逆境下广布野豌豆的适宜收获时间

及时收获对于获得最大的种子活力和种子产量是很重要的,许多牧草都具有种子脱落及其他种子生产的问题。裂荚是广布野豌豆种子生产中的一个重要问题。本文的研究目的是通过分析种子和荚果的生理学特征、种子的抗逆能力来进一步确定广布野豌豆(Vicia cracca)的收获时间。在广布野豌豆荚果发育过程中,每隔3 d收获1次荚果,到荚果开始出现开裂为止(盛花后第42 d)。结果显示,盛花后36~42 d,荚果干重、千粒重达到最大及荚果含水量达到最小,在此期间NaCl和Na₂CO₃胁迫下的种子发芽率、发芽速率及胚根长均达到最大值。因此,广布野豌豆在裂荚前6 d收获不影响种子产量和品质。     

转Bt基因棉中棉所30不同开花期棉铃发育及产量构成因素的研究

转 Bt基因棉中棉所 30第 I期 (1 998年 7月2 5～ 2 6日开花 )棉铃花后 1 0 d的体积和单铃重分别较轮回亲本中棉所 1 6增加 8.57%和 1 1 .88% ,表明其库强度较高 ;而第 II期 (8月 3～ 5日开花 )和第 III期 (8月 1 2～ 1 4日开花 )棉铃的早期 (铃龄 1 0 d前 )及各期棉铃的中后期 (铃龄 1 0 d后 )体积和单铃重均低于中棉所 1 6,并且其瘪子数随开花期推延快速增加 ,反映了该品种源器官供应能力的不足。中棉所 30棉铃纤维对同化产物的竞争力较强 ,每饱子纤维数、每饱子皮棉重、每铃皮棉重和衣分基本上极显著或显著高于中棉所 1 6,而铃壳和种子的物质积累减少 ,铃壳比例、饱子数、饱子重和子指降低 ,瘪子数上升     

冰菜种子采后处理技术和萌发温度的研究

探寻冰菜蒴果的采收期、烘干温度、种子大小及催芽温度，为冰菜的种苗繁育提供技术支持。选用冰菜蒴果和种子为试验材料，研究蒴果不同采收期、蒴果烘干温度、种子大小及催芽温度对种子萌发的影响。结果表明，在冰菜蒴果变为黄色，含水量低于20%时，采收的种子发芽率最高，褐果发芽率次之，青果最差；0.7-0.9mm大小的种子萌发率最高，为82.3%；对蒴果进行烘干处理发现，40℃烘干5.5h的蒴果易碾碎脱粒，种子含水量7%以下，种子发芽率89%以上；25℃催芽处理种子萌发率最高，为83%。当冰菜蒴果变为黄色时及时采收，然后经过40℃烘干5.5h后进行碾碎处理，再经0.7-0.9mm网筛处理后种子的种子发芽率最高，种子最适催芽温度为25℃。     

Development Traits Affecting Time to Low Ear Moisture in Maize

A diallel cross of six inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) from the Corn Belt of the USA and one inbred line (NZ1A) with characteristics of maize from the highlands of Mexico was grown in a cool, temperate environment. The objective was to investigate interrelationships and combining abilities of plant development traits likely to influence the time required to reach low ear moistures in the field. The traits were days to silking, days to physiological maturity, ear moisture at physiological maturity, grain filling duration and ear drying rate after physiological maturity. Grain yield and grain moisture at harvest were also considered. Differences among the hybrids of this diallel cross for ear and grain moisture at the usual harvest time were largely determined by differences in ear drying rate after physiological maturity, and not by differences in days to silking, days to physiological maturity, or in ear moisture at physiological maturity. General combining ability (GCA) effects were much larger than specific combining ability (SCA) effects for all traits. NZ1A had positive GCA effects for grain filling duration and negative GCA effects for ear moisture at physiological maturity which were outside the range of the Corn Belt lines suggesting that this line, or similar Mexican germplasm, could be useful for developing hybrids with high grain yields and low ear moistures at harvest in cool, temperate environments.     

