滇刺枣五个地理种源的同工酶分析

滇刺枣五个地理种源的同工酶分析＊汪云马显达关键词滇刺枣地理种源同工酶滇刺枣（ＺｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍｋ．）是鼠李科（Ｒｈａｍｎａｃｅａｅ）枣属（Ｚｉｚｉｐｈｕｓ）落叶乔木，为一种新兴的多用途经济树木。在长期的天然杂交和地域隔绝下，形...     

干热河谷区滇刺枣生物学特性

干热河谷区滇刺枣生物学特性喻赞仁关键词干热河谷，滇刺枣，生物学，信德紫胶虫滇刺枣（ＺｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍ．）是信德紫胶虫（Ｋｅｒｒｉａｓｉｎｄｉｃａ（Ｍａｈｄ．）］的主要寄主植物，我国以台湾省和云南省分布最广。在云南以怒江、金沙江...     

野生滇刺枣的改造利用

野生滇刺枣的改造利用李金元，胡学明关键词滇刺枣，萌生枝，紫胶虫滇刺枣（ＺｉｚｉｐｈｕｓｍａｕｒｉｔｉａｎａＬａｍ．）不仅具有较高的经济价值［１］，而且还是优良紫胶虫─—信德紫胶虫（Ｋｅｒｒｉａｓｉｎｄｉｃａ（Ｍａｈｄ．）］和四号紫胶虫［Ｋ．ｌａｃｃａ...     

滇刺枣不同种源试放4号紫胶虫研究

对在滇刺枣７个不同种源树上试放４号紫胶虫研究发现,４号紫胶虫在滇树刺枣树上亦能正常完成其生活史,大部分种源能获得丰厚的虫胶。其中,元谋和双柏两个种源,放收比在１：５以上;胶被厚在０．５ｃｍ以上;怀卵量在２５０－３１１之间。试验为扩大４号紫胶虫的优良寄主种类提供了科学依据。     

滇刺枣不同种源试放4号紫胶虫研究

对在滇刺枣７个不同种源树上试放４号紫胶虫研究发现,４号紫胶虫在滇刺枣树上亦能正常完成其生活史,大部分种源能获得丰厚的虫胶。其中,元谋和双柏两个种源,放收比在１∶５以上;胶被厚在０５ｃｍ以上;怀卵量在２５０～３１１之间。试验为扩大４号紫胶虫的优良寄主种类提供了科学依据。     

枣球蜡蚧化学防治试验

枣球蜡蚧Ｅｕｌｅｃａｎｉｕｍｇｉｇａｎｔｅａ（ｓｈｉｎｊｉ）通过雌虫和若虫刺吸枝干及叶片，吸取养分和水分，引起林木生长势衰弱或枝干枯死。在喀什地区，１９９２年发生面积达１０００公顷，结合生产进行了化学防治研究，得知在雌虫膨大前期是防治的关键时期，选用氧化乐果、久效磷刮皮涂干、效果较好；初孵若虫期是防治的最佳时期，用氟氰菊酯、久效磷喷雾防治效果最好。     

关中东部枣叶瘿蚊的发生与防治

枣叶瘿蚊（ＤａｓｉｎｅｕｒａｄａｔｉｆｏｌｉａＪｉａｎｇ）属双翅目（Ｄｉｐｔｅｒａ）瘿蚊科（Ｃｅｃｉｄｏｍｙｉｄａｅ），俗称枣蛆、卷叶蛆、枣芽蛆。该虫广泛分布于华北、西北、华东等各个枣区。１　发生危害该虫在陕西关中东部每年发生５～６代，以幼虫危害尚未完全展开的幼叶嫩芽。受害嫩叶呈浅红色或紫红色肿皱的筒状，不能伸展，质硬而脆，最后变黑枯萎脱落，一卷叶内常有数头甚至１０余头幼虫。此虫第１代发生时正值枣树发芽展叶期，危害严重时，则影响结果枝抽生、展叶和开花结果。一般幼树、矮树和苗龄较大树、高树受害严重…     

