Condensation reactions of phenolic resins IV: self-condensation of 2,4-dihydroxymethylphenol and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol (2)

Kinetics of the self-condensation of 2,4-dihydroxymethylphenol (2,4-DHMP) and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol (THMP) were investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of the condensation of hydroxymethylphenols (HMPs). Rate equations were derived on the assumptions of the formation of quinone methide intermediates as unimolecular reactions and the occurrence of bimolecular reactions between undissociated HMPs, between undissociated HMP and dissociated HMP, and between dissociated HMPs. Rate constants were determined numerically by comparing the calculated reaction rates with observed ones. The results of analyses are as follows: (1) Both unimolecular and bimolecular reactions occur as the rate-determining steps during the self-condensation of 2,4-DHMP and THMP with low concentrations. (2) Nothing but bimolecular reactions occur as the rate-determining steps during the self-condensation of THMP with high concentrations. (3) Differences in the activation energy and the reaction rate due to the unimolecular process between 2,4-DHMP and THMP are small. (4) Rates of bimolecular reactions of THMP are about five times as large as those of 2,4-DHMP. (5) The values of the rate constants and the activation energy for the bimolecular reactions of THMP of low concentrations differ from those of THMP of high concentrations, indicating the difference in reaction mechanisms.     

K~+/CaO催化糠醛与甲基异丁基酮缩合制备生物航空燃料中间体

将K_2CO_3溶于去离子水后,室温下负载到活化后的CaO上,采用"等体积浸渍-焙烧法"制备了负载型固体碱催化剂K~+/CaO,并用XRD和CO_2程序升温脱附(CO_2-TPD)对催化剂进行表征。研究了无溶剂条件下K~+/CaO催化糠醛与甲基异丁基酮缩合制备生物航空燃料中间体——亚糠基甲基异丁基酮(F-MIBK)的反应,考察了催化剂种类、K~+/CaO负载量、反应温度、反应时间及物料比等因素对目标产物收率和选择性的影响。结果表明:糠醛与甲基异丁基酮的缩合反应是在催化剂的强碱性位上进行的,K~+的加入明显提高了CaO的碱性,K_2CO_3负载量为1%时,催化剂K~+/CaO表现出了最优的催化性能;当甲基异丁基酮与糠醛的物质的量比值为2,催化剂用量为物料质量的10%,温度140℃,反应时间3 h时,糠醛的转化率为99.1%,F-MIBK的选择性和收率分别为98.2%,97.1%。     

Kinetics of the hydroxymethylation of phenol I: Rate equation and method of analysis

Seven reactions take place consecutively and competitively during the hydroxymethylation of phenol in aqueous alkaline media. This hydroxymethylation is the first step in the formation of phenolic resins and has long been studied. However, the rate equation, which can describe the seven reactions in those reaction systems where the alkali/phenol molar ratios are <1.0, has not yet been obtained. The authors present a rate equation (in a differential form) for a computer simulation. This equation involves the concentration of hydroxide ion, [OH^–], which changes with the change in the composition of the reaction system and cannot be expressed as a function of reaction time. However, the value of [OH^–] can be obtained by numerical calculation. In the computer simulation the reactions occur for an infinitesimal unit of time, and the changes in the concentrations of formaldehyde, phenols, and hydroxide ion are calculated. The next step of the reaction takes place according to the reaction conditions that result from the previous step. In this manner the reactions progress step by step in a computer. Using this method we can describe the reaction time course, (i.e., the changes in the concentrations of phenol, formaldehyde, and five species of hydroxymethylphenols with the reaction time).Part of this paper was presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kochi, April 1997     