转Bt基因棉中棉所3O不同开花期棉铃发育及产量构成因素的研究

转Bt基因棉中棉所30第Ⅰ期(1998年7月25～26日开花)棉铃花后10d的体积和单铃重分别较轮回亲本中棉所16增加8．57％和11．88％,表明其库强度较高;而第Ⅱ期(8月3～5日开花)和第Ⅲ期(8月12～14日开花)棉铃的早期(铃龄10d前)及各期棉铃的中后期(铃龄10d后)体积和单铃重均低于中棉所16,并且其瘪子数随开花期推延快速增加,反映了该品种源器官供应能力的不足。中棉所30棉铃纤维对同化产物的竞争力较强,每饱子纤维数、每饱子皮棉重、每铃皮棉重和衣分基本上极显著或显著高于中棉所16,而铃壳和种子的物质积累减少,铃壳比例、饱子数、饱子重和子指降低,瘪子数上升。     

不同收获时期对油菜机械收获损失率及籽粒品质的影响

以华油杂62为材料,测定70%油菜角果变黄至角果明显炸裂时期机械收获的产量损失、植株不同部位水分含量、粒重和籽粒含油量等指标,研究不同收c获时期对产量损失率和籽粒品质的影响。试验表明,机械收获的产量总损失率在7.00%~15.80%之间,随着收获时期逐渐推迟,总损失率先降低后增加。产量损失分为自然脱粒损失、割台损失和清选脱粒损失。割台损失率随收获时期推迟逐渐增加,占总损失率的比例为7.80%~31.01%;清选和脱粒损失率随收获时期推迟逐渐降低,是机械收获中最大的损失部分,占总损失率的56.87%~92.20%。总损失率与籽粒、角果皮、主花序和分枝水分含量均呈极显著正相关。籽粒水分含量为16.23%时千粒重和含油率最高,而后,随籽粒水分含量的下降,千粒重、含油率、全碳含量和C/N值均略有降低。油菜机械化收获以籽粒和角果皮水分含量在11%~13%之间时为宜,此期的千粒重、油分含量、机械收获产量和产油量均较高。     

陇东2020年“强凉夏”气候特征及对农业影响分析

为研究“凉夏”事件的气候特征及对农业影响,对2020年夏季（6—8月）降水、气温和日照资料及春玉米发育期和产量资料进行分析,结果表明：经计算甘肃陇东2020年夏季为区域性“强凉夏”（区域性“冷夏”）;2020年夏季平均气温除6月上旬较历年同期偏高、7月上旬、8月上旬略高外,其余时间平均气温均较历年同期偏低,尤其是7月中旬偏低了3℃;各县夏季平均气温除环县、西峰较历年同期正常略低外,其余各县均普遍偏低,镇原偏低2.1℃,其中镇原、华池为历史记录次低值;夏季降水量较历年同期明显偏多,雨日偏多,其中正宁降水量和环县雨日为历史第二多;夏季日照较历年同期明显偏少,西峰、宁县为历史最少;“强凉夏”造成大秋作物生育期延长,较历年平均值延长12天左右;气候产量虽为正效应,但并非丰产年;生殖生长后期的持续低温寡照及土壤持续过湿,是造成产量较正常年份明显下降的主要原因;但由于降水充足,尤其是关键生育阶段土壤水分充足加之春玉米生长的特殊性和自适应调整,是气候产量仍为正效应的主要影响因素。     

Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Siliqua Relating to Oil-filling in Mustard Seeds

