Genetic improvement of Trichoderma ability to induce systemic resistance

The beneficial applications of Trichoderma spp. in agriculture include not only the control of plant pathogens, but also the improvement of plant growth, micronutrient availability, and plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, it has been suggested that these fungi are able to increase plant disease resistance by activating induced systemic resistance (ISR) . The mode of action of these beneficial fungi in the Trichoderma -plant-pathogen interaction are many, complex and not comple…     

Population dynamics of Trichoderma species in the rhizosphere of tobacco and four species form China

To study the effect of tobacco growth on Trichoderma population, we in vestigated the occurrence of Trichoderma species in the rhizosphere of tob acco plant during the period from transplanting (June) to harvesting (October) and measured relative environmental factors. Eleven species of Trichoderma we re isolated, among which T.harzianum, T.viride, T.hamatum, T.atroviride, T.lo ngibrachiatum, T.virens, T.koningii were identified, other four species Ty1, Ty2, Ty3, Ty4 are new s…     

从3种基质分离的木霉种类鉴定

从福建省的食用菌、植物线虫虫体和植物根际土壤中共分离到125个木霉(Trichoderma)菌株,根据形态学特征和培养性状,鉴定出5种木霉,分别是哈茨木霉(T.harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)和长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum).植物根际土壤中的优势种为哈茨木霉和绿色木霉;食用菌上的优势种为康氏木霉和拟康氏木霉;植物线虫虫体上的优势种为绿色木霉.     

Effect of rare earth application on the growth of Trichoderma spp. and several plant pathogenic fungi

Rare earth elements (REEs) enriched fertilisers are currently used in China for soil and foliar applications to crops, but little is known about the effect of REEs applications on the growth of beneficial and detrimental soilborne microorganisms. The growth of biological control agents Trichoderma atroviride strain P1, Trichoderma harzianum strain A6 and strain T22, plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia scleroti…     

木霉菌对五种植物病原真菌的重寄生作用

研究了哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum)T88菌株和深绿木霉（T.atroviride）T95菌株对立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、杨树料皮病菌（Valsa sordida）、杨树水泡溃疡病菌（Botryosphaeria ribis）、苹果树腐烂病菌（V.ceratosperma）、贝伦格葡萄座腔菌梨生专化型（B.berengeriana f.sp.piricola）的重寄生作用。对峙培养的结果可观察到，多数情况下，接种后2d内木霉与病原菌接触，随后覆盖或侵入病菌菌落，抑制其生长。光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察结果表明，木霉对不同的植物病原真菌重寄生作用方法不同。可观察到木霉菌缠绕病原菌的菌丝，或沿着病原菌的菌丝平行或波浪式生长，或产生铯状分枝、吸器或附着胞吸附于病原菌的菌丝上，或穿透病原菌的菌丝，最终使病原菌的菌丝细胞原生质浓缩，菌丝断裂等现象。     

木霉菌对灰葡萄孢菌的拮抗作用

对采自宁夏14个市县的170份土样及其它材料进行分离,得到96个木霉菌株,采用形态分类方法鉴定出9种木霉菌以及2种未知名菌种．它们分别为哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）、绿色木霉（T．viride）、长枝木霉（T．longibrachiatum）、康氏木霉（T．koningii）、拟康氏木霉（T．pseudokoningii）、项孢木霉（T．fertile）、黄绿木霉（T．aureoviride）、深绿木霉（T．atroviride）、钩状木霉（T．hamatum）以及T．sp1和T．sp2。拮抗作用和抑菌活性测定结果表明：11种木霉菌对葡萄、番茄和黄瓜灰霉病的致病菌——灰葡萄孢菌（Botrytis cinema Petssp．）均有不同程度的拮抗作用,其中哈茨木霉、绿色木霉、黄绿木霉、钩状木霉和T．sp1对病原菌的拮抗作用及抑菌活性显著,其生长速度比病原菌平均快1．1～3．0倍：在对峙培养中拮抗系数达Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级．其抑菌率高迭98．78％。     