3-(2'-羟基亚苄基)诺蒎酮的合成、表征及其酸碱指示性能研究

以β-蒎烯为原料,先经氧化反应合成诺蒎酮,诺蒎酮与水杨醛进一步经羟醛缩合反应合成了3-(2'-羟基亚苄基)诺蒎酮,通过单因素和正交试验优化了缩合反应的工艺条件。结果表明:缩合反应的优化工艺条件为:诺蒎酮1.43 g,以30 m L叔丁醇为溶剂,2.5 g叔丁醇钾为催化剂,n(诺蒎酮)∶n(水杨醛)为1.0∶1.2,回流反应2 h,产物得率为79.46%。采用MS、IR、NMR、X射线单晶衍射等对3-(2'-羟基亚苄基)诺蒎酮的结构进行了表征,确认了化合物的结构,该化合物的晶体属单斜晶系,P212121空间群。对3-(2'-羟基亚苄基)诺蒎酮的酸碱指示性能进行了研究,结果表明:该化合物滴定0.257 4 mol/L盐酸标准溶液时,指示颜色为橘黄色,测定的盐酸浓度为0.259 6 mol/L,RSD为0.089%,滴定的灵敏度高、偏差小,效果优于酚酞指示剂。     

脲醛树脂合成工艺参数的优化

以F/U的终摩尔比、F/U的初摩尔比、缩聚阶段pH值、缩聚阶段温度为变量,UF中游离甲醛含量和羟甲基含量为考核指标来设计正交试验,优化脲醛树脂合成工艺参数。最佳工艺参数F/U的终摩尔比1.05:1、F/U的初摩尔比2.2:1、缩聚阶段pH值5.1～5.3、缩聚阶段温度88℃～90℃。其产品游离甲醛含量小于0.15%,羟甲基含量大于10.5%。     

Kinetics of the hydroxymethylation of phenol II: values of rate parameters and results of simulation experiments

The reaction course of the sodium hydroxidecatalyzed hydroxymethylation of phenol was analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the rate constants for the seven reactions taking place consecutively and competitively were evaluated by means of a computer simulation technique. Calibration was done at the quantification of the six phenolic monomers from the peak areas in the HPLC chromatogram, taking the differences in molar ultraviolet absorption intensities of the six compounds into account. The values of the energies of activation for the seven reactions obtained differed greatly from those reported by Eapen and Yeddanapalli. Simulation experiments carried out by use of the newly obtained rate parameters showed that the amounts of phenol left unreacted and 2,4,6-trihydroxymethylphenol in the final reaction product increased as the reaction temperature was increased and the alkali/phenol molar ratio decreased. These phenomena can be attributed to the differences in the energies of activation for the seven reactions and differences in the acid strengths of the six phenolic monomers.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998 and at the 1998 annual meeting of the Forest Products Society, Merida, Mexico, June 1998     

Analysis on residue formation during wood liquefaction with polyhydric alcohol

Liquefactions of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, alkali lignin, and their mixtures were carried out to analyze the reaction process of wood using polyhydric alcohol. The liquefaction of wood proceeded immediately and wood components were converted to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-soluble components. After that, the condensation reaction occurred with increasing reaction time. However, none of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, and alkali lignin condensed by themselves during their liquefaction. The mixture of cellulose and lignin was also liquefied, and condensed after a long reaction time. The results of analysis showed that the behavior of the mixture resembled that of wood with respect to molecular weight distribution and the main functional groups. Lignin was converted to DMF-soluble compounds in the initial stage of wood liquefaction, followed by cellulose gradually being converted into soluble compounds. After that, condensation reactions took place among some parts of depolymerized and degraded compounds from cellulose and lignin, and were converted into DMF-insoluble compounds. It was concluded that the rate-determining step of wood liquefaction was the depolymerization of cellulose. Furthermore, it was suggested that the condensation reaction was due to the mutual reaction among depolymerized cellulose and degraded aromatic derivatives from lignin or due to the nucleophilic displacement reaction of cellulose by phenoxide ion.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

