氨基酸螯合物对奶牛生产性能影响的研究

用氨基酸螯合物代替奶牛日粮中的无机微量元素添加剂以研究氨基酸螯合物对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明:氨基酸螯合物对提高产奶量,改善奶品质具有重要作用。试验期末,试验组奶牛产奶量与对照组相比提高10.34%(P<0.05),乳蛋白含量提高3.4%(P<0.05),奶料比、乳脂率和乳非脂固形物含量无明显变化。     

氨基酸螯合物对奶牛生产性能影响的研究

试验用微量元素氨基酸螯合物 (简称氨基酸螯合物 )代替无机微量元素 ,添加到奶牛日粮中饲喂奶牛 ,研究氨基酸螯合物对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明 :氨基酸螯合物对提高产奶量、改善奶品质具有重要作用。试验期末 ,试验组奶牛产奶量与对照组相比提高 10 .34% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,乳蛋白含量提高 3.4 0 % (P <0 .0 5 ) ,奶料比、乳脂率和乳非脂固形物含量无明显变化     

复合微量元素营养舔砖对乳品产量和质量的影响

为了探索复合微量元素营养舔砖对奶牛产奶量和乳品质的影响,将60头荷斯坦奶牛随机分成复合微量元素营养舔砖组和对照组(不饲喂舔砖),比较了2组的总产奶量、日均产奶量、蛋白含量、乳脂肪含量和体细胞数等指标。结果显示,试验期内舔砖组每头奶牛总产奶量提高了40.96 kg(P0.05),日均产奶量提高了0.68 kg(P0.05);乳样中乳蛋白含量提高了0.11个百分点(P0.05),乳脂肪含量提高了0.06个百分点(P0.05),体细胞数降低了2.22万个/mL。表明复合微量元素营养舔砖可显著增加奶牛的产奶量并改善乳品品质。     

氨基酸微量元素螯合物对异育银鲫生长及其品质的影响

试验研究了氨基酸微量元素螯合物对异育银鲫生长及其品质的影响。结果表明,①氨基酸微量元素螯合物替代无机微量元素能显著促进异育银鲫生长,提高饲料利用效率,其中,以65%替代无机微量元素的促生长效果最好,饲料利用效率最高,日特定生长率和饲料利用效率分别增加25.37%和26.32%。②用氨基酸微量元素螯合物替代无机微量元素后,鱼体水分、灰分含量无显著差异,以65%替代无机微量元素后,鱼体蛋白含量提高1.75%;鱼体脂肪含量在35%、50%、65%替代无机微量元素后,均有增加。③氨基酸微量元素螯合物35%、50%、65%替代无机微量元素,对鱼体肥满度没有产生影响,但内脏比均增加。④氨基酸微量元素螯合物以35%、50%、65%替代无机微量元素后,提高了成活率、降低了养殖饲料成本。⑤在氨基酸微量元素螯合物基础上再添加黄霉素,具有更好的促生长效果和更高的饲料利用效率。     

新型奶牛预混料对热应激下的奶牛生产性能的影响

试验结果表明新型奶牛预混料能显著减缓热应激下奶牛产量的下降(p<0.05),试验组比对照组平均增加产奶量1.5kg/头、日,能显著降低乳中的体细胞数(p<0.05),改善奶牛的机体健康。     

小苏打对奶牛泌乳性能的影响试验

试验选择处于产奶高峰期的奶牛20头,随机分成两组,每组10头。试验用奶牛补充精料配方参照NRC、SB/T10261-96标准设计,试验组奶牛补充精料中添加0.8%缓冲剂小苏打。试验结果表明,试验组奶牛乳脂率和产奶量分别提高1.98%和11.21%(p<0.05),单位产奶成本降低5.88%。     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛生产性能、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选择36头体况良好的泌乳初期的健康荷斯坦奶牛,平均泌乳天数(DIM)为(39.69±12.48) d、平均胎次为(3.02±0.64)胎。采用单因素随机试验设计,按年龄、产奶量、胎次相同或相近的原则,将36头荷斯坦奶牛区组配对后随机分为3组,每组12头奶牛,其中对照组奶牛饲喂仅添加有瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸(HMBi)的TMR日粮;试验1、2组日粮在对照组的基础上分别添加2种水平的瘤胃保护性赖氨酸,以平衡日粮中的氨基酸。结果表明,①与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛饲料转化率分别提高10.60%和11.26%(P>0.05),而干物质采食量没有显著变化(P>0.05),平均每日4%校正乳产量分别显著提高了8.65%和10.58%(P<0.05),并可显著或极显著增加乳脂和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05;P<0.01);饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮对奶牛繁殖性能、健康状况无显著影响(P>0.05)。②饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮60 d时,奶牛血清中葡萄糖、总氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),尿素氮含量显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组奶牛经济效益分别增加了15.09和16.36元/(头·d)。综上所述,饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

