饼类饲料热喷处理对羊瘤胃生态环境指标的影响

选用6只装有永久性瘤胃和十二指肠病管的成年半细毛羊进行试验。通过对饲料子物质在瘤胃内的消失率、瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸、pH值和NH3-N浓度以及十二指肠食糜流通量和进入二十指肠氨基酸数量的测定,分别对生大豆粕、菜籽饼和蓖麻饼的热喷处理效果进行观察。结果表明,热喷处理大豆粕、菜籽饼和蓖麻讲,显著地降低了干物质在瘤胃内的消失率;对十二指肠食糜流通量无显著影响,但提高了进入小肠内氨基酸总量和赖氨酸数量。     

热喷麦秸营养补添效果的研究

选用装配瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的成年杂种羯羊九只,分三组进行试验:1.热喷麦秸组:该组试羊除每日每只给饲400克基础混合精料外,自由采食热喷麦秸,2.热喷麦秸营养补添组:该组试羊饲喂方式基本上和热喷麦秸组相似,所不同的是除基础混合精料和热喷麦秸外,每日每只试羊另外补饲50克鱼粉和0.75千克青草;3.非热喷组:该组试羊每日每只除给饲400克基础混合精料外,另外自由采食未经热喷处理的麦秸。所用的基础混合精料的组成(%)为:玉米60.0;麸皮22.5;大豆饼15.0和混合矿物质2.5。试验总共进行118天。试验期间除观察羊毛生长和增重指标外,主要是对各组试羊的瘤胃微生态环境进行了检测。检测指标包括有瘤胃内48小时干物质消失率;粗蛋白降解率;瘤胃液的 PH 值,氨 N 水平和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的数量和比例;瘤胃食糜的 N/S 比;微生物蛋白产量;瘤胃和十二指肠食糜流通量;进入十二指肠的氨基酸数量以及采食量等多项指标。试验结果表明,热喷麦秸补添鱼粉和青饲后,降低了瘤胃内乙酸的比例,提高了丙酸的比例,NGR 指标也趋于改善;瘤胃和十二指肠食糜流通量增加;进入小肠的氨基酸数量增多;采食量明显提高;同时羊毛生长和增重指标也要比其他两组高。     

热喷麦秸营养补添效果的研究

选用装配瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的成年杂种揭羊9只,分3组进行试验：①热喷麦秸组：该组试羊除每日每只给饲400g基础混合材料外,自由采食热喷麦秸;②热喷麦秸营养补添组：该组试羊饲喂方式基本上和热喷麦秸组相似,所不同的是除基础混合糖料和热喷麦秸外,每日每只试羊另外补饲50g鱼粉和0．75kg青草;③非热喷组：该组试羊每日每只除给饲400g基础混合格料外,另外自由采食未经然喷处理的麦秸。所用的基础混合材料的组成（％）为：玉米60．0;铁皮22．5;大豆饼15．0和混合矿物质2．5。试验总共进行118天。试验期间除观察羊毛生长和增重指标外,主要是对各组试羊的疙胃微生态环境进行了检测。检测指标包括有周胃内48小时干物质消失率;粗蛋白降解率;瘤胃液的PH值,氨N水平和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的数量和比例;瘤胃食糜的N／S比;微生物蛋白产量;瘤胃和十二指肠食糜流通量;进入十二指肠的氨基酸数量以及采食量等多项指标。试验结果表明,热喷麦秸补添鱼粉和青饲后,降低了瘤胃内乙酸的比例,提高了丙酸的比例,NGR指标也趋于改善;瘤胃和十二指肠食糜流通量增加;进入小肠的氨基酸数量增多;采食量明显提高;同时羊毛生长和增重指标也要比其它两组高。     

控制原虫对绵羊日粮中蛋白质在瘤胃内降解和利用的影响

试验以绵羊为实验动物研究了控制原虫的种类和数量对瘤胃内蛋白质降解和利用的影响。结果表明:部分驱组绵羊日粮中蛋白质在瘤胃内降解率显著低于全驱组和对照组;全部驱组和部分驱组可显著提高瘤胃及进入十二指肠的TN、NAN和MC-N的流通量;各组绵羊进入十二指肠食糜内的氨基酸的总量差异显著,依次为:全驱组>部分驱组>对照组,而且部分驱组的氨基酸的组成模式最接近理想氨基酸的组成模式。     