滇刺枣扦插繁殖试验

滇刺枣是一种扦插繁殖非常难生根的树种。插条采用激素处理后可以生根。用生根粉(ABT)Ⅰ号处理插条,生根率可达60％。经观察,滇刺枣插条的生根型属于皮部生根型。     

滇刺枣栽培技术

滇刺枣属鼠李科,半乔木,果实春节后成熟,是一种妇女儿童喜食的野生小水果。生长在海拔1000米以下干热河谷的荒山草坡上,性喜燥热耐干旱。近年多利用嫁接毛叶枣和放养孟加拉国信德胶虫,经济价值颇高。其栽培技术如下: (一)育苗,选种。每年二、三月,当滇刺枣成熟时选生长正常丰产,无病虫害6——10年生母树采摘成熟的果子晒干做种。 (二)种子处理。滇刺枣种子坚硬严密,属木质结构,无缝合线,种核外又有角质层包被,水分不易透;为使种子发芽,在满足温度的条件下,必须先使水分渗入,方法有: 1.若立即播种,可将鲜果碾烂,然后放入竹筐内用脚踩搓洗净,放于气温30℃——35℃的房顶上曝晒5小时让其干缩,然后用麻袋装回泡入冷水内12小时,再去曝晒5小时,使硬壳开裂,促进种仁吸水萌发。 2.若不及时播种,可将成熟鲜果摊开晒干,贮     

滇刺枣——害虫的防治

滇刺枣属鼠李科枣属,约15个种,是一种野生枣,俗名有毛叶枣、酸枣、麻柯、西西果等。具有扎根、分蘖强和耐瘠耐旱等特性。据报道,滇刺枣有药用、饲料等价值。自我省引进孟加拉国紫胶虫后,滇刺枣成了紫胶虫优良寄主。但由于虫害的大量发生,使1—5年生的树得不到正常生长,往往重者干枯死亡,轻者光秃。目前调查、对云南元江、元谋等地的滇刺枣危害大的害虫是枣粘虫、绿鳞象(虫甲)、尺蠖等。现将对三种害虫的防治经验介绍     

Predicting the spatial distribution of major species composition in secondary hardwood forests on Mt. Gozu,central Japan,based on environmental factors

Our goal was to predict the spatial distribution of canopy species composition in secondary deciduous hardwood forests at a fine spatial resolution, based on climatic and topographical factors using a geographic information system. We studied secondary forests on Mt. Gozu, Niigata Prefecture, central Japan. Canopy species composition was investigated in 100 sample plots within the study area. A digital elevation model (DEM) was created, and topographical, hydrological, and light factors were calculated using the DEM. Climatic factors were interpolated by kriging. The five major species used as response variables were Fagus crenata, Quercus serrata, Quercus crispula, Magnolia obovata, and Castanea crenata. We prepared three possible explanatory variable sets: climatic variables only, both climatic and topographic variables, and topographic variables only. Multivariate regression trees were derived, and the accuracy of predicting the major species composition was tested. The multivariate regression trees derived from the climatic variable set and from the climatic and topographic variable set had better accuracy than the regression tree derived from the topographic variable set. In the regression tree generated by the climatic and topographic variable set, the warmth index was the principal explanatory variable in classifying forest types, followed by topographic factors. This regression tree would be preferable to the other two regression trees for the prediction of canopy species composition.     

白皮松分布区的气候区划

白皮松（ＰｉｎｕｓｂｕｎｇｅａｎａＺｕｃ．ｅｘＥｎｄｌ．）分布在２９°５５′～３８°２５′Ｎ和１０３°３６′～１１５°１７′Ｅ的范围内,在我国山西、陕西、甘肃、河南、四川、湖北及湖南北部７个省区均有分布,分布区横跨暖温带、北亚热带及中亚热带３个气候带...     

Comparative growth performance of some multipurpose trees and shrubs grown at Machakos,Kenya

Growth rates of 29 multipurpose trees grown in an agroforestry arboretum for six years at a sub-humid to semi-arid climatic zone are presented. Exotic species such as Grevillea robusta, Sesbania grandiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Cassia siamea and Sesbania sesban, some of which were outside their traditional climatic zones, had higher diameters, heights and bole volumes/tree (upto 130% more in certain cases) than of the indigenous species. However, poor performance of several species (both exotic and indigenous) would limit their agroforestry potentials at the evaluation site or other similar areas.     

Genetic variability of the ‘bark canker resistance’ character in several natural provenances of Cupressus sempervirens

Several Aegean (Greece) and Anatolian (Turkey) cypress provenances were studied for resistance variability to bark canker, a disease caused by the fungal pathogen Seiridium cardinale. The investigation also examined whether the low disease rate within the natural area of cypress was due to genetic or geographic‐climatic reasons. Results demonstrated strong variability for the ‘bark canker resistance’ character, in particular for trees within families. As trees from the provenances studied were not found to have genetic superiority for bark canker resistance, the above‐mentioned low disease rate could be due to geographic‐climatic barriers that inhibit the development of the fungus or its ability to infect the host. Several half‐sib progenies exhibited high resistance, suggesting that this character is totally inherited through the maternal line. Should this finding be confirmed by further research, it would facilitate the task of genetic improvement for resistance, allowing progenies of resistant trees to be obtained.     

