、500mg/L的NAA溶液浸根及固体菌根菌剂平面上粘根等3种方法对板栗芽砧嫁接苗进行断胚根处理。试验结果表明:3种处理方法对板栗芽砧嫁接苗的生长有不同程度影响,其中,NAA和菌根菌混合处理对芽砧苗的生长促进作用明显,最适合生产应用。     

褐环乳牛肝菌对轻基质营养包樟子松和油松苗的促生效应

为提高轻基质营养包樟子松和油松幼苗的出棚成活率以及对恶劣环境的适应能力,有效的增强其抗逆性,人工接种外生菌根真菌技术可以有效解决以上难题.用实验室生产的褐环乳牛肝菌优良菌株Suillus luteus SP4,SP7,SP8以及SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌液,应用蘸根的方法对1年生轻基质营养包樟子松幼苗和1年生轻基质营养包油松幼苗进行接种,试验结果表明,SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌剂接种两种幼苗的菌根侵染效果好于单独使用一种菌剂侵染,且接种油松幼苗的效果好于樟子松幼苗;相应的用SP4、SP7、SP8的混合液体菌剂接种的樟子松幼苗和油松幼苗的生长指标提高幅度最大.     

不同AM菌剂对石山树种任豆幼苗生长的影响

为探索任豆(Zenia insignis)接种AM菌剂后的生长效应,采用4种丛枝菌根真菌(HUN03B、XJ08A、HEB04、XJ04B)接种剂和2种接种处理方式(蘸根、穴施)接种任豆幼苗,观测其接种40、70、110和150的侵染率和侵染强度变化过程,分析接种后任豆苗木的生长及生物量动态。结果表明:4种丛枝菌根真菌对任豆苗木生长均具有一定的促进作用,接种半年后的接种苗比未接种苗的苗高增加12.29%～22.73%,地径增加24.64%～39.11%,总生物量增加37.88%～57.20%。蘸根比穴施更易使菌剂浸染任豆幼苗根系,有效提高了前期侵染率,促进苗木生长,但2种接种方式的浸染率在接种后150 d左右基本一致。任豆生长以蘸根HUN03B丛枝菌根真菌的促进作用较好。研究结果对促进石漠化地区任豆造林生长,提高石漠化地区森林植被恢复与重建有重要意义。     

Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of Douglas-fir transplanted container seedlings with commercially produced inoculum

Commercially produced vegetative inocula of Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme successfully formed ectomycorrhizae with Douglas-fir transplanted container (plug+1) seedlings. After 4.5 months in containers, 83% and 90%, respectively, of short roots were mycorrhizal. L. laccata- or H. crustuliniforme-inoculated seedlings had significantly more mycorrhizal and total short roots than Pisolithus tinctorius-inoculated (4% mycorrhizal root tips) or uninoculated control seedlings. No significant differences were detected in seedling growth at the end of the container phase.After transplantation and growth in nursery beds for 17 months, mean new short root colonization of all seedlings was 80%. H. crustuliniforme persisted as a dominant mycorrhizal fungus on seedlings initially inoculated with this fungus. L. laccata-inoculated seedlings had 40% of their short roots colonized by L. laccata and another 40% by native fungi Rhizopogon and Thelephora spp. All mycorrhizae of control seedlings and those inoculated with P. tinctorius were formed by fungi native to the nusery beds. A significant fungal treatment effect was detected for shoot height only. Control seedlings were significantly taller than L. laccata-inoculated seedlings after transplanting.This article is part of senior author's thesis in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Forest Science at Oregon State University, Corvallis.     