不同日粮养分在绵羊体内消化量的研究

用装有永久性瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管羊测定蛋白质含量为 13 63 %、14 67%和 16 96%三个水平日粮在胃肠道各部位的食糜流通量和消失率。结果表明 :蛋白质含量多的日粮消化率高。瘤胃中干物质消化量比小肠高     

绵羊对含不同秸秆的全饲粮颗粒料的消化代谢

选用4只装有十二指肠近端套管的1岁杂种生长羯羊,按2×3交叉设计进行试验,交替饲喂以玉米Zea mays秸和苜蓿Medicago sativa为粗料(A处理)及以小麦Triticum aestivum秸和苜蓿为粗料(B处理)的等消化能(DE)、等氮全饲粮颗粒料;以Cr2O3为食糜标记物并结合全收粪、尿法,测定了绵羊十二指肠食糜流通量,瘤胃内、瘤胃后及全消化道干物质(DM)和氮的表观消化率,全消化道酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率及氮表观存留率.结果表明:十二指肠食糜流量、氮流量,瘤胃内、瘤胃后及全消化道DM和氮的消化率在2个处理间差异不显著(P>0.05),全消化道ADF和NDF消化率及氮表观存留率差异也不显著(P>0.05),但A处理全消化道DM和ADF的消化率及氮的表观存留率有大于B处理的趋势.     

饲喂豆饼、亚麻饼和血粉氮源日粮的生长绵羊限制性氨基酸研究

本实验选用9只装有瘤胃、十二指肠和回肠瘘管的生长羯羊 ,随机分为3组 ,分别饲喂以玉米为基础的豆饼型、亚麻饼型和血粉型3种不同氮源日粮 ,以Cr2O3 为食糜标记物测定3种日粮下绵羊消化道不同部位的食糜流通量和进入十二指肠的各种氨基酸的流通量与组成。然后 ,在每种日粮下按3×3拉丁方试验设计 ,并按“递减法”由十二指肠瘘管灌注不同氨基酸。在豆饼日粮下分为减色氨酸(Trp)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组 ;在亚麻饼日粮下分为减赖氨酸(Lys)组、减精氨酸(Arg)组和全量组 ;在血粉日粮下分为减精氨酸(Arg)组、减蛋氨酸(Met)组和全量组。测定灌注不同氨基酸对绵羊氮平衡、日增量、血浆尿素氮(PUN)和血浆游离氨基酸(FAA)浓度的影响。试验结果表明 :饲喂不同氮源日粮对绵羊瘤胃食糜流通速率(Kp)无显著影响(P=0.11) ,血粉日粮的瘤胃Kp 比豆饼日粮和亚麻饼日粮高。进入十二指肠食糜的总氮和非氨氮(NAN)在3种日粮间无显著差异(P>0.05) ;十二指肠食糜中微生物氮(MN)流通量差异不显著(P=0.72) ,其中饲喂亚麻饼日粮下绵羊十二指肠食糜中的微生物氮流量和微生物氮占非氨氮比(MN/NAN)最高(分别为7.48g/d和55.71 %) ;豆饼日粮次之 ,血粉日粮最低(39.23 %)。饲喂血粉日粮的绵羊十二指肠食糜中氨基酸总量高于豆饼和亚麻     

公牛饲喂n-3和n-6多不饱和脂肪酸日粮对瘤胃和十二指肠食糜中反式-C18:1和CLA含量的影响

试验旨在研究富含n-6PUFA(玉米青贮/牧草青贮、豆粕和豆油,对照组)和n-3PUFA(牧草青贮、菜籽饼和菜籽油,试验组)的基础日粮对法国西门塔尔牛中瘤胃和十二指肠食糜中反式-C18∶1和CLA的影响。屠宰牛后立即采集瘤胃和十二指肠食糜样进行分析。日粮能以不同途径影响瘤胃和十二指肠食糜中反式-C18∶1和CLA的含量。饲喂n-3PUFA日粮的牛比饲喂n-6PUFA日粮的牛瘤胃中富含较多的反-11,顺-13CLA异构体。饲喂两种日粮的牛瘤胃内未检测到反-7,顺-9CLA异构体的存在,但在十二指肠食糜中存在大量反-7,顺-9CLA异构体的存在。瘤胃内反-C18∶1的浓度及各异构体除反-16C18∶1均未受日粮的影响。饲喂n-3PUFA日粮的牛瘤胃内反-16C18∶1含量比饲喂n-6PUFA日粮牛瘤胃内含量显著低。     