Developing siliquas on the mustard inflorescence were sampled at basal, middle and apical positions and the changes in free sugars and starch in pod wall and seed vis-á-vis oil-filling in the seeds were studied. The dry matter and oil content per seed and pod wall was highest at initial stages in apical followed by mid-development stages in middle and late development stages in basal positions. The oil percentage m the pod wall decreased with the period of siliqua development. The phase of rapid oil filling in the seeds varied from 20 to 40 DAF (days after flowering) in basal to 10 to 30 DAF in middle and 10 to 20 DAF in apical positions. The content of starch and total soluble sugars (% dry weight basis) decreased in the seeds as well as pod walls but showed accumulation on per seed basis with a maximum at 20, 30 and 40 DAF while on pod wall basis, the maxima of total soluble sugars was at 20, 20 and 40 DAF in apical, middle and basal position respectively. In the pool of total soluble sugars, the proportion of non-reducing sugars was predominant. The activity of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) declined while those of a-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) and β-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) showed maximum values in the seeds as well as pod wall during the phase of rapid oil-filling in the seeds. The results suggested that ontogeny and duration of seed development vis-á-vis the environmental conditions played an important role in lipid biosynthesis in mustard seeds.     

Monocarpk Senescence in Relation to Yield of Sesamum indicum During Source-Sink Alteration

Defoliation hastens senescence of the capsule wall, increased seed weight/capsule and harvest index, promotes seed filling and decreased the post-flowering contribution and yield/plant. Defruiting delayed senescence of the subtending leaf. Treatment of kinetin on the capsule wall increased its chlorophyll, sugar and dry weight and also increased yield by increasing harvest index, seed weight/capsule compared to seed treatment as well as control, although post-flowering contribution reduced significantly. When treated on the capsule wall ABA defers senescence of both leaf and capsule wall and also increased the yield parameters but seed treatment although defers senescence of both the source organs, decreased the yield parameters. Treatment of urea defers senescence of the source organs and also increased yield and capsule number though harvest index was reduced.
It is concluded that contribution from the capsule wall and deferment of senescence of this organ at the post capsule development period determines yield and in normal condition contribution of source is limited by the sink size.     

Pod, Seed and Germination Characteristics of Selected Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (Linn.) Maton) Varieties

Cardamom is a popular and important tropical spice, traditionally propagated by rhizomes, although seeds which are considered recalcitrant are being increasingly used in planting programmes. Thus a study evaluated the effects of pod maturity on pod, seed and germination characteristics of three popular varieties, along with the influence of drying on seed germinability.
Green and yellow mature pods and seeds of all varieties had a high moisture content. The variety Mysore, which is considered high yielding, had larger pods with a greater number of heavy seeds. Although the pods of Vazukka were heavier than the Malabar variety due to greater seed weights, seed numbers were similar in both varieties. Seed moisture contents declined with increasing pod maturity, while seed weights and germinability increased.
The germinability of Mysore seeds were greater, while that of the other varieties were lower. The larger seeds of all varieties germinated 15–20 days earlier, giving rise to a greater percentage (20–25 %) of seedlings. Desiccation at 20 °C maintained germinability for a longer period (5–9 days) in all varieties, than when dried at 30 °C. The seeds of the variety Mysore was more tolerant to desiccation than other varieties. The study illustrated the importance of selecting large seeds from yellow mature pods of cardamom for propagation and the value of establishment immediately after harvest to obtain a greater number of seedlings.     

再生稻栽培技术的研究进展

根据已报到的研究材料,综述了中国南方稻区再生稻的研究进展。所有的水稻品种均可获得一定的再生稻产量,常规品种的再生稻产量明显低于杂交水稻的再生稻产量,而三系杂交水稻的再生稻产量又较两系杂交稻的再生稻产量低;留桩高度各地因组合不同和生态条件不同而有一定的差异,一般为10~40 cm;各节间腋芽在温度、光照和水分适宜的条件下均能较好的萌发,施用赤霉素和细胞分裂素均能有效促进腋芽的萌发,并能提高再生芽的成活率;再生稻腋芽萌发及成活的最适温度为24.5~27.0℃,相对湿度为81%~85%,‘汕优63’再生稻结实率≥70%的临界低温指标是：连续5日平均气温≥21℃;头季稻齐穗期剑叶SPAD值、叶片含氮量和群体单位面积的总颖花量3个因子可以用来预测再生稻高产的促芽肥经济施用量;超级杂交稻也可获得较好的再生稻产量。再生稻的栽培技术还可进一步的研究。     

