基于热泵的日光温室浅层土壤水媒蓄放热装置试验

由于日光温室的蓄热能力有限,后半夜温度往往比较低,难以满足作物生长需求。针对这一问题,该文提出了基于热泵的日光温室浅层土壤水媒蓄放热方法,其原理是白天开启循环水泵,将后墙获得的太阳辐射储存到温室浅层土壤中;前半夜通过浅层土壤热量的自然释放加热温室;当温室温度较低时,启动热泵系统将浅层土壤中的热量提升后加热温室。试验结果表明,在阴天系统系数(coefficient of performance,COP)能达到3以上,与燃煤热水锅炉相比节能33%;与对照温室相比,盖上保温被后,由于试验温室蓄热量大于对照温室,试验温室空气温度和土壤温度分别比对照温室平均高3.2和3.3℃;开启热泵机组后,试验温室空气温度和土壤温度分别比对照温室平均高5.7和2.9℃。     

组装式太阳能双效温室应用效果试验

为解决目前日光温室普遍存在的设备简陋、环境调控与抗寒防病能力差、土地利用率与劳动生产效率低的问题,建造了组装式太阳能双效温室并进行试验。该文分别选择内保温和外保温太阳能双效温室(温室内配置太阳能集热器、蓄热水池和热泵机组在内的太阳能热泵系统)测试其保温降湿性能和增产效果,主要测试指标为空气最低温度、日平均温度、光照度、空气相对湿度,种植作物的单株产量、单位面积产量。测试结果表明:内保温组装式太阳能双效温室室内最低气温都在9℃以上,与对照温室相比,1月份试验温室室内平均气温提高3.4℃,1月份室内平均最低气温提高4.0℃;外保温太阳能双效温室1月份室内平均最低气温为12.5℃,空气相对湿度控制在80%以下,比对照温室室内温度提高3.8℃,蔬菜增产19%~55%。组装式太阳能双效温室改善了温室的环境条件,提升了日光温室抗寒防病和增产增收的能力,该温室的研究与应用为中国北方同类地区提供借鉴与参考。     

热泵与家用太阳热水器联合供热性能试验

为解决家用太阳能热水器供热的间歇性和不稳定性,应用热泵辅助可达到全天候供热,该文通过对这种联合供热系统的供热性能和运行性能进行了测试,并对热水器的升温、保温和热泵的加热进行了试验和分析,结果表明：空气源热泵辅助型真空管家用太阳热水系统仅在累积太阳辐照量小于14 MJ/m2时,需要空气源热泵辅助加热,总制热性能系数可达6.18。     

日光温室冬春两季环境因子变化研究

在正常生产管理条件下,利用温室智能监控系统,自动监测记录冬、春两季日光温室内外空气温度、光照强度,温室内空气湿度、土壤温度,研究冬、春两季日光温室环境因子日变化差异及环境因子间的相互关系差异。结果表明,土壤温度与温室内外光照及温室内湿度的相关性,春季显著大于冬季;温室内湿度与温室内、外光照强度、温室内外温度以及温室外温度与温室的相关性,春季显著小于冬季。土壤温度与温室内、外温度的关联程度,春季温室内温度强于温室外温度,冬季温室外温度强于温室内温度。温室外温度与温室内、外光照、土壤温度的关联程度,春季温室内、外光照强于土壤温度,而冬季土壤温度强于温室内、外光照。冬季温室内湿度显著高于春季,日变化幅度显著小于春季。春季最低温室内要高于冬季最低温度10 ℃以上,日变化幅度明显小于冬季;春季温室内、外最大光照强度是冬季的2倍,且春季光照时间长。春季室外温度平均高于冬季12 ℃以上,春季温室内土壤温度始终要高于冬季10 ℃以上。     

日光温室主动蓄热后墙传热CFD模拟及性能试验

中国的日光温室实现了高效的能量利用,在中国北方地区的冬季农业生产中发挥了巨大的作用。但在实践生产中日光温室存在巨大的能量不平衡,给北方冬季的农业生产造成很大的损失,同时也限制了日光温室的高效应用。为了实现了日光温室对太阳能的高效利用,该文提出了一种能够将白天富裕能量进行有效存储的主动蓄热后墙日光温室。该文对主动蓄热后墙日光温室的室内温度和通风蓄热风道蓄热特性进行理论分析和试验,并与传统9m跨的被动蓄热日光温室进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,主动蓄热后墙日光温室的温度指标有了较明显提高。在晴天和多云采光天气条件下,主动蓄热后墙日光温室室内的温度较9m跨被动蓄热日光温室均有较大幅度的增加,在晴天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.8℃,最大为2.8℃,平均提高2.2℃;在多云天夜间保温时段(16:00~次日09:00),主动蓄热后墙日光温室温度提高最小为1.6℃,最大为4.2℃,平均提高2.2℃。该文利用CFD数值模拟对温室蓄热后墙的20℃等值面进行了分析,分析结果表明在定常条件下,通风主动蓄热的高效范围在10m以内,有效长度在20m以内。通过该试验,结合温室建筑的实践构造要求,确定的蓄热风道合理长度为20m。     

