贵州省新时期水土流失综合治理

现阶段我国取得了水土流失面积和强度双降低的显著效果，新时期对充分发挥水土保持的水源涵养、改善生态、提升农业生产能力、改善人居环境等多项重要功能提出了更高要求。通过分析贵州省水土流失及治理概况、存在问题及治理难点，在深入研究总结传统水土流失防治模式成功经验的基础上，结合水土保持规划工作实践，从生态系统质量、稳定性、可持续性等方面出发，探讨提出贵州省水土流失综合治理体系，重点阐述了生态、清洁、经济、生活4种类型的小流域综合治理和石漠化区坡耕地综合治理等水土流失综合治理的途径、模式。     

改善农业生态环境发展流域经济—南安市水土保持十四年之实践

南安市在总结经验基础上，确立了以发展经济为中心，以杨梅为突破口，把治理8水土流失与开发利用，保持水土与发展经济结合起来的水土流失治理方向，通过典型示范以点带面，有力推动了全市小流域综合治理，累计治理水土流失3．09万ha，该市已成为我省最大果树生产基地这一，每年水土保持直接经济收益在350万元以上。     

珠江委编制完成《岩溶地区水土流失综合治理规范》

历经5a努力，珠江委已编制完成《岩溶地区水土流失综合治理规范》（以下简称《规范》）送审稿，经进一步修改完善后，将上报水利部审查。据悉，制定出台岩溶地区水土流失综合治理技术规范，对统一贵州、云南等南方省区岩溶地区水土流失综合治理技术要求，提高综合治理质量具有重要意义。     

杨子坑流域水土流失综合治理开发模式初探

杨子坑流域是１９９２年初开始进行综合治理开发的，通过近二年的综合治理开发，昔日水土流失区的“红色沙漠”景象已明显改观，水土流失基本得到控制，生态环境明显改善，果树种植开发已取得了喜人的成绩。     

小流域水土流失治理中取水方法探讨

通过对牧羊小流域水土流失综合治理工程取水方法的分析、比较和研究,提出优化设计方案,设计方法成功地解决了小流域水土流失治理中取水、防沙、防污物等问题,为小流域水土流失综合治理解决取水问题提供参考和借鉴。     

基于生态与生产功能权衡的赣南水土流失综合治理模式适宜性评价

为识别影响水土流失综合治理适宜模式关键因素和分区针对性地开展水土流失治理,综合考虑自然环境和社会经济条件,应用专家打分、层次分析、模糊数学、空间分析等方法,开展了基于生态与生产功能权衡的赣南水土流失综合治理模式适宜性评价研究。结果表明:通过构建22项评价指标组成的区域水土流失综合治理模式评价指标体系,成功将赣南18县(市、区)划分为偏生态防护型、偏高效开发型和生态防护型与高效开发型皆可3类水土流失综合治理模式适宜区,并针对性地提出了分区综合治理对策建议; 土壤侵蚀现状、主体功能定位、地方水土流失治理能力、地形、农业人口是生态防护型水土流失综合治理模式适宜性的关键影响因素; 区域开发利用现状、土壤肥力状况、区域便捷程度、地形、农业人口与农业发展状况是高效开发型水土流失治理模式适宜性的关键影响因素。权衡生态与生产功能可遴选水土流失综合治理模式关键影响因素,识别各行政区适宜治理模式,为针对性治理提供依据。     

云南省坡耕地现状及水土流失综合治理探索

云南省是我国水土流失较严重的省份之一,广布的坡耕地是水土流失的主要来源地,坡耕地水土流失综合治理十分急迫和必要。对云南省坡耕地面积、分布、水土流失现状进行了分析,在全省水土流失类型区划分的基础上,探索了坡耕地水土流失综合治理的总体思路,以期为坡耕地水土流失综合治理提供依据。     

新时期民间资本参与小流域水土流失综合治理的模式与经验

[目的]研究新时期民间资本参与小流域水土流失综合治理情况,为各地政府提供相关决策参考。[方法]在实地调研的基础上,对当前民间资本参与小流域水土流失综合治理情况进行分析研究。[结果]总结分析了民间资本参与小流域水土流失综合治理的特点、模式与经验。[结论]民间资本逐步成为中国水土保持生态建设领域的重要补充,加快了水土流失防治进程,提高了治理效益。要推进这项工作,还需从政策优惠、建设管理、技术服务等方面加强相关工作。     