沙葱和油籽对绵羊的营养物质在消化道中流通量及消失率的影响

试脸旨在通过研究沙葱和油籽对绵羊固相食糜流通率、液相食糜流通率以及营养成分在消化道消失率的影响,从而为进一步研究改善肉质机理奠定基础。试验选用3只体况良好的蒙古羯羊,采用3×3完全拉丁方试验设计。试验组分别为精料中添加4%沙葱、4%沙葱+油籽(8%胡麻籽+2%向日葵籽+2%线麻籽),对照组饲喂基础日粮。研究结果显示,添加沙葱+油料籽实可降低消化道各部位固相稀释率,降低瘤胃和十二指肠的液相稀释率;添加组DM和NDF的流通量均低于对照组,三个组DM和EE的流通量从消化道前到后递减,十二指肠CP的流通量大于CP进食量和胃CP的流通量;消化道同一部位不同处理除小肠的CP和大肠的EE外,其它营养物质的消失率无显著差异(P>0.05),CP消失率在小肠中最高。     

甲醛处理对菜籽饼蛋白质瘤胃降解和氮利用效率的影响

试验一:用三头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的湖羊,采有尼龙袋法测定了菜籽饼经四种不同浓度甲醛处理后,其蛋白质的瘤胃内降解率。甲醛处理显著降低了菜籽饼蛋白质的瘤胃降解率(P<0.01),随甲醛处理浓度的增大,菜籽饼蛋白降解率直线下降。C(对照组),0.3％、0.6％和0.9％(甲醛用量/菜籽饼粗蛋白量,HCHO/CP)处理的菜籽饼,其蛋白质降解率分别为61.7％、55.9％、49.5％、38.9％。分析试验结果发现,甲醛处理使菜籽饼蛋白降解率降低的主要原因是快速降解部分蛋白质的降低而引起。试验二:用这四种甲醛浓度处理的菜籽饼作为湖羊的蛋白补充料,按4×4拉丁方设计进行了氮平衡试验。经甲醛处理后,粪氮排出量有增加趋势,但尿氮排出量减少,其结果甲醛处理组的氮沉积高于对照组,其中0.6％(HCHO/CP)处理菜籽饼羊的氮沉积量最高,并显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,甲醛处理菜籽饼的浓度以占菜籽饼粗蛋白质的0.6％为适宜。     

The effect of the amount of urea in the diet on the contents of amino acids and other components of duodenal digesta in young bulls

Young bulls of average live weight 130 kg, with rumen cannulae and re-entrant cannulae of the proximal duodenum, were fed on a diet of maize meal from whole plants, potato starch and a mineral mixture, containing 7.6% crude protein in DM (group IV). For three groups the diet was supplemented to contain about 17.5% crude protein with groundnut oilmeal (group I), grundnut oilmeal and urea, 27 and 31.2% of dietary N (group II) or urea alone (group III). The content of gross energy was similar in all diets. The amount of total N entering the duodenum in groups I to IV was 61.6, 59.2, 49.9 and 38.0 g/day and apparent digestibility of N in the stomachs was -0.4, 5.8, 21.6 and -44.4%. Total amount of amino acids in the duodenal digesta was, in the same order, 257, 261, 215 and 170 g/day, equivalent to 80, 116, 165 and 127% of intake. The ratio of the amounts of essential to nonessential amino acids was in feed 0.84 and in duodenal digesta in all groups 0.98. The amount of lysine in duodenal digesta was 1.5, 2.0, 3.5 and 2.5 times its intake in the same order of the groups.     

Ruminal protein metabolism and intestinal amino acid utilization as affected by dietary protein and carbohydrate sources in sheep.

Eight wether lambs fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of carbohydrate and protein sources on ruminal protein metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation and intestinal amino acid (AA) absorption. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley; protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Diets contained 15.5% CP, of which 40% was supplied by SBM or FM. Corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM that contained equal amounts of grass hay and wheat straw. Fish meal diets produced a lower (P less than .05) ruminal NH3 concentration and resulted in less CP degradation and bacterial protein flow to the duodenum than did SBM diets. Replacing SBM with FM increased (P less than .05) ruminal digestion of all fiber fractions. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities in the rumen tended to increase (P greater than .05) when barley replaced corn in the FM diets. Carbohydrate x protein interactions (P less than .05) were observed for OM digestion in the rumen and AA absorption in the small intestine (percentage of AA entering); these interactions were highest for the barley-FM diet. These results suggest that feeding FM with barley, which is high in both degradable carbohydrate and protein, might benefit ruminants more than feeding FM with corn, which is high in degradable carbohydrate but relatively low in degradable protein.     