日光温室空气余热热泵加温系统应用效果

中国日光温室是低碳节能设施结构类型的代表,但昼夜能量分布极不平衡,白天室内热量富余,而夜间低温高湿,冷害、病虫害时有发生。为实现日光温室内热量在时间、空间上的转移,以提高空气热能利用效率,提升日光温室抵御低温能力,设计了一套日光温室空气余热热泵加温系统。白天适时运行系统,将日光温室内富余空气热能泵取并储存于蓄热水池中;夜间室内气温较低时,首先开启风机和水泵,以对流换热方式通过表冷器直接散热;当蓄热水池水温降至一定温度,逆向运行热泵系统强制放热;此外,在连阴天及极端低温天气条件下,可开启风机与翅片式电加热对温室进行应急加温。对加温系统的应用效果进行试验,试验结果表明：与对照温室相比,系统运行期间,试验温室夜间平均气温高出2.8～4.4℃,相对湿度降低8.0%～11.5%;白天平均气温降低3.7～5.2℃,相对湿度降低12.3%～16.5%。系统不仅夜间加温、降湿效果显著,同时白天降温、除湿效果显著。系统白天集热功率为12.5～16.4 kW,制热性能系数为3.3～4.2;夜间表冷器散热阶段系统放热功率为9.3～10.3 kW,性能系数为6.6～7.4;逆向运行热泵强制放热阶段系统性能系数为3.8～4.1。加温周期内系统集、放热过程始终处于制热工况,整体性能系数达2.7,节能效果显著。该研究为日光温室夜间节能加温提供了新思路。     

植物工厂水蓄能型地下水源热泵供热系统节能运行特性研究

植物工厂供热系统中,采用传统能源存在一次能源利用率低且污染严重的问题。地下水源热泵节能环保,如果结合蓄能技术可进一步降低运行能耗。该文以上海崇明自然光植物工厂为例,对水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统进行节能运行特性研究。结果表明:水蓄能型地下水源热泵供能系统在冬季运行时,采用基于分时电价政策的间歇运行模式,即在电价低谷时,热泵机组边供热边蓄热;在电价高峰期,充分利用蓄热水箱供热。典型周内供能系统按照间歇模式运行可以维持室内温度17~26℃之间,系统稳定运行时,热泵机组制热功率与耗电功率的比值(coefficient of performance,COP)稳定在4.2左右。其中计算典型日水蓄能型地下水源热泵系统比不蓄能系统节省30.34%的费用,供能系统COP为3.17,进一步说明系统较为高效平稳。系统冬季运行一次能源利用系数0.99,相对于冷水机组与燃煤锅炉配套系统,节能率达到81.05%。计算不同能源冬季加热成本,燃煤、燃气和燃油方式分别是该系统运行成本的1.25、2.93和5.08倍。实践表明,水蓄能型地下水源热泵式供热系统不仅能够移峰填谷,降低运行费用,而且充分合理地利用地热能,节能减排,具有良好的经济和环保效益。     

倾转屋面日光温室的采光及蓄热性能试验

为了实现了日光温室对太阳能的高效利用,该文提出了一种适用于高性能采光的倾转屋面日光温室。该文对倾转屋面日光温室的室内光照进行理论分析,试验测试了该日光温室的室内光照与蓄热性能,并与传统8和9 m跨的固定采光面温室分别进行了对比分析。试验结构表明,与普通固定采光面日光温室相比,倾转屋面日光温室的采光性能和温度指标有了明显提高。在晴天和多云采光天气条件下,倾转屋面日光温室室内的辐照度较普通8和9 m跨固定采光面日光温室均有较大幅度的增加,整体采光率分别提高41.75%和25.05%,对应的室内的辐照度增加平均值为69.54和38.99 W/m2。倾转屋面日光温室室内的温度有较大幅度的提高,表现为整体温度水平提高,倾转屋面日光温室较普通8m跨固定采光面日光温室,保温时段平均温度整体提高了3.1℃。该研究结果为温室建筑结构的改良和结构优化设计提供了参考。     

节能日光温室蓄热技术研究进展

节能日光温室起源于中国辽南地区,具有完全的自主知识产权,在中国设施园艺的发展过程中起到了重要的作用。节能日光温室的高效蓄热性能是其与普通日光温室的最主要的区别,节能日光温室的蓄热是通过结构、材料、设备的单一或协同应用来最大化利用太阳能为室内提供热能,有被动蓄热和主动蓄热2种形式。目前的形式主要包括主动采光蓄热、空气循环蓄热、水循环蓄热、相变材料蓄热、卵石蓄热、热泵蓄热、联合方式蓄热。该文综述了节能日光温室蓄热技术的相关研究成果,分析了主要技术问题及研究重点,从传统日光温室节能化改造、节能日光温室新结构发展、蓄热技术研究方法集成及市场化推广应用4个方面进行未来发展方向和研究内容的展望,为国内开展节能日光温室蓄热技术研究提供参考。     

新疆和田沙漠腹地日光温室环境测试与分析

近年来,以和田沙漠区域日光温室为主的非耕地设施农业在新疆发展迅速并形成了一定规模。为明确沙漠区域日光温室冬季温光变化规律,以期为沙漠地区日光温室结构改进和作物管理提供参考,该文针对于沙漠腹地特殊环境下日光温室内部光温环境变化进行了测试与分析。结果表明:沙漠地区日光温室内外部光照强度大,晴天条件下光照强度20 000 lx以上时间长达5～6 h;温室内空气、地面温度波动大,最高气温、最低气温平均差值为26.6℃,最大为32.7℃,晴天地表温度在30℃以上的时间长达4～5 h,2月份最高可达40.3℃,呈现出"中午温度过高,夜间温度偏低,昼夜温差较大"的特点。晴天条件下,温室白天空气湿度为24%～84%,最小为24%,夜间空气湿度为84%～95%,受沙漠区域干燥环境的影响,夜间低温时,棚膜内表面无"结露"现象。沙漠地区日光温室能较好的将太阳能转化为热能且具有较好的保温能力,室内相对湿度小,可有效保证各种蔬菜、水果的生长发育,但蓄热能力较差,增加沙漠地区日光温室蓄热能力的相关研究亟待开展。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.