不同铜源对仔猪生长发育和粪便铜含量的影响

为了研究日粮中不同铜源对仔猪生长发育及粪便中铜排泄量的影响,选用264头35日龄杜长大断奶仔猪,体重相近,随机分成4组:对照组饲喂基础日粮,A、B、C三个处理组分别以氨基酸微量元素螯合物、小肽微量元素螯合物和有机微量元素配制低铜复合微量元素添加剂替代基础日粮中的微量元素,测定仔猪生长性能、粪便中Cu含量及相关生化指标。结果表明:与对照组相比,A、B、C组仔猪的日增重分别增加了6.67%、4.44%和6.67%(P0.05),料重比分别下降3.78%、2.70%和3.78%(P0.05);在试验第35天,A、B、C组仔猪粪便Cu含量分别下降66.44%(P0.05)、81.85%(P0.05)和49.37%(P0.05),试验组血清中的Cu含量与对照组相比显著降低,总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)水平与对照组相比显著增加,铜蓝蛋白、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)无显著差异(P0.05)。以低浓度氨基酸微量元素螯合物、小肽微量元素螯合物和有机微量元素补充铜源,可维持仔猪正常生长发育和饲料报酬及生理生化过程,但能显著降低粪便中的Cu的排泄量,尤以小肽微量元素螯合物为好。提示采用微量元素螯合物低浓度有机微量元素补充技术是集约化养猪粪便重金属减排源头控制的有效方法,应进行深入研究和推广。     

不同化学形式微量元素对热应激奶牛生产性能和血清指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同化学形式微量元素对奶牛生产性能和血清指标的影响。选择年龄、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛32头,随机分为4组,即在基础饲粮中添加120 g/d干酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)的对照组、120 g/d无机微量元素的试验Ⅰ组、15 g/d有机微量元素+105 g/d DDGS的试验Ⅱ组和10 g/d有机微量元素+110 g/d DDGS的试验Ⅲ组,每组8头。试验期90 d。结果表明,1)与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组产奶量有下降的趋势,试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组产奶量有提高的趋势,试验组乳成分、干物质采食量和呼吸频率差异均不显著(P0.05);2)第30天,试验Ⅲ组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于其他各组(P0.05);3)第30天,试验Ⅲ组血清铜含量显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组(P0.05),硒含量显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P0.05),第60天钙含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05);4)各组间奶牛血清激素、免疫球蛋白G(Ig G)含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。本试验条件下,热应激奶牛饲粮添加有机微量元素能够改善奶牛生产性能,提高奶牛血清抗氧化能力,血清Ig G和锌、硒含量,并且呈剂量依赖。     

Nutritional evaluation of organically grown fodders in lactating Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

A study was undertaken to evaluate the nutritional response of organically grown diets in buffaloes on nutrients utilization and nutrient efficiency for milk production. For this, ten milch Murrah buffaloes of average body weight (490.72?±?6.65 kg), milk yield (8.13?±?0.33 kg), and lactation stage (85?±?5.28 days) were distributed in inorganic (InDg₎ and organic dietary groups (OrDg) with five animals in each. Buffaloes of InDg and OgDg were fed sorghum hay–berseem fodder-concentrate mixture-based diets grown inorganically and organically, respectively. After 60 days of feeding, a digestion cum metabolism trial was conducted to assess feed intake, nutrient utilization, and N balance, while milk yield and composition were recorded fortnightly. DM, CP, digestible crude protein (DCP), and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (g/Kg w^0.75) were similar in animals of InDg and OrDg. NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose digestibility were (P?<?0.05) higher in animals on OrDg (59.20, 51.55, and 62.67) than InDg diet (54.57, 43.72, and 56.61 %), respectively. Urinary n loss (g/day) was (P?<?0.05) lower in OrDg (67.23) than in InDg (83.55); however, milk N was comparable in animals of both dietary groups (47.36 vs 45.82 g/day). Nitrogen balance was higher in animals of OrDg (39.72) than in InDg (28.08). DCP, TDN, and ME values of both diets were similar. No effect of diet was observed on milk yield and its composition; however, increased lactation length decreased milk yield. Buffaloes on both diets had similar efficiency and conversion ratio of nutrients for milk production. Results revealed that diets (organically vs. inorganically grown) have no effect on milk yield and its composition; however, buffaloes on organic diet have higher fiber digestibility and low urinary N loss which did not affect the dietary nutrients efficiency and conversion ratio for milk production.     

