动物用氟喹诺酮类药物的研究进展概况

喹诺酮类(Quinolones,Qs)抗菌药自20世纪60年代萘啶酸(Nalidixic acid)(第一代喹诺酮)问世以来,至今已发展到第四代.有关氟喹诺酮类药物合成和报道有数篇,但开发应用最成功的该类兽医药物包括胺氟沙星、环丙沙星、单诺沙星、恩诺沙星、麻保沙星、诺氟沙星、倍诺沙星、奥比沙星、诺氟沙星尼古丁、沙拉沙星、二氟沙星、洛美沙星、倍氟沙星、氟甲喹、恶喹酸等;其它被使用在动物上的人用氟喹诺酮类药物还有氧氟沙星、依诺沙星、司帕沙星、替马沙星、托氟沙星等;尚在开发中的动物专用产品有宾氟沙星、依巴沙星、普马沙星等.     

禽病防治中的几种新药简介(下)

（续上期）５．喹诺酮类是指一类有４－喹诺酮环结构的药物，该类药物研究进展迅速，近年我国新开发成功的有氟甲喹、达氟沙星、沙拉沙星、二氟沙星、麻保沙星，国外上市的还有奥比沙星。其中氟甲喹为第二代喹诺酮类药物，其他为第三代喹诺酮类（氟喹诺酮类）药物。该类药物在水中极微溶解，在盐酸或氢氧化钠溶液中易溶解。（１）药理作用氟喹诺酮类药物为广谱杀菌性抗菌药，对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、支原体、某些厌氧菌均有效，例如对大肠杆菌、沙门氏杆菌、巴氏杆菌、绿脓杆菌、金色葡萄球菌、链球菌等均敏感。对耐甲氧苯青霉素的金…     

鸡源大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的多重耐药性

利用药敏试验监测系统分析了71株鸡源大肠杆菌临床分离菌株对9种氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性,结果表明临床分离菌株对沙拉沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、二氯沙星、单诺沙星、奥比沙星和萘定酸呈现很高的耐药性。耐药率分别为69%、69%、55％、76%、69%、76%和99%;对盖特沙星和左氟沙星有轻度的耐药性,耐药率分别为11％和13％。在71株分离菌株中,只有1株没有耐药性,对3种以上药物有耐药性的菌株占74％(52／70),对6种以上药物有耐药性的菌株占70%(49／70),呈现出多重耐药性。对耐药菌株GyrA基因QRDR氨基酸变异分析表明70株耐药菌株的第83位氨基酸均发生了变异,由丝氨酸(Serine)变为亮氨酸(Leucine)。对6种以上氟喹诺酮类药物有耐药性的49株分离株除了83位氨基酸发生变异外,其87位氨基酸也发生了变异,41株87位的氨基酸由天冬氨酸(D)变为天冬酰胺(N),6株87位的氨基酸由天冬氨酸(D)变为酪氨酸(Y),由天冬氨酸(D)变为甘氨酸和丙氨酸的各1株;对3种以下氟喹诺酮类药物有耐药性的21株87位的氨基酸没有发生变异。由此表明鸡源大肠杆菌GyrA基因QRDR区的变异与菌株对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药程度密切相关,83位的氨基酸变异是大肠杆菌呈现对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性的关键氨基酸。     

左旋氧氟沙星药动学-药效学研究进展

<正>喹诺酮类药物(FQNs)是一类化学合成的具有喹诺酮环基本结构的杀菌性抗菌药,现共有四代喹诺酮类药物。第一、二代喹诺酮类药物抗菌谱窄,内服吸收差,不良反应多,已基本淘汰。第三代又名氟喹诺酮类药物,在喹诺酮环上加入氟原子增强了抗菌活性和生物利用度,不良反应少。近年来研究发现,氟喹诺酮也出现了抗药性,为降低抗药性风险,6,7位去氟喹诺酮类药物的研究已取得一定进展,如加雷沙星、奈诺沙星等抗菌谱广,对耐药菌株有效且不良反     