Effects of three major protein sources on performance,gut morphology and fermentation characteristics in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. This study determined the effects of three protein sources (PS), each at two digestibility crude protein (DCP) levels, on performance, gut morphology and fermentation characteristics in the hindgut of broilers.

2. It was hypothesised that broilers fed ingredients high in indigestible CP, i.e. rapeseed meal (RSM) or maize gluten (MG), could potentially cause reduced growth, impaired gut health, and more protein fermentation products in caecal digesta. Increasing the DCP level in each of the indigestible CP diets may compensate for these detrimental effects.

3. In total, 288 one-d-old male Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomised 3 × 2 factorial design, with six replicate pens per treatment. Three PS: soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or maize gluten (MG), and two DCP levels: 15.8 and 17.2% were used.

4. Broilers fed SBM had increased feed intake and BWG and improved FCR compared with those fed RSM and MG diets. Broilers fed high DCP had better performance compared with those on low DCP. No significant effects of PS or DCP level were found on gastrointestinal tract development, caecal ammonia or volatile fatty acid concentrations.

5. Broilers fed SBM had longer villi, smaller crypts and increased villus height to crypt depth ratio compared with those fed RSM and MG diets. Broilers fed RSM diet had a lower caecal pH, and had 16.5% and 14.9% more branched chain fatty acid contents in caecal digesta compared with those fed SBM and MG diets, respectively, indicating more proteolytic fermentation.

6. Replacing SBM by RSM and MG negatively affected growth performance and gut morphology. Hindgut protein fermentation was substantially increased in RSM fed birds.

7. To a certain extent, retarded growth performance in RSM and MG fed birds could be counterbalanced by increasing the dietary level of digestible CP.     

Effects of using thermally treated lupins instead of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in total mixed rations on in vitro microbial yield and performance of dairy cows

The objective was to study whether thermally treated lupins (TTL) can replace solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) in dairy cow rations. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They differed in the inclusion of the main protein feeds (TTL alone, TTL + RSM and RSM + SBM) but were equal in organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy content. In vitro organic matter fermentation was not significantly different between the TMR. Efficiency of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis was significantly higher for TMR RSM + SBM than for TTL. In vitro gas production potential was similar for the three TMR. The maximal rate of gas production was achieved later in TMR TTL than in RSM + SBM. Feed intake of dairy cows was significantly lower when TMR TTL was fed than when TMR TTL + RSM or RSM + SBM were fed. Milk yield was significantly lower with the high inclusion rate of TTL in comparison with the other TMR. The contents of milk protein and milk fat were significantly lower when the two TTL containing TMR were fed in comparison with the RSM + SBM ration. Effects of TTL inclusion on MCP synthesis may affect the amino acid supply to the duodenum of cows to a greater extent than differences in the degradability of feed proteins.     

氯化锌对饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解的影响

探索用新的蛋白质保护剂氯化锌保护豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和胡麻粕4种饲料,用尼龙袋法测定4种饲料处理前后蛋白质的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:ZnCl2处理可以降低饲料蛋白质在瘤胃的降解率,能够保护饲料蛋白质,提高过瘤胃蛋白的数量。0.5%ZnCl2处理可降低豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和胡麻粕蛋白质有效降解率8.2%、3.8%、14.9%和9.8%。从降解动力学分析,ZnCl2处理降低了饲料蛋白质的快速降解部分和降解速度,从而降低了蛋白质的有效降解率。     