3种滇牡丹根际木霉的促生功能及其对幼苗生长的影响

【目的】揭示3种滇牡丹根际木霉的促生功能,并探讨其对幼苗生长发育的影响,为根际木霉的资源利用及滇牡丹的品质提升提供依据。【方法】以滇牡丹根际真菌康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningii)、近渐绿木霉(T. paraviridescens)和哈茨木霉(T. harzianum)为研究对象,分别测定其产吲哚乙酸(IAA)、产铁载体能力及溶磷和解钾活性,探讨接种与未接种目标菌株对滇牡丹幼苗生长、生物量、叶绿素含量和抗性相关生理指标的影响,并采用隶属函数值法对植株品质进行综合评价。【结果】T. harzianum和T. koningii具有产IAA能力,其中T. harzianum能力较强;仅T. koningii有产铁载体能力,接种该菌后滇牡丹幼苗铁含量是其他处理的3~5倍;3种木霉均无溶磷活性,但接种T. paraviridescens的幼苗土壤和根系酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他处理(P<0.05,下同);仅T. harzianum有解钾活性,接菌后幼苗的土壤速效钾和植株全钾含量最高。接种T. paraviridescens幼苗的株高和叶片增量数值最高,分别为3.23 cm和3.70片,茎粗也最粗,同时叶绿素含量及叶片、根部的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、根部的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高。接种T. koningii幼苗的叶片可溶性糖(SS)含量及接种T. harzianum幼苗的叶片可溶性蛋白(SP)含量显著高于其他处理,接种3种木霉的处理组根部SS和SP含量显著高于未接种处理。结合主成分分析和隶属函数值进行综合评分,幼苗质量由高到低依次为T. paraviridescens>T. harzianum>T. koningii>未接种。【结论】接种3种根际木霉对滇牡丹幼苗的营养吸收、光合作用及抗性诱导有积极的促进作用。其中,经T. paraviridescens处理的幼苗生长性状指标、叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶活性显著提高,为滇牡丹理想的促生菌。     

Increased resistance of drought by Trichoderma harzianum fungal treatment correlates with increased secondary metabolites and proline content

Plant secondary metabolites play vital role in plant stress response. In this study we investigated whether root colonization of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) infected by Trichoderma harzianum leads to alterations in the biosynthesis of secondary plant metabolites including phytohormones and osmolyte proline under drought stress. Exposure of tomato to drought caused a drastic decline in plant growth and physiological parameters. Tomato inoculated with T. harzianum showed increased root and shoot growth and chlorophyll pigments as compared to uninoculated controls as well as drought stressed plants. Proline and total soluble protein content was increased in plants inoculated with T. harzianum under both normal as well as drought conditions. An obvious increase in phenol and flavonoid content was observed due to T. harzianum. In addition, T. harzianum inoculated plants maintained higher levels of growth regulators indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and gibberellic acid under drought stress. Improved secondary metabolites which play an important role in plant stress tolerance by T. harzianum may have coordinately worked for bringing the growth regulation by protecting membranes from reactive oxygen species(ROS) and enhance plant growth through accessing more nutrients by root system.     

Use of Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) as a model system for Trichoderma biocontrol of Pythium blight identifies new targets for genetic strain improvement

Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section Longibrachiatum have only rarely been studied. On the other hand, one taxon from this section-Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei)-has been widely used for the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. As far as T…     

木霉菌对杂交水稻生长影响差异的研究

[目的]通过比较哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）抗药性标记菌株TUV-13和野生型菌株T2-16对水稻生长影响的差异,筛选出对水稻生长有更好促进作用的菌株,进一步推动木霉生防菌株在水稻上的应用。[方法]采用不同浓度的TUV-13和T2-16孢子悬浮液对水稻进行人工接种（浸种处理）,确定最适浸种浓度;室外盆栽试验采用常规方法测定水稻各个生长势指标。[结果]确定TUV-13和T2-16最适浸种浓度均为1×105个/ml;用此浓度的孢子悬浮液浸种均能提高种子活力,且TUV-13对水稻萌发的促进作用更显著,幼苗鲜重比经T2-16浸种处理增加4.85%,活力指数提高5.96%。盆栽试验显示,2个处理均能促进水稻植株根系和地上部分的生长,经TUV-13孢子悬浮液浸种的效果最显著。[结论]TUV-13对T优6135的生长具有更显著的促进作用,显示出TUV-13在水稻应用上的巨大潜力。     

保护地蔬菜土壤中木霉菌种群影响因素

采用传统的形态学特征和ITS、TEF序列比对鉴定出11个木霉种,其中长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum、深绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride和哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum是蔬菜保护地土壤中的优势种群.同时研究表明种植年限、蔬菜种类、轮作制度、杀菌剂等均会影响木霉菌数量和分布,木霉菌的数量与种植年限、蔬菜种植结构密切相关,连作时,当种植年限超过10 a,木霉菌数量减少;轮作地比连作地木霉菌数量虽然下降,但在真菌中的比例却呈上升趋势;种植葱蒜类蔬菜的地块比种植番茄、黄瓜的地块木霉菌数量多.从蔬菜田中分离到的木霉菌对杀菌剂的抗性较强.土壤因素中以土壤有机质含量对木霉菌数量的影响最为重要,达到极显著水平,回归直线方程为y=0.13x-1.07.表明提高土壤中有机质含量及轮作是提高木霉菌生物种群多样性的主要因子.     