Genetic improvement of soybean varieties released in India from 1969 to 1993

Summary Soybean is an important oilseed crop in India and varieties with high yield potential are being developed since 1969. This study was conducted to assess the impact of breeding on yield and plant characteristics during the last 25 years. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate forty three soybean varieties belonging to two different selection cycles and representing most of the varieties developed in the domestic breeding programme of India from 1969 to 1993. Varieties resulting from selection cycle 1 showed 4 times higher seed yield and harvest index as compared to the farm traditional variety Kalitur. This yield increase was due to an increase in biomass, pods plant^–1, mean seed weight and longer seed filling duration, but a reduced plant height and improved lodging tolerance, less seeds pod^–1 and early flowering and maturity dates. The varieties of selection cycle 2 showed 19% higher seed yields and 16% increase in harvest index over selection cycle 1 accompanied by longer seed filling duration, more seeds pod^–1 and reduced plant height. The annual genetic gain in seed yield of soybean varieties released in India from 1969 to 1993 was approximately 22 kg ha^–1.     

充氮储藏对大豆老化劣变影响的研究

研究了充氮气调储藏对大豆老化的影响。控制氮气体积分数分别为98%和78%,比较了水分含量,储藏温度和储藏时间对大豆发芽率、浸出液电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,充氮储藏和普通储藏的大豆种子在储藏过程中发芽率会逐渐下降,水分12.2%的大豆在20℃储藏180d时发芽率保持在85%以上,而高温(30℃)高水分(14.9%)储藏大豆储藏至90d时,发芽率已降至零,种子完全丧失活力;充氮储藏的大豆浸出液电导率和丙二醛含量均比普通储藏的对照组大豆低,根据相关性分析,发芽率、电导率、丙二醛(MDA)和过氧化物酶(POD)存在极显著或显著相关性。充氮气调储藏能在一定程度上延缓大豆在储藏过程中的老化。     

檵木及红花檵木种子萌发特性研究初报

为了探讨檵木及红花檵木种子萌发特性,为其通过有性杂交、实生选种等方法进行遗传改良与种质创新提供参考,选用檵木及红花檵木几个代表性类型和品种的种子为试验材料,研究不同采收期、不同贮藏方法、不同播种时间、不同预处理对其种子萌发的影响。结果显示：檵木及红花檵木种子具有后熟作用,需要经过100天左右的低温沙藏（层积处理）度过其深度生理休眠才能较好地发芽（室内发芽率可达70%~80%）;在长沙地区,为了在蒴果开裂种子散落前收集到具有较好萌发力的红花檵木种子,9月中旬至10月上旬采收较为适宜;带果皮的低温沙藏和不带果皮的低温储藏都不利于檵木及红花檵木种子的后熟,用不带果皮的脱粒种子进行低温沙藏是比较合适的贮藏方法;檵木及红花檵木种子室外秋播发芽率显著高于室外春播发芽率,同时还表现出一定的基因型差异。     

可溶性寡糖和小分子的热激蛋白与杂交水稻种子成熟过程中发芽能力及种子活力相关

系统研究了不同成熟期Y两优689杂交水稻种子的活力、可溶性寡糖含量和小分子热激蛋白表达量的变化。运用模糊隶属函数法综合分析种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、平均发芽时间、根数、根长、苗高、苗重发现,授粉后19~34d的种子生活力与活力均较高。种子成熟过程中含水量呈下降趋势,授粉后10~22 d,种子含水量从48.2%下降至23.9%;鲜种子棉子糖与果糖含量分别呈上升和下降趋势;水苏糖和葡萄糖呈先上升后下降趋势。授粉后10~19 d,小分子热激蛋白64SHsp18.0和Os03g0267200基因的表达量均呈上升趋势,此后相对表达量下降。水分、棉子糖、水苏糖和蔗糖等物质含量,鲜种子及干种子的千粒重,以及64SHsp18.0和Os03g0267200基因的相对表达量均与种子发芽密切相关。     