不同类型有机微量元素对母猪乳中微量元素含量及其生产性能的影响

本试验选用"长大"二元杂交经产母猪,在母猪妊娠和哺乳期分别饲喂添加3种不同类型微量元素试验日粮:A组为对照组,饲粮中添加的微量元素分别为CuSO4、FeSO4、MnSO4、ZnSO4、Na2SeO3;B组(氨基酸螯合物组),饲粮添加的铁、铜、锰、锌和硒微量元素均为蛋氨酸螯合物;C组(蛋白质螯合物组),饲粮添加的微量元素为蛋白质螯合铁、蛋白质螯合锌、蛋白质螯合锰和酵母硒。结果表明:Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别较对照组初乳中锰含量高出了21.05%和5.87%,差异均不显著(P>0.05);Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别较对照组初乳中铁含量高于对照组,分别高出17.0%和8.4%,差异不显著(P>0.05);对初乳中锌没有明显影响;对于常乳中各种微量元素含量也无明显影响;提高了窝产活仔数、合格仔数,减少了死仔和干尸的数量,初生窝重Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组分别比Ⅰ组高0.78和0.48kg;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组断奶窝重分别比Ⅰ组高4.12kg和0.28kg。     

Censoring in survival analysis: a simulation study of the effect of milk yield on conception

Survival-analysis methods often are used to analyze data from dairy herds where the outcome of interest is the interval from calving to conception. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an association between milk yield and culling biases the estimation of the effect of milk yield on conception. This was done by simulating four different scenarios modeling dairy-cattle milk yield and reproductive performance with known relationships among study factors. Cox’s proportional-hazards model was used to analyze the effect of milk yield on days open under the following four scenarios: (1) no association between milk yield and culling or between milk yield and conception; (2) association between milk yield and culling only; (3) association between milk yield and conception only; (4) associations between milk yield and both culling and conception. The analyses also were repeated for data sets with an association between milk yield and culling, but with probabilities of culling ranging from 0.01 to 0.4. An effect of milk production on culling appeared to cause a small increase in the parameter estimates for the association of milk yield and days open — particularly when the probability of culling was high. The effect of high milk production on median days open (as estimated by survival functions) changed by 2 to 4 days when an association between milk yield and culling was programmed in the simulated data sets.     

奶牛胎儿的父亲对母亲产奶量的影响

用中国黑白花奶牛研究了胎儿的父亲及犊牛初生重对母亲当胎及下一个泌乳期产奶量的影响,结果指出胎儿的父亲对母亲当胎及下一个泌乳期90天和305天的产奶量,都有极显著的影响,各占产奶总变异量的9.4％,15.3％及3.77％(P<0.01)。犊牛初生重对母亲产奶量的影响也显著(P<0.05)。当根据公牛的产奶预期差(PDM)将胎儿的父亲分为两组后,发现差异显著(P<0.05),胎儿父亲的PDM高,胎儿母亲的产奶量也高,因此胎儿母亲产奶量不仅受胎儿重量的影响,也受父亲PDM的影响。     

Culling of dairy cows. Part III. Effects of diseases, pregnancy status and milk yield on culling in Finnish Ayrshire cows

The effects of 15 diseases, pregnancy status and milk yield on culling were studied in 39 727 Finnish Ayrshire cows that calved in 1993 and were followed until culling or next calving. Survival analysis, using the Cox proportional hazards model, was performed with diseases, pregnancy status and milk yield as time-dependent covariates. Effects of parity, calving season and herd were also accounted for.

Pregnancy status was the single most influential factor affecting culling decisions, followed by milk yield. Several diseases also had a significant effect on culling, the most influential ones being mastitis, lameness, teat injuries, and milk fever. The effects of all of these factors varied according to the stage of lactation.

Milk yield had a significant effect on culling decisions, depending on the stage of lactation. At the beginning of lactation, milk production did not have any effect on culling decisions, but later on, the highest producers were at the lowest risk of being culled and the lowest producers had the highest risk. Adjusting for milk yield modified the effects of parity, most diseases and also pregnancy status on culling. Effects of parity increased after including milk yield in the model, indicating that milk yield and parity are interrelated in their effects on culling. The effects of pregnancy status also increased towards the end of lactation when milk yield was accounted for in the model. The effects of mastitis, teat injuries and lameness decreased after adjusting for milk production. These diseases lower milk yield and thus, part of their effect on culling was mediated through milk production. The effects of anestrus and ovarian cysts were mainly modified by pregnancy status, but not by milk yield. The effects of milk fever on culling increased at the beginning of lactation after including milk yield in the model. This suggests that even though cows with milk fever tend to be higher producers, it is the disease as such that triggers the culling decision early in the lactation. The changes in the effects of other diseases after adjusting for milk yield varied, depending on the disease and the stage of lactation.     

