Concepts for Planning Urban Greening since 1850s

1 INTRODUCTIONUrban greening and urban forestry are the often-usedterms today concerning planning trees and vegetationin a city to benefit the city environment and the citylife. Urban greening is defined as the planning andmanagement of all urban vegetation to create or addvalues to the local community in an urban area(Konijnendijk, et al, 2002). Urban forestry is definedas the art, science and technology of managing treesand forest resources in and around urban communityecosystems for th…     

Urban Forestry and its Relevance to Tourism Development in Sabah

1 INTRODUCTIONUrban forestry is generally understood to be themanagement of trees and forests within urban areas.However, the terms urban settlements and urbanforestry are sometimes ambiguous. For the sake ofclarity, these terms are first discussed and defined.The term urban settlement can be understood inmany ways. Although one may know intuitively whatis urban and what is rural, there is no universallyaccepted criteria for distinguishing between these twotypes of settlements. The usual…     

Higher Education on Urban Forestry in Europe: An Overview

In order to meet the demands of modern, information-based society, higher education in natural resource management needs to be transformed. Enhanced mobility of students and staff, multi- and transdisciplinary approaches, as well as innovative educational approaches are called for. Moreover, the urban component needs to be better incorporated, as exemplified by the emerging field of urban forestry. This paper relates to the developments in higher education within the context of education on urban forests and urban trees in Europe. Presented here are the main findings of a comparative European study led by the Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute within the framework of the EU-funded COST Action E12 'Urban Forests and Trees'. In order to obtain an overview of the status of higher education on urban forestry in Europe, 180 educational institutions in 28 countries were sent a questionnaire. Results show that urban forestry is an expanding element of European education, as urban elements are becom     

The Development Trend and Characteristics of Urban Forestry in China

Urban forestry, which rose in the west in the latter half of the 20th century, is a type of forestry serving for city. Its important characteristic is that it makes through its narrow sense, or "urban afforestation", whose objective is to make city green and beautiful, and develops into a forestry system serving for the urban system. The consequence of rapid modern civilization is that skyscrapers concentrate in urban district and green space become narrower, resulting that green     

Status of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City

According to a survey for the urban vegetation of Guangzhou, urban vegetation has a significantly difference from natural vegetation because of intense human impacts. The research was conducted in a synthetic survey for soil, species diversity, roadside trees and ecological function of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City. The results showed that: (1) soil densities of urban roadside and park forests were higher than mean density of natural forest soil. The pH values of soil in urban roadside were higher too, and the content of organic matter and the concentration of nitrogen were lower. (2) Species diversity of urban vegetation was lower. The most number of species was only 16 species in tree layers of urban forest. (3) Tree growth was limited by narrow space in high-density urban area, where the trees with defects and disorders were common. (4) Comparing with mature natural forests, the productivity of urban vegetation was lower. The effect of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen were influenced by the low primary production of urban vegetation. Therefore, the growth condition for urban vegetation should be improved. Biodiversity, primary production and ecological function should be increased for urban vecletation in order to improve urban eco-environment.     

The Practice of Community Forestry in State-Owned Niuda Forest Farm

Since introducing to Yunnan Province in early 1980s, community forestry has carried out exploratory practices in a number of regions of the province and has generated different types of community forestry pattern. The community forestry practice of State-owned Niuda Forest Farm over the last couple of years was one of them. Adopting a mode of community co-management, the farm, together with its neighboring rural communities, protected and managed State-owned forest. Through several year eff…     

Application of CITYgreen5.0 model to tender appraisement of small-scale green-space designs

Developed by the American Forests, CITYgreen5.0 model has been widely applied to urban forestry research and has played an important role in analyzing quantitatively the ecological benefits produced by varied green-space ecosystems. One of the functions of this model is to evaluate quickly and objectively on parts of the ecological benefits possibly produced by different design schemes for the same small-scale green-space project before the establishment. A comparative analysis was conducted by modeling partial ecological benefits potentially produced by green-spaces of two different design schemes for the same roof garden of Chuangfushidai-Junjingyuan in Shenzhen, given the growth status of plants both immediately after the establishment and 20 years later. Meanwhile, the project costs for each design scheme were also taken into consideration. The results showed that scheme II, mainly designed with a natural style of plant disposition, had a better greenery structure than that of scheme I, which was basically designed with a regular style of plant disposition. The estimated value of the partial ecological benefits produced by scheme II was larger than that of scheme I and the benefit-cost ratio of scheme II was more rational. It was suggested that scheme II be put into practice.     