Selection for pod retention and pod indehiscence in lentils

Summary The genetic variation for seed yield losses and the response to selection for reduction of such losses was studied by a six-week delay in the timing of harvest in various segregating populations from four lentil crosses. The bulk segregating populations had previously been subjected to different numbers of selection by means of a delayed harvest. The loss in seed yield from a delayed harvest in the two seasons 1981/82 and 1982/83 accounted for 551 and 105 kg/ha seed, representing 34 and 11% of the yield from a correctly timed harvest respectively. Pod drop accounted for 65% of this loss, whereas dehiscence gave 35% of the loss in both seasons. The parents of cross 4 differed significantly for pod dehiscence, with genotype 74TA 550 showing relative indehiscence. Selection by means of a delayed harvest of bulk populations decreased pod dehiscence, mean seed weight and bulk mean yield.     

荔枝和龙眼种子发育过程发芽率与脱水忍耐力变化

荔枝和龙眼种子发育成熟时不经历脱水干燥过程，成熟采收时种子含水量（fwb）分别达44．6％，42．5％。荔枝和龙眼新鲜种子不经脱水干燥处理即可萌发，并且在所有发育时期均不能忍耐较大程度的脱水。但对部分脱水的忍耐力在发育中有所升高，种子生理成熟时最大，然后略有下降。初步探讨了荔枝和龙眼种子发育过程脱水忍耐力与顽拗性种子采后生理行为的关系．     

人工老化对小麦种子活力及醇溶蛋白组成的影响

为揭示种子活力与醇溶蛋白组成变化的关系,以小麦品种百农矮抗58、周麦18、新麦208、郑麦9023和杂交小麦(BNS/05525)为材料,高温(43±1)℃、高湿(95％相对湿度)老化处理0,4,6,9,12,15d和20 d,对老化处理种子的活力及醇溶蛋白组成进行了分析.结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,小麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数逐渐降低,老化20 d的小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均降为0,种子活力丧失.在同一老化程度下,杂交小麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均高于百农矮抗58、周麦18、新麦208、郑麦9023,说明杂交小麦的抗老化能力较强;电导率在种子老化的0～12 d内变化较小,种子老化到15d时电导率迅速升高;5个小麦品种种子老化20 d后,发芽率从100％下降到0,醇溶蛋白的表达均出现了带型的变化,ω区醇溶蛋白出现了谱带的丢失、新蛋白的增加及蛋白表达量的上升和下降.种子活力丧失与蛋白的丢失、新谱带的产生都是在同一时间(种子老化20 d),说明种子活力的丧失与ω区域醇溶蛋白的消失和新增加的蛋白质有关;种子老化程度的加剧,导致了某些存活能力差的基因型消失,消失的基因可能与种子活力的表达相关.     

三种内包装材料对辣椒种子发芽的影响

目的：寻找在南方潮湿气候下,能够安全保存辣椒种子的内包装材料。方法：用不同包装材料包装的种子置于高温高湿下,贮藏不同的时间后检测其含水量、发芽势、发芽率。结果：三种袋中铝箔袋最好,镀铝袋次之,纸袋最差。结论：结构为PET/AL0.7/PE的内包装材料的包装袋最适合我国南方辣椒的内包装。     

脱水对万寿竹种子发芽及部分抗逆生理指标的影响

[目的]探究万寿竹种子脱水过程中,发芽及部分抗逆生理指标的变化情况,为万寿竹种子贮藏及采收提供理论依据.[方法]利用室温硅胶干燥法获得45.90％、40.50％、38.07％、33.08％、27.26％、16.67％、14.63％7个含水量梯度的种子,以未干燥的种子(49.12％)为空白对照,分别测定各个含水量梯度种子的生活力、发芽率、电导率、CAT、SOD、POD、AsA-POD活性、MDA、可溶性蛋白质含量.[结果]种子含水量保持在33.08％以上时,能保持较高的生活力、发芽率,当含水量下降到33.08％以下时,种子发芽率和生活力开始显著下降.[结论]万寿竹种子不耐脱水,属于顽拗性种子,贮藏时含水量应保持在33.08％以上.