Host-environment mismatches associated with subalpine fir decline in Colorado

Subalpine fir decline(SFD) has killed more trees in Colorado's high elevation forests than any other insect or disease problem.The widespread nature of this disorder suggests that the cause involves climatic factors.We examined the influence of varying combinations of average annual temperature and precipitation on the incidence and distribution of SFD.Climatic transition matrices generated in this study indicate that most healthy trees are found in climatic zones with moderate to low temperatures and high precipitation;whereas,SFD occurs mostly in zones of moderate temperatures and moderate precipitation.The contrasting distributions define an environmental mismatch.Forests matched with favorable climatic conditions thrive;those that are mismatched can become vulnerable to decline disease.     

我国的五倍子资源

本文论述了我国五倍子的地理分布、适生区域、气候条件、蚜虫种类、夏寄主树和冬寄主藓的资源情况。     

川中丘陵地区油橄榄引种栽培历史和现状及其适宜性评价

川中丘陵地区在上世纪70年代曾大规模种植油橄榄,由于当时国内橄榄油市场价格低和对油橄榄生物生态学特点的认识不足,在上个世纪末逐渐被毁,目前仅少部分得以保存。本文从该区域历史种植和现有油橄榄保存情况,结合该区域的气候资料、土壤检测,并对照油橄榄的生物生态学特点进行分析,指出该区域沙性紫色土中高钙质含量对油橄榄生长与结实起重要补充作用。提出在该区域内选择光照相对较好的阳坡、土壤质地为沙性紫色土适度发展油橄榄是可行的。     

东南沿海古树名木消亡规律与保护管理对策——以浙江省宁海县为例

通过对东南沿海古树名木保护管理的必要性及优劣势分析，以浙江省宁海县古树名木为例，对它们的消亡规律、保护管理的经验、存在的问题展开调查、分析、研究；并在此基础上，进行科学归纳，结合东南沿海的社会、地理、气候特点，制定出适合该地区的、切实可行的古树名木复壮技术措施和保护管理对策。     

Mistletoe effects on Scots pine decline following drought events: insights from within-tree spatial patterns, growth and carbohydrates

Forest decline has been attributed to the interaction of several stressors including biotic factors such as mistletoes and climate-induced drought stress. However, few data exist on how mistletoes are spatially arranged within trees and how this spatial pattern is related to changes in radial growth, responses to drought stress and carbon use. We used dendrochronology to quantify how mistletoe (Viscum album L.) infestation and drought stress affected long-term growth patterns in Pinus sylvestris L. at different heights. Basal area increment (BAI) trends and comparisons between trees of three different infestation degrees (without mistletoe, ID1; moderately infested trees, ID2; and severely infested trees, ID3) were performed using linear mixed-effects models. To identify the main climatic drivers of tree growth tree-ring widths were converted into indexed chronologies and related to climate data using correlation functions. We performed spatial analyses of the 3D distribution of mistletoe individuals and their ages within the crowns of three severely infested pines to describe their patterns. Lastly, we quantified carbohydrate and nitrogen concentrations in needles and sapwood of branches from severely infested trees and from trees without mistletoe. Mistletoe individuals formed strongly clustered groups of similar age within tree crowns and their age increased towards the crown apex. Mistletoe infestation negatively impacted growth but this effect was stronger near the tree apex than in the rest of sampled heights, causing an average loss of 64% in BAI (loss of BAI was ～51% at 1.3 m or near the tree base). We found that BAI of severely infested trees and moderately or non-infested trees diverged since 2001 and such divergence was magnified by drought. Infested trees had lower concentrations of soluble sugars in their needles than non-infested ones. We conclude that mistletoe infestation causes growth decline and increases the sensitivity of trees to drought stress.     

Radial distribution of carbohydrate reserves in the trunk of declining European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Context

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is considered threatened by anticipated climate change, but the physiological causes of potential beech decline or mortality remains poorly understood.

Aims

The purpose of the present study was to fuel debate about the assumption that carbohydrate depletion is involved in the decline of mature European beech.

Methods

The health status of beech trees from a severely declining stand was visually assessed by examining their crown condition. Content and radial distribution of non-structural carbohydrates (starch and soluble carbohydrate) were analyzed in the trunks and compared to those reported earlier in trunks of healthy beech trees.

Results and discussion

The distribution of carbohydrate in the beech trunks recorded here seemed affected by decline. We found a stronger radial decrease of starch content than those reported earlier for healthy beech trees. Carbohydrate reserves appear partially maintained in the outermost rings while starch depletion occurred in older wood rings in declining trees that may be able to mobilize carbohydrate reserves from older wood rings in response to successive climatic constraints.