木材保护用笼型倍半硅氧烷的合成

木材作为一种重要的建筑材料,本身含有丰富的纤维组织、微孔和导管,由毛细作用吸收空气中的水分。由于受自然环境(如光照、湿度和温度等)的影响,木材易发生湿胀干缩而导致开裂、形变,从而影响其观赏和使用价值,缩短其使用寿命。笔者以使木材表面具有疏水功能为出发点,以硅溶胶和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为原料,采用一步法聚合反应得到笼型倍半硅氧烷低聚体(MS)。通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射对各合成条件下所得MS的形貌和结构进行了分析,得到的MS颗粒为表面带有羟基基团的微米级、光滑的立方晶体,其最佳合成条件是把1.2 g MTES和0.2 g硅溶胶置于30 mL无水乙醇中,加入20 mL碱催化剂(0.1 mol/L NaOH),室温下超声反应2.5 h。经聚合得到的MS溶液处理后的木材表面构建起微米级粗糙结构,且MS颗粒填充在木材起吸收水分的细胞腔、导管、纹孔等结构中。通过接触角测试得到用MS溶液处理后的木材具有良好的疏水性,接触角达到141.5°。反应所得溶液可直接使用,合成工艺简单,具有良好的应用前景。     

木质素模型化合物香草醛Mannich反应及其产物化学结构表征

以木质素模型化合物香草醛、二乙醇胺及多聚甲醛为原料,1,4-二氧杂环己烷为溶剂,通过Mannich反应合成了香草醛胺基多元醇,研究了物料配比、反应温度、时间及溶剂用量等因素对Mannich反应的影响。实验结果表明:反应物料按物质的量比n(香草醛)∶n(甲醛)∶n(二乙醇胺)1∶1∶1,甲醛与二乙醇胺60℃反应2 h生成1,3-氧氮杂环戊烷,再将其滴入香草醛中,80℃反应3 h,二氧六环溶剂用量为100 mL/mol(以香草醛的物质的量计),二乙醇胺的转化率最高可达到84.92%。采用HPLC、LC-MS、FT-IR及1H NMR表征了香草醛胺基多元醇的化学结构,相对分子质量269。     

Ni/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其在松节油催化加氢反应中的应用

以溶胶凝胶法制备Ti O_2-Al_2O_3复合载体,采用超声波辅助浸渍负载Ni制得Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化剂,将其应用于松节油催化加氢反应,考察了催化剂制备条件及松节油催化加氢反应条件对催化加氢的影响。结果表明,复合载体中钛铝物质的量之比(钛铝比)值0.4、载体焙烧温度550℃、超声波功率280 W、硝酸镍浸渍液浓度0.5 mol/L和超声波辅助浸渍时间2 h的条件下,制备的催化剂Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化性能最高。最佳的加氢反应条件为:反应时间140 min、反应压力4.5 MPa、反应温度150℃和催化剂用量为松节油质量的5%,该条件下原料中α-蒎烯转化率达97.27%,产物顺式蒎烷的选择性为96.15%,顺式蒎烷的得率为93.52%。     

龙眼SRAP-PCR反应体系的优化

为建立龙眼的SRAP-PCR体系,对影响SRAP-PCR的退火温度、引物浓度、dNTP、模板DNA、Mg2+等因素进行优化。确定优化的龙眼SRAP-PCR反应体系为:10×buffer(Mg free)2.5μl,dNTP mixture(10 mmol.L-1)2.0μl,primer(10μmol.L-1)(0.7+0.7)μl,Mg2+(25 mmol.L-1)1.0μl,模板DNA 40 ng,Taq DNA聚合酶1.5 U,以双蒸水补足至25μl。退火温度51℃。利用该优化的体系对来自中国、泰国、印度尼西亚的16份龙眼种质进行SRAP扩增,电泳显示获得了清晰、稳定的扩增结果。     

Elicitation of diosgenin production in Dioscorea floribunda by ethylene-generating agent

Dioscorea floribunda cells aggregates were cultured in liquid modified MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2 mg/l) and kinetine (0.1 mg/l). The cells were treated with different concentrations of ethylene-generating-agent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (2-CEPA). 2-CEPA at concentrations of 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l elicited production of diosgenin. The level of diosgenin increased to 72-fold higher than those of non-treated cells with 100 mg/l of 2-CEPA.     