The implication of BLV infection in the productivity, reproductive capacity and survival rate of a dairy cow

The objective of the present study was to find out whether BLV infection, known to cause immunodisturbances in cows, might also bring about decreased productivity, reproductive rate and a shorter life span. More than 100 pairs of dairy cows, and a whole population of 3000 milch cows, were studied for this report. The findings revealed that a BLV-positive cow had a shorter life span than both its seronegative counterpart and the entire milch cow population. It also produced a total of 3.5% less milk and had a mean of 48 more days open than did the BLV-negative cow. The differences in survival rate were highly significant, while, at a level of 5%, those of productivity and reproductive rate were not. The implications of these findings are discussed. A highly significant correlation was also shown between BLV infection and the persistence of Trichophyton verrucosum infection in cows. The presented data indicate that BLV infection might affect the immune system of a cow to such a degree that it ceases to be productive enough to be kept within a herd. Thus it is usually culled before any severe symptoms of disease emerge.     

不同DCAB日粮对泌乳盛期奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选择12头泌乳盛期、体况相近的荷斯坦牛,采用随机区组设计分成四个处理组,每组3头,A组日粮阴阳离子差(DCAB)值为20mEq/100gDM,B组DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM,C组DCAB值为30mEq/100gDM,D组DCAB值为40mEq/100gDM,研究DCAB对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响。试验期为21d。结果表明:高DCAB水平的日粮明显提高奶牛的生产性能。B组、C组、D组平均产奶量分别比A组提高了7.17%、5.58%和1.22%;DCAB值对乳蛋白、乳脂和总乳固形物含量无影响。其中B组日粮DCAB值为25mEq/100gDM时效果最佳。     

日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对奶牛生产性能的影响

选取24头处于泌乳前期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用配对设计分成4组,研究奶牛日粮中分别添加200g棕榈油脂肪酸钙、大豆油脂肪酸钙和葵花籽油脂肪酸钙对奶牛采食量、产奶量及乳品质的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加3种脂肪酸钙均不影响奶牛采食量(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高10.45%、乳脂率提高7.42%、乳蛋白率降低4.67%、乳干物质提高1.41%(P>0.05);添加大豆油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.25%、乳脂率提高8.54%、乳蛋白率降低4.64%、乳干物质提高2.67%(P>0.05);添加葵花籽油脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高4.76%、乳脂率提高3.52%、乳蛋白率降低3.35%、乳干物质提高1.42%(P>0.05)。     

稀土肥料对紫花苜蓿产草量影响的研究

通过7种稀土肥料处理对二年龄和三年龄苜蓿产草量的影响研究,结果表明不同稀土肥料对紫花苜蓿的增产效果差异显著,其中大丰收(氨基酸螯合稀土)、植物全营养素(巨源)、常乐益植素对苜蓿产量的提高效果最显著,稀土磷肥增产不明显。     

Predicting milk-production responses after an autumn treatment of pastured dairy herds with eprinomectin

The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effect of a treatment with eprinomectin in autumn of pastured dairy herds on the anti-Ostertagia ostertagi bulk-tank milk antibody level, (2) to determine the overall effect of this treatment on three milk-production parameters (milk yield, protein % and fat %) and (3) to investigate the value of the pre-treatment Ostertagia-specific bulk-tank milk antibody level to predict the production response after anthelmintic treatment. One hundred and nineteen herds in Flanders (Belgium) were randomly assigned to a treatment with eprinomectin or a placebo in October 2004. Bulk-tank milk samples were collected monthly from August 2004 until April 2005, and the antibody levels against O. ostertagi were determined as optical density ratios (ODRs) with an ELISA. The treatment effect over the 4 months following treatment on three production parameters (milk yield, milk-protein %, milk-fat %) was estimated by mixed models with herd as a random effect. The treatment effect on milk yield was also investigated within six categories of the pre-treatment ODR. The ODR values were lower in the eprinomectin group than in the control group at each time point after treatment. The overall effect on milk yield was estimated at 1.2 kg/cow/day, whereas no effect on the milk-protein % and milk-fat % was observed. Herds in the highest pre-treatment ODR category (>0.84) had a positive milk-yield response of 4.0 kg/cow/day (95%-confidence interval: 1.0; 7.0), while the 95%-confidence intervals of the milk-yield responses in the other categories all included zero. This study demonstrates that treatment with eprinomectin of pastured dairy cows in autumn will lower the Ostertagia-specific bulk-tank milk antibody level during the stabling period and can result in a consistent increase in milk yield. The results indicate that an O. ostertagi bulk-tank milk ELISA can be used to identify the herds where the greatest milk-yield response after an anthelmintic treatment is expected.