反刍家畜常用饲料蛋白质和氨基酸瘤胃降解特性和小肠消化率评定研究

本试验探讨了常用饲料在瘤胃的降解特性及非降解饲料的小肠消化率,旨在为研究反刍动物的营养平衡和消化规律及科学配制日粮提供依据。试验选用3头装瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的肉牛,采用尼龙袋法研究反刍动物常用饲料粗蛋白质和氨基酸瘤胃降解参数和表观小肠消化率。结果表明,在本试验中粗蛋白质降解率由低到高的顺序为:酒糟蛋白、黄玉米、羊草、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、棉粕、豆粕、花生饼、啤酒糟、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸;总氨基酸瘤胃降解率由低至高的顺序依次为:酒糟蛋白、黄玉米、羊草、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、豆粕、棉粕、啤酒糟、花生饼、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸。除花生饼、酒糟蛋白和黄玉米外,粗蛋白质和总氨基酸的有效降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。粗蛋白质的表观小肠消化率由低至高的顺序依次为:苜蓿、羊草、米糠、小麦麸、啤酒糟、玉米胚芽饼、棉粕、菜粕、玉米、酒糟蛋白、花生饼、豆粕;总氨基酸的小肠消化率由低至高的顺序依次为:羊草、苜蓿、米糠、小麦麸、啤酒糟、玉米胚芽饼、菜粕、棉粕、花生饼、玉米、酒糟蛋白、豆粕。由此可见,不同的饲料瘤胃降解特性是不同的,并且为小肠提供的各种可吸收氨基酸潜力也是不同的。     

Feed intake and digestion by beef cows fed prairie hay with different levels of soybean meal and receiving post-ruminal administration of antibiotics

Six cannulated beef cows (one Angus, two Hereford and three Angus x Hereford; 405 kg) were used in a 6 x 6 latin square experiment with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Prairie hay (.77% N, 73% neutral detergent fiber [NDF] and 7% acid detergent lignin) was fed ad libitum from d 1 through 14 and at 90% of ad libitum intake from d 15 through 21 during digesta collection. Periods lasted 21 d. Soybean meal (SBM) was offered at 0 (control, C), .12 (low, L) or .24% of body weight (high, H; dry matter basis). Cows received daily doses of an antibiotic mixture (1 g neomycin and .125 g bacitracin) or saline in the duodenum. Prairie hay dry matter (DM) intake increased (P less than .05) linearly with SBM supplementation, being 25 and 40% greater for L and H than for C, respectively. Ruminal fluid concentrations of NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids increased (P less than .05) linearly as SBM was added to the diet. Ruminal fluid dilution rate increased linearly and particulate passage rate increased (P less than .05) quadratically with increasing SBM. True ruminal digestibilities of organic matter, NDF and N increased (P less than .10) quadratically with increasing SBM (organic matter; 50.3, 57.9 and 58.3%; NDF: 54.7, 60.4 and 59.8%; N: 17.5, 45.1 and 51.4% for C, L and H, respectively). Main effects of antibiotic administration were not significant. Increases in DM intake when SBM was given were large compared with the small elevations in ruminal digestion, implying that metabolic regulation was modifying intake of low-quality forage.     

The extraction particles from winter rapeseed with different glucosinolate fractions in swine with regard to the iodine supply. 3. Apparent digestibility of crude nutrients with special regard to the carbohydrate and nitrogen balance]

In two digestibility and N-balance experiments the following solvent extracted meals were examined in a grain (barley and wheat in equal parts) or in a starch diet with four female pigs/group fitted with urethra catheters during the 5 days sampling period: 48% soyabean meal (SBM) (1), 24% conventional rapeseed meal (RSM) (2), 24 (3) or 48% (4) RSM from a newly bred low glucosinolate variety, groups 1 to 4 with grain, 48% low glucosinolate RSM (5) or 48% SBM (6) both with starch. In numeric order of the groups 88, 85, 86, 84, 79 and 89% N were digested. Pigs responded to the additional faecal N excretion from RSM diets by a lower urinary N excretion and thus they reached the N-balance of the animals fed on SBM. In numeric order of the groups 86, 79, 80, 73, 73 and 92% of the organic matter of the solvent extracted meals were digested. In comparison with SBM even 48% RSM in the feed significantly lowered the digestibility of organic matter. Using detergents the additional faecal organic matter excretion of RSM versus SBM could quantified as two third lignin. In the case of 24% RSM in the diet--i.e. 15% of the carbohydrates given--the carbohydrate digestibility is estimated with a high error, that an energetic feed value should not calculated. Investigating 48% SBM or RSM respectively in a grain diet the net energy content was 9.8 MJ (666 Energetic Feed Units, EFU pig) or 8.3 MJ (569 EFU pig)/kg dry matter (DM). Based on the starch diet, however, little relevant for estimation of normal pig diets, there were evaluated 10.6 MJ (720 EFU pig) for SBM and 8.3 MJ (567 EFU pig) net energy/kg DM for RSM.     