松香酰谷氨酸的合成及表面活性

松香酸与三氯化磷反应制得松香酰氯，收率85％以上。松香酰氯与谷氨酸钠进行缩合反应合成了松香酰谷氨酸，通过正交试验优化的合成条件为：松香酰氯与谷氨酸摩经为1：0．8，反应温度25－30℃，PH7-8，反应时间2．5h，以丙酮与水体积比1：1为混合溶剂，收率84％，并对松香酰谷氨酸双钠的表面活性进行了测定。     

棉秆与麦草蒸煮反应的动力学比较

比较了棉秆和麦草蒸煮反应的脱木质素速率常数,提出一种研究蒸煮反应动力学的实验和计算新方法。通过对不同恒温条件下的反应速率常数计算,采用与实际蒸煮反应相同的液比,用较短时间周期的有效碱浓度变化值和木质素含量变化值计算得出了两种原料烧碱-蒽醌法蒸煮反应的活化能。棉秆烧碱-蒽醌法蒸煮反应的活化能和麦草烧碱-蒽醌法蒸煮反应的活化能在整个脱木质素阶段基本是不变的。麦草烧碱-蒽醌蒸煮反应的活化能为51.0 kJ/mol。棉秆烧碱-蒽醌法蒸煮反应的活化能是138.1 kJ/mol,高于麦草蒸煮反应活化能,说明麦草蒸煮脱木质素反应比棉秆更容易。     

In vitro flowering of green and albino Dendrocalamus latiflorus

To propagate Dendrocalamus latiflorus, we used in vivo inflorescences to produce calli on Murashige and Skoog basal (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2 mg/l kinetin, 250 mg/l polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and 1% coconut milk. Multiple shoots were generated on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ). The green plantlets were successfully transferred to soil. Multiple albino shoots also regenerated and were able to proliferate on medium containing cytokinins, especially TDZ. Albino multiple shoots rooted in medium containing α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and callus formation was observed in the presence of 2,4-D and picloram. Green and albino regenerates flowered after 8 months of subculture. The flowering ratio increased to 44% after three treatments in medium containing 1 mg/l TDZ. Morphological observations revealed that the in vitro green and albino flower organs were normal. However, pollen derived from the in vitro flowers of both the green and albino plants were sterile.     

Kinetics and mechanism of acetic acid pulping of detannined Pinus pinaster bark

Summary The observed kinetics of Pinus pinaster bark with acetic acid after alkali treatment, with or without intervening acid prehydrolysis, are satisfactorily explained by a model involving both solubilization and condensation reactions.This study was subsidised by the Xunta de Galicia. J. González is grateful to DGICYT for a research grant     

Differential behavior between acacia and Japanese larch woods in the formation and decomposition of hexenuronic acid during alkaline cooking

The effects of anthraquinone (AQ) and polysulfide (PS) on the hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of pulp during kraft cooking were studied using Acacia mearnsii (acacia) and Larix leptolepis (Japanese larch) sapwood. In contrast to the results of cooking Japanese larch at an H-factor of 1200, the HexA contents of acacia pulp with a kappa number of 20 at an H-factor of 291 did not differ greatly between the kraft, kraft-AQ, and PS-AQ cooking methods, although the hydroxide ion concentration in the acacia cooking liquor decreased on the addition of AQ or sulfur. To explain this difference, we studied the behavior of the formation and degradation of HexA during alkaline cooking of glucuronoxylan from cotton linter, which was cooked with 1.0 and 2.0 mol/l NaOH. The relationship between HexA content and H-factor during alkaline cooking of glucuronoxylan was clarified. The amount of HexA and its rate of decomposition were higher in the 2.0 mol/l solution than in the 1.0 mol/l solution. At a low H-factor similar to that for hardwood cooking, HexA content increased to a maximum level and then started to decrease at high hydroxide ion concentrations such as 2.0 mol/l, whereas it slowly decreased at low hydroxide concentrations such as 1.0 mol/l. At an H-factor of around 450, the HexA formation/degradation curve for 1.0 mol/l of hydroxide crossed the decomposition curve for 2.0 mol/l of hydroxide. Therefore, it was shown that at a low H-factor, a decrease in hydroxide ion concentration during acacia wood cooking had little effect on the HexA content of pulp.     

