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What is new about new forest owners? A typology of private forest ownership in Austria 总被引:1,自引:5,他引:1
With structural changes in agriculture, new types of forest owners have become increasingly important. This article develops
an empirically-based typology of forest owners in Austria. Based on a representative survey and by means of cluster analysis,
seven types of forest owners are identified. These types form a sequence, ranging from forest owners with a strong agricultural
background to forest owners with no agricultural background at all. The latter exhibit markedly different behaviour in various
respects, e.g. in their interest in forest-related information. The increasing number of ‘new’ forest owners raises important
questions for forest policy, especially how policy instruments can reach these owners and how extension services can address
them. 相似文献
3.
Lithuania has been undergoing a transition from one political culture (based on a centrally planned economy and a one-party
system) to a radically different political culture (market economy and a democratic political system). After the declaration
of independence in Lithuania, some new phenomena emerged in forestry: the privatisation of forest industry, the formation
of a free timber market; increasing timber export levels; and new modes of ownership (private forests) and enterprise (private
business logging companies). Private forest owners control approximately 680,000 ha of forest, 33% of the total forest area,
projected to increase to 40–45% in the future. Small-scale private forestry is developing in Lithuania but there is a lack
of information about the objectives and problems of private forest owners. This paper presents the main results of a survey
carried out in 2004 by the Lithuanian Forest Research Institute. The most important forest ownership objectives are firewood
production for home consumption, income generation from wood and non-wood product sales, and protection of nature and biodiversity.
The main problems for private forest owners are that the forest properties are too small to achieve efficiency, owners lack
money for silviculture activities and there is a heavy bureaucratic system for forest-related activity documentation. A cluster
analysis of respondents’ ratings of importance for various forest management objectives reveals four groups of private forest
owners. These groups are named according to their dominant management objective, as multi-objective owners, businessmen, consumers
and ecologists. 相似文献
4.
A forest property represents benefits to the owner, the nature of which varies between resident and non-resident owners. Forest
owners’ associations can be considered as an arrangement to increase the benefit from forest ownership by helping the forest
owner to increase profitability. Thus, it can be assumed that associated forest owners value forest property benefits differently
to non-associated owners. This study examines differences between members and non-members, and residents and non-residents,
with respect to how they value the various forest property benefits. Responses from a landholder survey reveal differences
concerning forestry income, maintaining contact with native locality, and keeping up a tradition in forestry. It is concluded
that a challenge for the associations is to develop the organisation in accordance with the forest owners’ dissimilar property
interests. 相似文献
5.
Dragan Nonic John C. Bliss Vojislav Milijic Nenad Petrovic Mersudin Avdibegovic Milan Mataruga 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):435-455
Small-scale forestry in Serbia is characterized by high fragmentation of properties, a large number of parcels and forest
owners. Numerous activities for private forest owners in Serbia supported by the State, FAO and CEPF have resulted in an increased
interest of owners in forming private forest owners’ associations (PFOA). The goal of this paper is to explore preconditions
that are necessary for organizing private forest owners in Serbia into effective associations. In order to reach this goal,
results of PRIFORT project were used. The over-arching research questions of this paper are: “What is the level of interest
among forest owners in forming owners’ associations?”; “Why has forest owner interest in organizing developed so slowly?”
and “What are the necessary preconditions for the development of private forest owners’ organizations in the country?” In
order to answer these questions, quantitative survey with 42 close, open and Likert scale questions was conducted. Sample
size was determined following Malhotra’s proportion method and, in total, 350 private forest owners, from nine municipalities
were interviewed. Results of this paper show that majority of respondents are very little or not at all aware of existing
legislation. Almost half of respondents consider that their interests are not represented well. Although about 50% of interviewed
forest owners miss interest organization, only 0,3% are members of PFOA. More than 70% are ready to join association, if it
would provide some economic advantages. 相似文献
6.
Anne Sourdril Gaëtan du Bus de Warnaffe Marc Deconchat Gérard Balent Eric de Garine 《Small-Scale Forestry》2006,5(1):127-144
The importance of the ecological functions of farm forests in France calls for a better understanding of the social systems
influencing forest management. The traditional ‘house-centred system’ involved a sharing of activities in farm forestry between
fathers and their sons. Retired farmers were traditionally managers of the forests while their sons dealt with farming activities.
The evolution of this relationship since World War 2 has been investigated with an ethnologic approach in two villages in
south-western France where the traditional ‘house-centred system’ constrains the social rules. This system has led to a lifetime
status for fathers as head of the farm and of the household. Before WW2, sons played a secondary role in relation to their
fathers who took strategic decisions. After WW2, sons became more involved in the forest work and decisions which led to a
more frequent use of agricultural methods in forests. This created differences of opinion between fathers and sons, with the
fathers considering their sons’ management too intensive. The social consequence was that the fathers felt that their role
as forest managers and as head of the farm was reduced. In future, farm forest management might become more dependent on agricultural
activities, with the traditional social systems losing importance. 相似文献
7.