Landscaping and performance of some aesthetic plant species in hot, arid conditions of India

Establishment of ornamental and aesthetic plants in hot, arid conditions of India is difficult due to the prevailing climatic, edaphic and biotic factors. Effect of turfgrass on the growth of ornamental plants in hot arid conditions has not been studied so far anywhere in the world. A study was conducted on the campus of Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, India to assess the performance of a few ornamental plant species in combination with turfgrass and without turfgrass with respect to different soil tilling intervals. Growth of plants was better with turfgrass than without turfgrass. We suggest adopting a soil tilling interval of 30 days to achieve optimum growth of ornamental plant species in terms of height and crown diameter. Our results can help reduce labor costs and achieving better landscapes in fewer days in hot urban conditions of Indian sub continent.     

Intraspecific diversity: adaptive differentiation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea mongolica</Emphasis> W. D. Xu ecotypes

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu is an endemic and endangered species which is only found in semi-arid areas of northern China. It has been widely used as an afforestation tree in the establishment of the Three-North Shelterbelt System for its adaptation to arid soils and as a virescent tree in urban gardens and streets for its beautiful shape. Due to different microenvironments, P. mongolica populations may differentiate into many ecological groups with different adaptive abilities. Long-term adaptation to a dry environment makes P. mongolica differentiate into different ecotypes. Typical ecotypes are P. mongolica f. purpurea (Fp), P. mongolica f. rubra (Fr) and P. mongolica f. viridis (Fv). Our results show that cone size is clearly not uniform among different ecotypes; the largest cones are found in the Fv ecotype and the smallest in Fp. There were also distinct differences between these ecotypes in terms of height and length of squama. At the molecular level, the zymograms of peroxidase and lipase prove the existence of different ecotypes in P. mongolica. The results are useful for investigating and managing this rare spruce species in China.     

Balancing the Realization of Ecological,Economic and Social Values of Forests for Sustainable Forest Management

Forests provide multiple ecological,economic and social benefits.A truly sustainable forest management should lead to a balanced realization of these forest values.This paper categorizes the forest resources as appreciating resources and depreciating resources in accordance with the specific form of forest values,and defines them conceptually in regard to the contrasting and competitive nature of these values.Necessary theoretic discussions were then made for the feasibility and operability in terms of t...     

Urban Forestry as a Vehicle for Healthy and Sustainable Development

1 INTRODUCTIONGLOBALURBANISATIONUrbanisation is a worldwide phenomenon; the WorldResource Institute (2001) estimated that in 2025 morethan 50% of the African and Asian populations wouldbe living in urban areas. In Central and South Americathese figures will be between 75% and 85%. Urbanareas in developing countries will account fornearly 90% of the projected world populationincrease of 2.700 million people between 1995 and2030 (Figure 1) .Managing urban population change will b…     

妇女参与和林业发展

妇女与林业有着紧密的依存关系。广大发展中国家的妇女积极地参与了治山治水、植树造林、农林间作、采集运输、加工销售、节柴改灶等与林业有关的活动。文章论述了妇女在林业生产中的地位和作用，介绍了发展中国家的妇女参加林业活动的现状及其限制因素。借鉴国际上有关妇女与农村发展的经验和理论，结合中国的国情，研究妇女在农村发展中的作用十分必要。     

Peoples’ Perception Towards Urban Forestry and Institutional Involvement in Metropolitan Cities: A Survey of Lalitpur City in Nepal

Universally, trees have been recognized as an important component of urban landscapes for millennia because they provide a wide range of benefits to society. Although the planting of trees has been an integral and important part of human settlements in Nepal, the concept of urban forestry is poorly understood and often neglected. This paper investigates urban peoples?? perceptions towards urban forests as well as the perceived benefits related to the use and existence of urban forests in Lalitpur, Nepal. A survey was conducted among residents and visitors to an urban park. Most respondents held positive attitudes towards urban forests and were aware of the benefits provided. Despite involvement of various agents from both government and non-governmental organizations in promoting urban forests, greenery was declining in the city. The loss and degradation of urban forests adversely affected the ecosystems because the city is suffering from water, air and soil pollution. In recent years, the local government has promoted urban greenery; however, there are no accompanying legislation or regulations governing urban forestry. Therefore, concrete scientific and professional knowledge is required in order to manage the forestry in the city.     

