半天然杉木阔叶树混交林生长效果研究

以福建省永安国有林场11.5 a林龄人工杉木、木荷与10.5 a林龄天然檫树、南酸枣混生的半天然杉阔混交林为研究对象,分析树种组成分别为9杉1阔、8杉2阔、7杉3阔、5杉5阔等4种林分的生长效果。8杉2阔的林分蓄积最高,总蓄积297.73 m^(3)/hm^(2),其中杉木平均胸径13.28 cm、树高11.52 m、蓄积226.56 m^(3)/hm^(2)、年均生长19.70 m^(3)/hm^(2),达到福建省杉木最适宜区速生丰产林立地等级Ⅰ级的大径材生长量指标,可供科学培育半天然杉阔混交林参考。9杉1阔的林分次之,总蓄积252.04 m^(3)/hm^(2),其中杉木平均胸径11.96 cm、树高9.34 m、蓄积189.46 m^(3)/hm^(2)。7杉3阔的林分最差,总蓄积182.79 m^(3)/hm^(2),其中杉木58.31 m^(3)/hm^(2),檫树91.83 m^(3)/hm^(2)。5杉5阔的林分,檫树生长最优,10.5 a林龄保存密度775株/hm^(2),平均胸径16.79 cm、树高14.32 m、蓄积131.60 m^(3)/hm^(2),总蓄积207.37m^(3)/hm^(2),森林演替成天然檫树为主的混交林,可逐步疏伐改造为檫树母树林。     

混交林土壤养分效益的初步分析

通过对抚顺地区人工落叶松阔叶混交林、落叶松纯林、天然次生林等林地的土壤养分进行分析，混交林与纯林相比，缓解了酸化作用，增加了土壤有机质和速效磷的含量，同时对各类林地进行综合评价，表明在维护土壤养分平衡功能方面，由高到低依次为天然次生林、混交林、荒山、落叶松纯林，说明局长 人工针阔混交林更有利于生态平衡。     

西双版纳几种人工幼林的生物量研究

经对西双版纳几种7年生人工幼林的生物量研究结果表明：人工林的乔木层生物量以马尖相思纯林最大，为92.49t/hm^2，干材生物量以高阿丁枫纯林最大，达到56.068t/hm^2，混交林以西南桦和高阿丁枫混交的最大；各类型人工林的干材生物量均大于10年生的热带次生林；灌木层生物量最大的是西南桦＋山桂花，为16.51t/hm^2，远高于其他类型，为最小的高阿丁枫纯林的11倍。天然的山地雨林和季风常绿阔叶林的灌木层生物量远大于人工林。草本层生物量中西南桦＋高阿丁枫混交林的最大，达6.9t/hm^2；草本层生物量在总生物量中所占比例较小，平均为1．69％。马尖相思纯林的枯落物量最大，为14．26t/hm^2。     

天然次生林皆伐改造迹地人工诱导红松阔叶混交林技术的研究

辽宁省老秃顶子自然保护区的原生地带性森林植被为红松阔叶混交林。于1972年在该区的天然次生林皆伐迹地上,进行人工诱导红松阔叶混交林试验,面积为2.87ha。试验方法①按1.5×3m的株行距植4年生红松换床苗;②造林后7年时抚育形成行距为1.5m的针阔隔行混交林;③在10、14年生时进行透光抚育。同时营造株行距为1.5×1.5m的红松纯林为对照。调查结果表明,16年生混交林每公顷总蓄积120.1 m~3,为对照的141%;且混交林树干形质好、抗病力强、植物种类多、枯落物易被分解。土壤有机质含量11.62%,枯落物3.14t/ha,pH7.3,对照则分别为7.17%、7.92t/ha、6.7。其营造成本仅为对照的59.9%。     

千岛湖马尾松次生林林相改造技术研究

千岛湖国家森林公园林地中约有3／4(2万hm^2)为马尾松次生林，森林景观单一，生态功能脆弱。1996年5--7月在小金山林区进行了砍松留阔间伐试验，经过6a多的观察，马尾松纯林已逐步向针阔混交林过渡，且有向原始常绿阔叶林演替的趋势。     

丹江口湖北库区马尾松人工林水文生态效应

采用野外实地观测与室内浸水法,对丹江口湖北库区龙口林场5种类型马尾松林分枯落物蓄水、土壤理化性质和蓄水能力、地表径流和土壤侵蚀等水文效应进行了研究。结果表明：①不同类型马尾松林枯落物层最大持水量间存在显著差异,变化范围在45．83-93．32t·hm^-2,为松柏混交林〉针阔混交林〉低密度马尾松林〉中密度马尾松林〉高密度马尾松林。有效拦蓄量变化范围在29．83-41．79t·hm^-2,为中密度马尾松林〉松柏混交林〉针阔混交林〉低密度马尾松林〉高密度马尾松林。②随着土壤深度的增加,土壤容重呈增加的趋势,而总孔隙度呈逐渐递减的趋势。不同类型马尾松土壤贮水能力差异明显,表现为针阔混交林〉低密度马尾松林〉中密度马尾松林〉松柏混交林〉高密度马尾松林,针阔混交林约是高密度马尾松林的1．25倍。③不同森林类型地表径流量在14．68-29．56m^3·hm^-2之间,土壤侵蚀量在2．01～4．15m3·hm^-2之间,且均以栎类次生林最优,松柏混交林次之,马尾松纯林最低。总体而言,综合利用抚育择伐和人工诱导自然更新的方法,人工诱导马尾松纯林逐步向针阔混交林发育,可更有效提高水土保持功能。     

白桦次生林改造技术的调查

对白桦次生林进行改造，人工栽植针叶树种与白桦天然萌芽更新形成针阔混交林，提高了森林生产力并具有良好的生态功能。在混交林中落叶松生长最快，其次是油松和樟子松。随着林龄的增长，混交林的结构和生态环境将发生变化，如何诱导植被向顶极群落发展，是今后森林经营的重要问题。     

3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性研究

对常绿阔叶混交林地、常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地这3种人工幼林的土壤微生物和酶活性进行了研究,结果表明：土壤细菌数量大小排序为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,真菌数量为常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿针阔混交林地,放线菌数量为常绿针阔混交林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林的土壤有利于微生物的发育;脲酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地和杉木林地,磷酸酶活性为常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地〉常绿阔叶混交林地,过氧化氢酶活性为常绿阔叶混交林地〉常绿针阔混交林地〉杉木林地,表明常绿阔叶混交林地能够供给土壤微生物较多的营养物质,从而提高了土壤酶的活性.     

辽东山区人工诱导红松阔叶混交林效果的研究

辽东山区人工诱导红松阔叶混交林效果的研究胡万良，姚国清，王树利（辽宁省森林经营研究所１１７１１４）红松阔叶混交林是我国东北林区稳定的原始顶极森林植物群落。目前在辽宁东部山区已基本绝迹，形成大面积天然次生林。这些次生林从森林演替观点出发，已进入演替的恢...     

人工针阔混交林水源涵养能力的试验

通过不同林型内自然降水、树冠截留、枯枝落叶和林地土壤持水能力的测定研究了人工针阔混交林的水源涵养效果,结果表明：人工针阔混交林的树冠截留量比红松纯林提高45％和49％;有林地的枯枝落叶的持水能力比无林地多贮水10 m^3 hm^-2,混交林比纯林贮水1.5 m^3 hm^-2;有林地的土壤比无林地多贮水19～22 m^3hm^-2,针阔混交林比红松纯林多贮水4～7 m3 ＆#183;hm-2.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.