John C. Bliss Erin Clover Kelly Jesse Abrams Conner Bailey Janice Dyer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):53-66
In the past decade ownership of the corporate forestry sector in the USA has undergone remarkable transformation. Corporate
consolidation, separation of processing capacity ownership from timberland ownership, and disinvestment from timberland ownership
altogether have occurred rapidly and on a global scale. Vertically-integrated forest products companies, once the standard
model for publically-traded corporations, have all but disappeared. A new class of timberland investors now dominates the
timberland estate. These new owners can be viewed as the most recent manifestation of capital from the core seeking rent in
the distant periphery. While in this respect they resemble their industrial forestry predecessors, they differ markedly with
regard to landholding objectives, time horizons, management capacities and other characteristics. This transformation has
created new challenges and opportunities for other forest owners and for rural communities. Many timber processing mills have
closed, restricting markets for smallholder wood. While much former industrial timberland remains in industrial-style timber
management, some has been subdivided for ‘highest and best use,’ and conservation buyers have assumed control of a few large
blocks. Further fragmentation of the industrial forest estate is anticipated, presenting both challenges and opportunities
to small-scale forest owners and rural communities. This paper outlines the dynamics of forest ownership restructuring, posits
alternative future scenarios for small-scale forestry, and points to potentially useful future research. 相似文献
8.
Mohammad Samaun Safa 《Small-Scale Forestry》2004,3(2):223-238
The sal forest is the only plainland forest in Bangladesh, and is of national economic and environmental importance. High
population and ever increasing poverty has stimulated exploitation of the forest alarmingly and brought it near extinction.
In facing this situation, the Bangladesh Forest Department implemented a participatory management approach, involving the
householders living in and around the forests, for forest maintenance and protection. This study examines the effectiveness
of practicing participatory forestry on the settlers’ livelihood in the encorached area of the sal forest. The settlers were
given degraded and encroached forest land through the program. Two major social forestry models — namely agroforestry and
woodlots — are included in the study. Participation in the resettlement increased household income, employment opportunities
and financial and non-land assets. It was found that the participatory management regime could attain the sustainability of
the forest and accelerate the standard of settlers’ livelihood, hence the program is an efficient management option towards
sustainability of the forest resources. These findings suggest that there is a role for extending the approach to rehabilitate
other degraded and encroached forest lands in Bangladesh. 相似文献
9.
Since 1980, over 20,000 Irish landowners have afforested land, for the first time, as part of an afforestation programme subsidised
by the Government and the EU. A survey of 99 private forest owners was conducted to determine their knowledge of broad aspects
of forest management. Key questions were scored so as to test whether respondents had passed or failed a forestry knowledge
test. Over two-thirds of private forest owners passed the test. Success in this test was shown to be related to whether respondents
had (a) attended extension field days; (b) been active in forest operations in the early stages of the forest cycle and (c)
been members of farming and/or forestry groups. Younger respondents (i.e., ≤50 years) were more likely to pass the knowledge
test than older respondents. 相似文献
10.
Ulrich Schraml 《European Journal of Forest Research》2006,125(1):79-88
The changes to the forest ownership structure of small private forests in recent times have opened up an intensive field of
research throughout Europe. Most of the studies completed to date adhere to the classic survey model and describe the behaviour
and attitudes of forest owners. The research presented in this article analyses the changes to small private forests with
the aid of data collected from focus groups comprised of forestry extension officers in Germany. Through the reconstruction
of the experiences gleaned by the consultants, it was possible to describe the manner in which they characterise their clientele,
and the changes they have observed, against the backdrop of changes occurring across rural areas. The consultants’ strategies
for describing forest owners are presented. The orientation pattern presented by the extension officers is compared with the
urban orientation of forest owners’ model developed by social scientists. 相似文献
11.
The current state of cooperation in private forestry in Lithuania is examined, with a focus on the analysis of objectives,
organisational structure and the ways forest owners’ cooperatives operate. A postal survey has been used as a main research
instrument, the questionnaire consisting of a series of multiplechoice close-ended questions. This paper provides insights
into the state forest enterprises and other private companies operating in the private forestry sector, and places forest
owners’ cooperatives in a broader context of the private forestry sector. A typical forest owner’s cooperative in Lithuania
has up to 10 members and about 20 clients to whom services are provided. The leaders of cooperatives indicate that the optimal
number of clients using their services should not exceed 40. The main stated objectives of cooperatives are the provision
of services to their members under the most attractive conditions, uniting members, and earning a profit for the members.
These activities of cooperatives revolve around timber harvesting and trade. It is concluded that the process of cooperation
of private forest owners in Lithuania is rather slow, although positive development can be observed. 相似文献
12.