兽用喹诺酮类药物奥比沙星抑菌试验研究

本试验以五氟苯甲酰氯为起始物，通过与丙二酸单乙酯钾盐加成、原甲酸三乙酯消去反应，与环丙胺缩合，然后成环，水解，加上哌嗪基取代反应合成出第三代动物专用氟喹诺酮类药物奥比沙星，产物通过琼脂扩散法对大肠杆菌菌株（E．coli）、金葡萄球菌菌株（Goldau Teus）、肺炎双球茵菌株（Pneumococcus）、波氏杆菌菌株（Bordetella bronchiseptica）进行体外抗茵活性试验，表明其具有较好的抑茵效果。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测牛奶中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

利用胶体金标记的抗氟喹诺酮类单克隆抗体制备了氟喹诺酮类胶体金免疫检测试纸条。该试纸条对牛奶中恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、培氟沙星、氟甲喹、达氟沙星检测限为20g／L。对依诺沙星、恶喹酸检测限为40g／L,检测时间5min,与三聚氰胺、磺胺类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、四环素类药物在500g／L浓度时,不发生交叉反应。试纸条的检测结果与仪器检测结果一致,重复性较好,在4℃条件下可以保存12个月,所以该研究制备的氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测试纸条可用于牛奶中11种氟喹诺酮类药物残留。     

交体金免疫层析法快速检测牛奶中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

利用胶体金标记的抗氟喹诺酮类单克隆抗体制备了氟喹诺酮类胶体金免疫检测试纸条。该试纸条对牛奶中恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、培氟沙星、氟甲喹、达氟沙星检测检测限为20ug／L;对依诺沙星、恶喹酸检测检测限为40ug／L,检测检测时间5min：与三聚氰胺、磺胺类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、四环素类药物在500μg／L浓度时,不发生交叉反应。试纸条的检测结果与仪器检测结果一致,重复性较好,在4℃条件下可以保存12个月,所以本研究制备的氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测试纸条可用于牛奶中11种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的检测。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测牛奶中氟喹诺酮类药物残留

利用胶体金标记的抗氟喹诺酮类单克隆抗体制备了氟喹诺酮类胶体金免疫检测试纸条.该试纸条对牛奶中恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、双氟沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、培氟沙星、氟甲喹、达氟沙星检测,检测限为20μg/L;对依诺沙星、恶喹酸检测,检测限为40μg/L.检测时间为5min.与三聚氰胺、磺胺类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、氨基糖苷类药物、四环素类药物在500μg/L浓度时,不发生交叉反应.试纸条的检测结果与仪器检测结果一致,重复性较好,在4℃条件下可以保存12个月.本研究制备的氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测试纸条可用于牛奶中11种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的检测.     

正确应用抗感染药物（下）

喹诺酮类是指有4-喹诺酮环结构的药物，该类药物主要有氟甲喹、达氟沙星、沙拉沙星、二氟沙星、麻保沙星。其中氟甲喹为第二代喹诺酮类药物，其他为第三代喹诺酮类(氟喹诺酮类)药物。     

兽用喹诺酮类抗菌剂沙拉沙星的研究概况

喹诺酮类药物是在萘啶酸的基础上发展起来的新型合成抗菌药物。近 30年来 ,特别是近 10年来这类药物得到了迅速的发展 ,其中以氟喹诺酮类在临床上更占有重要的位置。沙拉沙星 (Ｓａｒａｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ)是第一个 (1995年 8月 18日 )被美国批准用于食品动物的第三代喹诺酮类药物 ,它是继恩诺沙星 (Ｅｎ ｒｏｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ)、单诺沙星 (Ｄａｎａｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ)后ＦＤＡ批准的又一兽医专用的喹诺酮类药物。最早由美国雅培公司研制成功 ,未命名前为Ａ - 5 6 6 2 0 ,临床上以盐酸盐多见 ,即盐酸沙拉沙星(ＳａｒａｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎＨｙｄｒ…     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.