孟宗沟小流域综合治理途径的探讨

该从小流域水土流失的原因出发，探讨了长江源头区水土保持工作的正确指导思想，治理水土流失的方法，步骤，技术措施及综合治理与农牧业发展的关系，探索出高寒边远少数民族牧区脱贫致致富的途径，为长江上游水土流失区的综合治理提供经验和科学依据。     

全国坡耕地水土流失综合治理试点工程启动实施

近日，国家发展改革委和水利部联合发文部署坡耕地水土流失综合治理试点工作。坡耕地是水土流失的主要策源地，全国现有坡耕地23．93万km2，年均土壤侵蚀量占到全国总侵蚀量的近1／3。因地制宜加强坡耕地水土流失综合治理，对减少水土流失、改善山丘区农业生产条件和生态环境、促进农村产业结构调整和农民增收、巩固退耕还林成果、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

不同种植模式下菜地土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化

通过在南京普朗克有机农场开展的9年长期定位监测,研究了有机(露地和大棚)和常规种植模式下蔬菜地耕层土壤有机碳和土壤腐殖质组分特性的动态变化。结果表明,有机露地、有机大棚和常规露地种植土壤有机碳含量分别从11.41、9.29、9.00 g k g-1提高至15.35、20.90、10.00 g kg-1;胡敏酸碳(CHA)分别从1.79、1.23、1.14 g kg-1提高至2.11、3.11、1.31 g kg-1;富里酸碳(CFA)分别从2.19、1.88、1.73 g kg-1提高至2.44、2.68、1.91 g kg-1。两种有机种植模式的土壤有机碳及腐殖质组分含量增加达到显著水平,而常规种植模式下的变化不显著。两种有机种植模式下表征土壤腐殖质品质的胡/富比(CHA/CFA)、胡敏酸占总腐殖物质的比例(PQ值)均高于常规种植模式,土壤富里酸的E4/E6值、色调系数(ΔlogK)值随着种植时间增加的幅度较常规种植模式更大,土壤胡敏酸芳化度呈现先降低后增高的趋势,但在常规种植下变化不明显。说明土壤在长期有机种植模式下不仅更有利于土壤有机碳的积累,而且能促进土壤腐殖化进程。     

Variation in ozone concentration in relation to local climate in south-west Sweden

Ozone (O₃) concentration and air temperature/relative humidity were monitored using diffusive samplers (weekly, 3 m above ground) and Tinytag loggers (10 min sampling, 1 m above ground, self-ventilating radiation shields), respectively, in the forested landscape of south-west Sweden, 40 km north-east of Gothenburg. Two forest sites were included, one at a hilltop (175 m a.s.l.), and one in a nearby (～1 km) valley (110 m a.s.l.). In addition, a valley site (～3 km from the forest sites, 60 m a.s.l.) in an agricultural landscape was included, where ozone was measured using both a UV-based monitor and diffusive sampling. At the agricultural site measurements of temperature and relative humidity were made using a radiation shield with forced ventilation and with Tinytags, as on the forest sites, in addition to observations of wind speed and the vertical temperature gradient. Furthermore, comparison with O₃ concentrations at urban and coastal sites in the region was made. The temperature dependent, systematic error of using a self-ventilating radiation shield was estimated and corrected for. It was found that the elevated forested site experienced higher O₃ concentrations and lower evening cooling rates in calm situations as compared to the forest site in the valley and in particular as compared to the agricultural site. This can be explained by a stronger coupling with the planetary boundary layer at the elevated site and more pronounced night-inversions at the valley sites. The difference in weekly O₃ concentration between the two forested sites was correlated with the difference in average minimum night-time temperature. The coastal site had the highest ozone concentrations, related largely, but not fully, to higher night-time O₃ concentrations. The urban site showed a depression in O₃ concentration associated with the combination of large NO emissions and slow air mixing during the morning traffic rush hours.