International and national development programs in Nepal place high priority on management of forests for biodiversity. Communities
are expected to embrace and cooperate in this endeavour for biodiversity conservation, yet little research has been carried
out to understand community viewpoints on biodiversity conservation, or even to ascertain people’s understanding of the concept
of biodiversity. This paper explores perceptions and concepts related to biodiversity and its conservation held by people
involved in community forestry in Nepal. Data were obtained from in-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions
carried out in two contrasting geographical districts. The results show that the Western term ‘biodiversity’, translated into
Nepalese as jaiwik bibidhata, is new and confusing to most forest people, who interpret the term in a variety of ways. People’s perceptions of biodiversity
vary widely and a considerable gap exists between policy-makers and forest users in the understanding and interpretation of
this Nepalese term and its related concepts. These findings have important implications for the design and implementation
of development programs and in formulation of forest policy in Nepal. 相似文献
13.
Traditional forestry education and outreach activities tend to focus on transfer-of-knowledge, often through workshops initiated
and led by professionals to “teach” landowners about forest management and conservation. Less than 10 percent of family forest
owners in the US have a management plan, participated in cost-share programs, certified their forest land, or hold a conservation
easement, suggesting flaws in this traditional model. Some researchers and practitioners have suggested the need for a paradigm
shift away from transfer-of-knowledge to more facilitative, participatory approaches, among which peer learning has gained
growing attention and is supported by a number of behavioral theories. By analyzing data from participant feedback of a peer
learning pilot program in Massachusetts and a follow-up mail survey, this paper examines the perceived usefulness of peer-to-peer
interactions and the effect of peer learning over time. The results suggest peer learning did not only appeal to landowners
with forestry background, but also succeeded in attracting inexperienced landowners. Participants rated their peer-to-peer
experience positively. The retention of information obtained through the program was reflected by participants’ ability to
correctly identify foresters, land trust organizations, and reasonable sources of forestry or land management advice. Participants
also shared a strong willingness to spread information obtained through peer learning. This study contributes to the identification
of potential barriers to and opportunities for peer learning, informs forestry extension efforts in the US and beyond, and
highlights the importance of integrating peer learning into the broader forestry education, technical assistance, and financial
incentive programs to increase participation and promote sustainable forest management and conservation. 相似文献
14.
This paper examines the historical phases of Finnish forest planning from the 1960s to the present day in support of the rational
future development of forest planning for family-owned forest holdings. The ‘historical types’ of work—craft work, mass production,
process enhancement, and mass customization have been recognized in the Finnish planning discourse to date. Indications of
mass customization are typical in the present developmental discussion of forest planning. There are some signals in the current
planning debate that are calling for the next activity principle, co-configuration. A forthcoming type of forestry extension
activity, labelled adaptive planning, is described in this paper to explicate the demands imposed by a future planning system.
The present analysis informs also other contexts outside of Finland, where public and private institutions that support family
forest owners face post-industrial challenges. 相似文献
15.
Community forestry is practiced in various countries throughout the world, with respect to both native forests and plantations,
for livelihood and forest protection purposes and also for urban amenity values. While forests have been managed to some extent
by communities for thousands of years, modern models of community forestry have been practiced widely for only about 30 years.
Community forestry takes many forms; there is no unique definition or categorisation, although a number of characteristics
are frequently present. There is in general, involvement of a local community in forest planning as well as management, for
a form of forestry which is usually relatively small-scale, motivated by multiple objectives, and receiving some financial
support and organisational assistance by government and non-government organisations. Where plantations are established, these
may be managed as common property, individual property rights may apply, or there may be a combination of both. Analysis of
the specific research studies included in this issue reveals that community forestry systems have been refined over time as
experience is gained in program designs, and notable successes have been achieved. However, ‘the jury is still out’ on whether
community forestry has lived up to the optimistic expectations of its proponents. 相似文献
16.
Ewald Rametsteiner 《Small-Scale Forestry》2009,8(2):143-158
In recent decades the concept of ‘governance’ as interdependent coordination of actors as well as the normative concept of
‘good governance’ have increasingly influenced international forest policy, to varying degrees. Using the three dimensions
of multi-actor, multi-sector and multi-level governance to analyse key aspects of governance in the follow-up of global policy
after the UNCED conference in 1992, this paper shows that ‘multi-actor governance’ has received considerable attention in
international forest policy, mainly through promoting national forest programs. Global forest policy initiatives were less
able to develop concepts to address and improve ‘multi-sector governance’ and ‘multi-level governance’, although these two
dimensions of governance are particularly relevant for local levels. A number of major international forest policy initiatives,
both public and private, have also focused on improving various dimensions of ‘good governance’. A review of the degree to
which these international governmental initiatives have been transposed and applied at the local or regional level reveals
a major gap between concepts and forest policy initiatives developed and promoted at international and national levels and
their application at the regional and local levels. This calls for better concepts addressing in particular the ‘multi-level’
dimension of governance in order to improve connectivity between these levels. A range of governance change approaches can
be applied, including adjusting modes of interaction, instruments and institutions.