不同物质的量之比乙二醛⁃尿素⁃甲醛共缩聚树脂的合成与性能

为了降低木材胶黏剂中的甲醛含量,减小胶合板甲醛释放对人体健康和环境造成的危害,采用乙二醛与单羟甲基脲(MMU)反应,合成了MMU与乙二醛物质的量之比分别为0.7∶1.0,0.9∶1.0,1.1∶1.0和1.3∶1.0的乙二醛?尿素?甲醛(GUF)共缩聚树脂;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT?IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对树脂的结构进行了表征,对树脂的基本性能、固化性能、润湿性能及胶合性能进行测定,并进行对比分析。结果表明,合成制备的GUF树脂稳定性较好,均超过了10 d;外观均为酒红色均一液体。MMU与乙二醛的物质的量之比对树脂固体含量和黏度有较大影响,固体含量随着物质的量之比增大而增大,当MMU与乙二醛物质的量之比为1.3∶1.0时,树脂的固体含量为63.12%;当MMU与乙二醛物质的量之比为0.9∶1.0时,树脂黏度的最小值为23.91 mPa·s。树脂的主要官能团(N—H、O—H、C??O、C—O—C和C—N)的红外吸收峰基本不受物质的量之比的影响。树脂对杨木单板的润湿性能良好,接触角为50.8°~57.3°;MMU与乙二醛的物质的量之比为1.3∶1.0时合成的GUF树脂性能较优,胶合板干状胶合强度和湿强度分别为1.81和1.47 MPa;低物质的量之比的GUF树脂固化后会出现晶体结构。     

Induction and stability of somaclonal variation in growth, leaf phenotype and gas exchange characteristics of poplar regenerated from callus culture

Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Grey x P. balsamifera L. TT32 lines were regenerated from calli that had been maintained under differing in vitro conditions for sixteen months. In the final months, calli were maintained with one of six concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 or 0.6 mg l(-1))and regenerated with 0.25, 0.50 or 1.0 mg l(-1) benzylaminopurine (BA). Regenerant lines were obtained from 15 of these 18 treatments. The spectrum of variation in several morphological, physiological and leaf gas exchange traits was evaluated in the primary regenerants in 1986, and in their secondary vegetative propagules in the two subsequent years, in relation to differences in the original culture conditions. The results indicate that somoclonal variation was induced largely as a result of prolonged culture in the presence of 2,4-D, but that the terminal maintenance and regeneration phases also induced changes in the regenerants. Qualitative differences among the regenerant lines were detected by the end of 1986. For most traits, these differences were statistically confirmed within the 3-year period. The treatment lines ultimately diverged sufficiently to produce lines showing general performance that was either above or below that of the original TT32 clone. An early visible indicator of this divergence was variation in leaf shape (leaf length/width ratio), which could be related to 2,4-D-BA interactions in the final stages of culture. Graphic illustration of the independent effects of either 2,4-D or BA on stem height and gas exchange parameters suggested an inverse relationship with BA concentration and a complex interaction with 2,4-D. Significant correlations were detected between gas exchange parameters and morphological characteristics representing leaf form and stem development. Overall, the results indicate the presence of somaclonal lines that offer potential for the selective improvement of growth using morphological and gas exchange parameters as screening tools.     

微波改性废酵母菌吸附废水中铜(Ⅱ)离子热力学动力学研究

通过大量的实验研究了应用低成本吸附剂废酵母菌在微波改性后去除废水中重金属铜(Ⅱ)离子,并通过改变反应过程中的pH值、反应时间、初始浓度、废酵母菌投加量、反应温度等因素来影响吸附效果。研究结果表明:在pH值为7.0、反应时间为90min、温度为55℃、Cu2+初始浓度为40mg/L、微波改性废酵母菌投加量为4g/L时,微波改性酵母菌的最大吸附容量为41.84mg/g。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模式。吸附过程的热力学常数△G0、△H0和△S0分别为-6.12kJ/mol、9.2kJ/mol和48.19kJ/mol。说明废酵母菌对Cu2+的吸附是自发的吸热反应。微波改性废酵母菌对Cu2+的吸附动力学模型能够较好地符合准二级动力学方程。