The response of ectomycorrhizal fungi on Pinus densiflora seedling roots to liquid culture

Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) seedlings taken from a nursery were grown in liquid culture with all roots entirely submerged in water. The aims of the present study were to observe the reactions of preformed ectomycorrhizae to liquid culture and to examine new infections by ectomycorrhizal fungi on newly formed root tips in liquid culture. Inoculation levels were controlled by trimming the ectomycorrhizal roots to one of three selected root lengths. The results showed that the mantles of pre-formed ectomycorrhizae were lost during the 8 weeks of the liquid culture and that these preformed root tips became blackish and wrinkled, but Hartig nets remained in these blackish root tips. On the newly formed lateral root tips, no ectomycorrhizal mantles were formed, although Hartig nets were found. In addition, the level of inoculum did not affect the frequency of Hartig nets in newly formed root tips, suggesting that the density of inoculum was more important than the amount of inoculum for new infection. In conclusion, ectomycorrhizal fungi endured and infected new roots while submerged; however, only Hartig nets were formed and not mantles.     

Seed source and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont affects growth of Juglans nigra seedlings

Seedlings of Juglans nigra from three seed sources were grown in fumigated soil without vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi or inoculated with Gigaspora margarita, Glomus deserticola or Glomus etunicatum. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal development varied significantly between fungal symbionts within a black walnut source. Glomus deserticola and G. etunicatum produced the highest levels of root colonization in all sources. Significant differences in seedling shoot and root growth were attributed to root colonization by specific VAM fungi in each black walnut source. Glomus deserticola stimulated seedling leaf area and root weight 26 and 52%, respectively, in one seed source. Seedling leaf N, P and K concentrations were significantly improved by VAM in two seed sources. Juglans nigra seedlings respond favorably to VAM colonization. However, differences between seed sources suggest a strong host-symbiont interaction.     

Field survival of containerized red and jack pine seedlings inoculated with mycelial slurries of ectomycorrhizal fungi

Red pine and jack pine seedlings growing in styroblocks were inoculated 8 wk after sowing with mycelium/agar slurries of 3 mycorrhizal fungi (Laccaria bicolor, Scleroderma citrinum, and an unidentified basidiomycete), and one suspected mycorrhizal fungus (Cantharellula umbonata). Seedlings inoculated with L. bicolor developed mycorrhizae earlier and in greater numbers than the other inoculation treatments, with red pine out-performing jack pine in both respects. At 34 wk following sowing, seedlings were outplanted on a cleared xeric site in Baraga Co., in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Seedlings inoculated with C. umbonata failed to form mycorrhizae and were not outplanted. Inoculation treatments did not affect shoot or root weight at outplanting. Red pine inoculated with L. bicolor averaged 21% and 19% greater survival compared with control seedlings after one and two years in the field, respectively. Other inoculation treatments failed to increase seedling survival for either tree species. Jack pine demonstrated higher overall survival than did red pine for both years in all corresponding inoculation treatments.     

Selection of efficient VA mycorrhizal fungi for Casuarina equisetifolia—second screening

An investigation was carried out to screen and select efficient vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi for inoculating the forest tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia. The seedlings were inoculated with 10 different VAM fungi, obtained from various sources. Inoculated seedlings generally had greater plant height, stem girth, biomass and P content than uninoculated plants. They also had more mycorrhizal root colonization and spore numbers in root zone soil. C. equisetifolia seedlings responded best (in biomass) to inoculation with Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe, closely followed by Acaulospora laevis Gerdemann and Trappe and G. fasciculatum (Thaxter Sensu Gerdemann) Gerdemann and Trappe; all the three being statistically on par with each other.     

A method for observing and manipulating roots and root associated fungi on plants growing in nonsterile substrates

Standard 14‐cm plastic‐petri dishes were used as root substrate chambers allowing controlled inoculation, regular inspection under the dissecting microscope, and manipulation of root infections with pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi under nonsterile conditions. Roots of young pine seedlings were placed on the root substrate and, especially those growing on the substrate surface under the lid, were very easy to manipulate. Mycorrhizal species and inoculation methods were compared and the infection process followed continuously under various conditions. The air pockets formed between the lid and the substrate favoured mycorrhiza formation. Brief, periodic flooding prevented formation of mycorrhizas in two mycorrhizal species having hydrophobic hyphae but did not prevent it in less hydrophobic species. IAA treatment of roots led to heavy production of mycorrhizas. Fruiting body formation in Lacearia laccata was induced and followed in the dish cultures. Pure mycorrhizal stock cultures were able to be revitalized in the dish cultures and reisolated in pure culture. The infection strategy of a weak root pathogen, Cylindrocarpon destructans, was studied with the same technique, which was also used for investigating treatments predisposing seedlings to pathogen infection.     