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines＇ Metropolitan Manila

Metropolitan Manila, the capital region of the Philippines, initiated urban forestry projects to showcase its environmental benefits. Metro Manila was once a part of a tropical mangrove forest dominated by small trees locally called nilad (Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae). The fast-paced urbanization transformed the original ecosystem into a bustling metropolis subjected to environmental decay. The establishment of urban forestry is one of the interventions sought by the government to mitigate the environmental conditions.Thus, the concept of participatory urban forestry was formalized in 1988 by the national government.However, it was during the early years of the 1970s that the idea of exerting collective effort in greening Metro Manila started through the Green Revolution, with the primary motive of uplifting the economic condition of the people rather than on ecological enhancement. The project was forced on the people to plant vegetables and fruit trees with less emphasis on forest trees species. Although the project was not successful,the government realized that the citizenry could be a great partner for a collective worthwhile undertaking.     

Multi-sectoral Participatory Urban Forestry Development in Philippines Metropolitan Manila

The Luntiang Kamaynilaan Project (Metro ManilaGreening Project) launched in 1988 planted trees inmajor thoroughfares, center islands, school premisesand other idle public lands, was basically a governmenteffort. When the funds ran out, the project also fizzledout. In both projects however, it is evident that the keyfactor is peoples participation.Gaining lessons from the past two projects, thegovernment established a collaborative effort ofgovernment and non-government organizations. TheCl…     

作为绿色基础设施的城市森林概念与问题分析

作为绿色基础设施的城市森林建设,既是解决我国城市森林发展与管理问题的内在要求,也是当代快速城市化进程中实现城市森林功能、内涵与价值转变的重要需求。文中提供了一种认识当代林业和城市关系的视角,认为应通过对绿色基础设施的理论研究反思对绿色基础设施的认知,界定作为绿色基础设施的城市森林这一概念,重新思考城市森林建设中“自然与城市的关系”,探究二者的辩证关系;在此基础上,总结作为绿色基础设施的城市森林问题,提出相关建议。     

Introduction to Urban and Community Forestry in the United States of America: History, Accomplishments, Issues and Trends

1IntroductionTheUnitedStates(US)isthethirdlargestcountryintheworldinsize.Thenationalterritoryis9629091km2andconsistsofthreeseparateterritories:the48continentalstates,AlaskaandHawaii.InJuly2002,theestimatedtotalpopulationintheUSwas280562489(theWorldFactbook2002).Withinthe48continentalstates,thetotalareais8080704km2,andthenationaltreecoveris32.8%(Dwyeretal.2000).Urbanandcommunityforestsarecomprisedofstreettrees,openspace,patchesofforestedareas,treesininstitutionalproperties,municipalparks,…     

美国的城市林业

本文介绍了城市林业的内涵以及在美国的发展简史。作者还对其经营范围、法规制定、价值计算、行道树管理、教育和科学研究等作了阐述。     

三种槭树三年生幼苗抗寒性研究

温度影响着植物的自然地理分布,其中极端低温会给辽东的城市园林绿化建设以及绿化树幼苗培育带来诸多不利,致使许多观赏性绿化树种栽植和培育过程中,因遭受低温胁迫超过其低温耐受极限造成树木整株死亡。近年对于彩叶树抗寒性研究比较多,但对于苗圃播种苗、移床苗抗寒性的讨论和研究不是很多。以秋季红叶观赏性为主要特点的元宝枫、色木槭、拧筋槭3年生幼苗作为研究对象,通过低温处理,然后测定其相对电导率,并用logistic方程回归求其半致死温度,研究3种槭树幼苗的抗寒性,为辽东山区苗圃地培育绿化用彩叶树幼苗提供依据。