相似文献
Ewald RametsteinerEmail: |
17.
This paper describes the use by family forest landowners of educational programs provided by Washington State University Cooperative
Extension (WSUCE), and the associated use of technical assistance programs provided by state and federal agencies and the
private sector. Approximately 100,000 family forest owners controlled 19% or over 1.2 M ha of Washington’s forestland and
accounted for 29% of the timber harvested in the state on a volume basis in 1998. A variety of public and private assistance
and education programs are available to encourage and help family forest owners manage their forests. In 1999 a mail survey
was conducted to evaluate use and effectiveness of Washington’s family forest assistance and education programs. Over half
of the 872 responding family forest landowners had contact with an extension educator, program or educational material, and
about three quarters of these respondents gave an overall rating of the usefulness of extension programs and materials as
good or excellent. Respondents attending WSUCE forestry educational programs have larger median land ownership size, are older,
have owned their forests longer, have a higher rate of absentee ownership, and are better educated than non-users. They are
more likely to actively manage their forests for timber production and exhibit a clearer understanding of the multiple-use
capabilities of their forests. 相似文献
18.
It has been estimated that Sweden’s non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners undertake a total of 12 M hours of self-employed
forest work per year. This paper reports an evaluation of self-employment in Swedish NIPF’s in terms of the people and equipment
involved. NIPF owners’ self-employment was determined by a nationwide survey. Complete equipment sales statistics were compiled
from interviews with manufacturers and importers. About 66% of NIPF owners are undertaking self-employed forestry work. Pre-commercial
thinning was the activity undertaken most frequently by them, followed by planting, cutting and extraction. In comparison
to other NIPF owners, self-employed NIPF owners tend to be younger, and are more likely to be male, single owners, resident
on holdings, farmers and members of forest owner associations. Sales of new equipment suitable for self-employed individuals
amounted to €67 M, or 83,000 items. Based on sales numbers and the profile of self-employed NIPF owners, no major changes
in the amount and nature of self-employment are expected in the near future. 相似文献
19.
Áine Ní Dhubháin Rossitsa Cobanova Heimo Karppinen Diana Mizaraite Eva Ritter Bill Slee Sarah Wall 《Small-Scale Forestry》2007,6(4):347-357
There are many factors that determine what forestry activities forest owners carry out in their forest properties and that
influence whether forest owners engage in entrepreneurial activity. This paper explores whether the values and objectives
of forest owners influence their forestry behaviour and their engagement in entrepreneurial activity. This is done through
a review of the literature on private forest owners’ typologies based on owners’ objectives. The review reveals that typologies
typically divide forest owners into two main groups. The primary objective of the first group of owners is production (of
wood and non-wood goods and services) usually, although not exclusively, so as to generate economic activity. The primary
objective of the second group is consumption (of wood and non-wood goods and services). There is a tacit assumption in the
studies reviewed that goals and objectives do influence forestry behaviour but few studies have actually assessed whether
this is the case. The general finding is that forest owners whose objectives are timber production and who are business-oriented
are more likely to manage and harvest their stands. No research focusing on the link between owners’ objective and wider entrepreneurial
activity in forests was found. 相似文献
20.
In Norway, as in many other European countries, income from forestry has become marginal to owners’ household economies and
most employment of forest-owner households is now undertaken off the property. Also, many forest owners have focused increasingly
on other revenue-earning activities on their properties, such as providing recreational services. It is a challenge in all
kinds of production to find the optimal way of converting inputs into outputs, i.e., to be technically efficient. Extent of financial dependency on income from forestry differs between part-time and full-time forest owners. Since the
two groups have different livelihood strategies, it is plausible that full-time forest owners have more professional forest
management practices. Data for a cross-section of 3,249 active (i.e., harvesting) forest owners were extracted from the 2004
Sample Survey of Agriculture and Forestry representing the year 2003. A stochastic production frontier analysis was applied
to evaluate forest management efficiency impacts of important factors including property and owner characteristics, outfield-related
and agricultural activities, off-property income and geographical location in central or remote areas. It was found that many
forest owners are technically inefficient, and there exist opportunities for improved performance. Off-property income was
found to have an estimated negative impact on technical efficiency, the inefficiency arising (weakly) with increasing share
of household incomes from outfield activities, and properties in urban centred areas are less efficient than those in remote
areas. One policy implication of the study is that a potentially substantial efficiency increase might be achieved from allowing
small inefficient woodlots to merge into larger units of forestry production. Also, providing support for forest management
plans may improve efficiency. 相似文献