Pisolithus tinctorius increases the size of nursery grown red oak seedlings

Inoculation of nursery beds with vegetative mycelia of P. tinctorius (Pt) significantly increased the number of salable 1–0 red oak seedlings produced in two of three years and the average stem height and diameter each year. The percentage of Pt mycorrhizal primary lateral roots on seedlings in the inoculated plots was significantly correlated with stem diameter and weight of lateral roots. The high rates of colonization of short roots by Pt in inoculated plots suggested the test fungus could successfully compete with indigenous fungi in forming mycorrhizae.     

Cultured arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and native soil inocula improve seedling development of two pioneer trees in the Andean region

The tree species Alnus acuminata and Morella pubescens, native to South America, are candidates for soil quality improvement and afforestation of degraded areas and may serve as nurse trees for later inter-planting of other trees, including native crop trees. Both species not only form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), but also with N₂-fixing actinobacteria. Because tree seedlings inoculated with appropriate mycorrhizal fungi in the nursery resist transplanting stress better than non-mycorrhizal seedlings, we evaluated for A. acuminata and M. pubescens the potential of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi for obtaining robust tree seedlings. For the first time, a laboratory-produced mixed AMF inoculum was tested in comparison with native soil from stands of both tree species, which contains AMF and EMF. Seedlings of both tree species reacted positively to both types of inocula and showed an increase in height, root collar diameter and above- and belowground biomass production, although mycorrhizal root colonization was rather low in M. pubescens. After 6 months, biomass was significantly higher for all mycorrhizal treatments when compared to control treatments, whereas aboveground biomass was approximately doubled for most treatments. To test whether mycorrhiza formation positively influences plant performance under reduced water supply the experiment was conducted under two irrigation regimes. There was no strong response to different levels of watering. Overall, application of native soil inoculum improved growth most. It contained sufficient AMF propagules but potentially also other soil microorganisms that synergistically enhance plant growth performance. However, the AMF inoculum pot-produced under controlled conditions was an efficient alternative for better management of A. acuminata and M. pubescens in the nursery, which in the future may be combined with defined EMF and Frankia inocula for improved management practices.     

落叶松菌根真菌圃地接种效应

采用厚环乳牛肝菌,赭丝膜菌,灰环乳牛肝菌和彩色豆马勃４种外生菌根真菌固体纯培养接种物,对日本落叶松进行了圃地育苗接种试验。结果表明,苗高,地径,侧根数分别比较对照提高了１３．３８％－２３．５４％、１０．６５％－２４．７１％、９．９７％、－１３．７８％,苗木Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量分别比对照增加了０．７０％－１９．９６％、９．０６％－４７．８１％和１４．４５％－２１．１２％,苗木菌根感染率为６７．８２％－８３     

Application of mycorrhizal roots improves growth of tropical tree seedlings in the nursery: a step towards reforestation with native species in the Andes of Ecuador

Most tree species in tropical mountain rain forests are naturally associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Previous studies in southern Ecuador of 115 tree species revealed that only three species were not associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings of tropical tree species raised in the nursery may need to be associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to survive transplantation shock in higher numbers. Methods for establishing plantations with native tree species are not yet established for Ecuador. Thus, we investigated the feasibility of using mycorrhizal roots of seedlings of Inga acreana, Tabebuia chrysantha, Cedrela montana and Heliocarpus americanus that had trapped mycorrhizal fungi from forest humus in the nursery to inoculate C. montana and H. americanus with native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Inoculation with either a mixture of mycorrhizal roots from the four species or only with mycorrhizal roots from the same tree species were compared with effects of moderate fertilization. Assessment of plant growth and mycorrhizal status of 6-months-old Cedrela montana and Heliocarpus americanus revealed an improvement in growth and diverse associated fungi through mycorrhizal root inoculation in comparison with moderate fertilization. Moderate fertilization did not suppress mycorrhization.