Apparent precaecal digestibility of nutrients and level of endogenous nitrogen in digesta of the small intestine of growing pigs as affected by various digesta viscosities.

Sixteen male growing pigs of about 24 kg BW were fitted with both a duodenal re-entrant and a post-valve T-shaped cannula inserted in the caecum. The animals were divided into four groups. Each group received one of the following diets: corn starch-soybean protein isolate-based diet without (diet C) and with carboxymethylcellulose (diet CMC) or a rye-wheat-based diet without (diet RW) and with xylanase addition (diet RWX). The diets provided similar levels of apparent precaecal digestible crude protein (CP), lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine and tryptophan. Additionally, [15N]-yeast was given with the diets during the first 10 days of the experiment. For estimation of digesta viscosity, N-flow of dietary and endogenous origin, apparent precaecal digestibilities of dry matter (DM), CP, amino acids and non starch polysaccharides (NSP) (only in pigs fed diets RW and RWX), ileal and duodenal digesta were quantitatively collected on day 16 and 17, respectively. The endogenous N-proportion was measured by the ratio of 15N enrichment in the digesta and urine. The duodenal and ileal digesta supernatant viscosity increased as carboxymethylcellulose was included into the diet. Xylanase addition to the rye-wheat based diet reduced the viscosity in the ileal digesta. There were no differences in precaecal digestibilities of DM, CP and amino acids between diet C and CMC. The precaecal digestibilities of DM and soluble and insoluble NSP increased from 69.5% to 73.9%, from 1.3% to 47.9% and from 17.0% to 35.4%, respectively, as xylanase was added to the rye-wheat-based diet. The apparent precaecal digestibility of most essential amino acids increased by 2 to 5 percent units. The amounts of endogenous N at the duodenal level were estimated to be 158, 233, 313 and 276 mg per 12 h per kg0.75 BW of pigs fed diets C, CMC, RW and RWX, respectively. The corresponding values at the ileal level were 95, 107, 164 and 150 mg per 12 h per kg0.75 BW. For endogenous N amounts, significant differences were observed between diets C and CMC (duodenum) and also between semi-purified and cereal-based diets (duodenum and ileum). Methodological aspects for the estimation of endogenous N using the isotope dilution technique are discussed. Obviously, the digesta viscosity per se does not affect the nutrient absorption and endogenous N flow within the small intestine of pigs. Other properties of complex dietary fibre, digesta passage rate or bacterial activity probably contribute to the observed changes.     

Effects of supplemental protein source and level of urea on intestinal amino acid supply and feedlot performance of lambs fed diets based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplemental CP source and level of urea on intestinal amino acid (AA) supply and feedlot performance of lambs fed diets based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS). In Exp. 1, five cannulated (ruminal, duodenal, and ileal) crossbred wethers (61 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of different sources of CP and included soybean meal (SBM), a combination of urea, distillers dried grains (DDG), and fish meal, each provided an equal portion of supplemental CP (UDF), and three levels of urea (17, 33, and 50% of supplemental CP) fed in combination with DDG (U17, U33, and U50). Organic matter and N digestibilities decreased (P less than .05) when lambs were fed U17 compared with those fed SBM. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in bacterial N or AA flows to the duodenum due to CP source despite large differences in ruminal NH3 N concentrations and lower ruminal OM digestion when lambs were fed U17. Duodenal nonbacterial N and AA flows were highest (P less than .05) in lambs fed U17 and UDF and lowest when lambs were fed U50 and SBM. Lysine concentration in duodenal digesta decreased with incremental increases in DDG. In Exp. 2, 30 individually penned ram lambs (33 kg) were allotted to five CP treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were similar to those of Exp. 1, with the exception that U17 was replaced by a 14% CP diet with SBM as the supplemental CP source; all other diets were formulated to contain 12% CP. Lambs fed U50 had decreased (P less than .08) ADG and gain/feed compared with all other treatments, and lambs fed UDF had greater (P less than .05) ADG and gain/feed than lambs fed U33. It was concluded that 17% of the supplemental CP from urea seems adequate to maximize bacterial protein synthesis and that no more than 33% of the supplemental CP should be provided by urea in diets based on AHPWS. Feeding a combination of ruminally resistant protein sources with complementary AA profiles of lysine and methionine (UDF) may enhance quality of protein entering the duodenum and feedlot performance.