Factors that contribute to the mycoparasitism stimulus in Trichoderma atroviride strain P1

Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 has been used extensively to study the mycoparasitic mechanisms in the interaction between plant pathogenic host and beneficial antagonistic fungi. Mutants of P1 containing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) or glucose oxidase (gox) reporter systems and different inducible promoters (from the exochitinase nag1 gene, or the endochitinase ech42 gene of P1) were used to determine the factors that activate the biocontrol gene expression cascade in the antagonis…     

Study of signal transduction factors involved in mycoparasitic response of Trichoderma atroviride

Numerous Trichoderma spp. are mycoparasites and commercially applied as biological control agents against a large number of plant pathogenic fungi. The mycoparasitic interaction is host-specific and several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the antagonist-plant-pathogen three-way interaction. During mycoparasitism, signals from the host fungus are recognised by Trichoderma, stimulating antifungal activities that are accompanied by mo…     

保护地土壤生防木霉菌种群多样性研究

采用传统的形态学特征和分子方法(ITS、TEF序列和UP-PCR)研究了蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群多样性及其影响因素.结果表明:提交genbank 11个木霉种的序列,分别为长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)、拟康氏木霉(Trichoderma pseudokoningii)、黄绿木霉(Trichoderma aureoviride)、棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)、深绿木霉(Trichoderma atroviride)、哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、非钩木霉(Trichoderma inhamatum)、微孢木霉(Trichoderma minutisporum)、长孢木霉(Trichoderma longipile)和粘绿木霉(Trichoderma virens);木霉菌24个菌株经UP-PCR扩增,引物AS4、AS19、L45扩增出一条500 bp大小的木霉菌种的特征性谱带,其他谱带则为多态性谱带,多态性达93.5％;营养条件、杀菌剂及土壤因素对不同种木霉菌的影响不同,得到2株适应性较强的木霉菌株,有望成为生防菌株.     

5个木霉菌株的抑菌谱及部分生物学特性

 5个木霉菌株在对峙培养中对水稻稻瘟病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、油菜菌核病菌等18种植物病原真菌和7株土壤习居镰刀菌都有明显抑制效果。哈茨木霉菌株Th-B的抑菌效果显著高于绿色木霉菌株LTR-2和其他3个菌株,哈茨木霉菌株Th-A和Th-B的产孢能力高于其他菌株,Th-B对辣椒灰霉病的预防效果达65.20%.     

Proteomic study of three component interactions： plant, pathogens andantagonistic fungi

The molecular factors involved in the three-way interaction between plant, pathogenic fungi and antagonistic/biocontrol fungi, such as Trichoderma, are still poorly understood, even if they represent a matter of interest for improving crop management and developing new strategies for plant diseases control. The aim of this work is to investigate the components involved in this interaction and, for this purpose, a proteomic approach was used. 2-D maps of the protein extracts from the single co…     

中药材土传病害拮抗木霉的筛选与应用初探

 用稀释平板法对51份来自不同地区、不同生态环境的丹参、川红花等10种主要川产道地中药材根际土样分离到62个木霉菌株;木霉种群以哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum）为主,其次是桔绿木霉（T. citrinoriride）和拟康氏木霉（T. pseudokoningii）等。对峙法培养结果表明,木霉菌株T23,T56,T45对尖孢镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌均具有较强的拮抗作用。初步研究了T23 ,T56在田间对中药材的防病作用,木霉处理不仅能显著提高川红花、丹参的出苗率,且对其幼苗具有促生作用,对川红花枯萎病和丹参根腐病的相对防效均达50%以上。     

Trichoderma species collected from Iran

In order to identify Trichoderma species isolated from Iran, Trichoderma selective media and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to isolate Trichoderma species from the soil samples. All the cultures were purified on 2% water agar by hyphal tip method prior to morphological examination.Morphological observations were carried out on the cultures grown on 2 % MEA and oat meal agar at 20℃ under ambient laboratory conditions.     

植物土传病害拮抗真菌的抗药性筛选

从土壤中分离得到的４种拮抗真菌（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａ ｋｏｎｉｎｇｉｉ、Ｔ．ｐｓｅｕｄｏｋｏｎｉｎ－ｇｉｉ、Ｔ．ｈａｒｚｉａｎｕｍ和Ｇｌｉｏｃｌａｄｉｕｍ ｓｐｐ．）分别用紫外光诱变，得到抗氧氮化铜、扑海因和多菌灵的变异菌株，这些变异蓖株对西瓜枯萎病菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍｆ．ｓｐ．ｍｅｌｏｎｉｓ）和生菜菌核病菌（Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｔｉｎｉａ ｍｉｎｏｒ）仍有较强的拮抗性。     

Are mycoparasitism and chitinase production species or isolate dependent in Trichoderma ?

The relationship between taxonomic status of Trichoderma spp., chitinase production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on four media and mycoparasitism in dual culture (confrontation assay)against four plant pathogenic fungi was studied. Seventy five Trichoderma isolates belonging to 35species have been screened. The plant pathogenic fungi used in confrontation assay were Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . The SSF media contained wheat bran, crude chitin (from crab shells, SIGMA) and salt solutions. The best performing isolates in mycoparasitism tests were Trichoderma flavofuscum, T. harzianum, T.inhamatum, T. koningii and T. strigosum. Some isolates exhibiting good mycoparasitism produced chitinase in SSF only at low or medium level. In contrary there were isolates with excellent extracellular chitinase production but their biocontrol potential did not belong to the leading group.Statistical methods have been used to evaluate the data.……