落叶松人工林威布尔分布参数与林分因子模型的研究

以落叶松人工林２５８块标准地为材料，求解了各标准地威布尔分布概率密度函数参数。多数普遍随上层高、直径的增大而增大，随密度增大而降低，据此构建林分因子与参数、参数间拓广Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ模型。通过精度、显著性、适用性、断面积平均直径等检验，参数模型与密度、上层高、直径模型结合最佳。模型可动态预测林分株数分布，为森林抚育间伐设计各生长阶段间伐方法、强度，预测林分蓄积等提供依据。     

落叶松天然林株数分布的研究与应用

以落叶松天然林１８９块标准地为材料，求解了各标准地威布尔分布概率密度函数参数。参数普遍随直径的增大而增大，随密度增大而降低。据此建立了林分因子与参数、参数间Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ拓广模型。参数模型与密度、直径模型结合较佳；通过精度检验表明了Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ拓广模型正确性。模型可动态预测林分株数分布，为森林抚育间伐设计各生长阶段间伐方法、强度、预测林分蓄积等提供依据。     

湖北省湿地松人工林整体生长模型的研究

根据我省湿地松人工林林分标准地调查材料 ,选用不同的数学函数模拟出我省湿地松林分平均树高、平均直径的生长模型 ,以及林分单位面积立木株数的估测模型。以立地指数、年龄和初植密度为控制因子 ,拟建了一套完整的湿地松整体林分的生长模型     

杉木人工林林分直径结构预测影响因子的研究

林分直径结构预测能为科学地进行人工林的定向培育提供可靠的理论依据。本文从生长方程等 4方面探讨了产生杉木人工林林分直径结构预测效果好坏的原因 ,并对两种参数估计方法作了实证比较研究 ,对影响预测适合度高低的原因从林分因子的角度进行了进一步的探索 ,得到如下实验结果 :不同的回收模型、建模材料、检验材料、生长方程对检验适合度的影响程度分别为具有极显著影响、显著影响、呈显著影响或极显著影响、无显著影响 ,当回收模型采用最简幂函数时 ,适合度均在 5 0 %以上 ,Richards生长方程预测效果较好 ,其 6种情形下的适合度仅有 1种低于 6 0 % ;参数预测法和参数回收法用于预测时检验适合度均较高 ,此 2种方法各有优劣 ,均具有很好的应用前景 ;林分初植密度不同于年龄、立地指数、间伐等因子 ,不同密度范围下的预测适合度大小总体上存在一定的规律 ,且对适合度具有显著影响 ,按密度因子作分类预测时 ,应考虑密度的这种突出效应。     

鄂西山区柳杉人工林全林整体模型研建与应用

在对鄂西山区柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei人工林60块标准地立地分级基础上,采用非线性度量误差联立方程组法建立了柳杉人工林全林整体模型,保证了模型的相容性和无偏估计;模型检验结果表明各林分因子的平均相对误差和相对均方误差均在6.5%以下,模型参数稳定性及预测精度均较高;同时,应用全林整体模型可对不同初始条件的柳杉人工林林分生长进行模拟预测、定量间伐作业设计以及绘制不同立地条件的林分密度控制图。     

广南县杉木人工林林分密度控制图的编制

为探讨杉木人工林立木密度对优势木平均高、林分单位面积蓄积量、林分平均直径等生长因子的规律,于2003~2005年在广南县14个乡镇,设置20m×30m的杉木人工林样地215块,在实测胸径和树高的基础上进行资料整理,并编制了杉木人工林林分密度控制图。经检验,其等树高线精度为97.8%,等直径线精度为98.8%。     

思茅松人工林林分密度控制图的编制与应用

在思茅松人工林集中分布的西双版纳、思茅地区的 10个县 (市 ) ,按照立地条件、年龄、郁闭度、生长状况等的不同 ,设置 16 6块标准地 ,用以编制林分密度控制图 ,包括等树高线、等直径线、最大密度 (饱和密度 )线、等疏密度线、等自然稀疏线等 5条曲线 ,根据密度控制图可以求算林分蓄积量、疏密度、优势高 ;可以求算林分间伐量、间隔期进行间伐设计 ;可以预测各生长阶段的平均胸径、生长量等。经检验等树高线精度为 96 1% ,等直径线精度为 97 8%。     

贵州马尾松天然林蓄积相关因子的主成份分析

利用第八次国家森林资源连续清查贵州省第六次复查(2010年)资料,从中提取223块马尾松(Pinus massoniana)天然林样地数据,通过主成份分析和多元回归分析其林分蓄积的相关因子。结果表明:中心区特征值大于1的有2个公因子,累积贡献率71.645%,第一公因子方差贡献率为42.204%,包括平均胸径、平均树高、平均年龄,定义为林分基本因子,第二公因子方差贡献率29.441%,包括郁闭度和林分密度,定义为林分密度因子;一般区特征值大于1的有3个公因子,累积贡献率81.620%,第一、二公因子的定义与中心区一致,其方差贡献率分别为35.997%和28.003%,第三公因子为土壤类型,定义为立地条件因子,其方差贡献率为17.620%;多元回归建模并对其进行T检验发现,中心区结果与因子分析结果一致,一般区与因子分析结果有差异。综合表明,中心区和一般区林分蓄积的相关因子均是平均胸径、平均树高、平均年龄、郁闭度和林分密度,其他因子对林分蓄积的影响较小。     

杉木各林分疏密度条件下林分密度与平均直径关系的研究

文中以杉木人工林标准地为材料,用多变量逐步回归方法,求解出杉木人工林各地位指数、疏密度级、密度株数级之林分平均直径。结果表明:经理论分析证明,不论林分疏密度之高低,当林分疏密度及密度株数相同时,其林分平均直径在各立地奈件下较接近或趋于一致。此规律将为森林抚育间伐,林分直径生长量预测、预报,确定林分工艺成熟以及森林调查设计等,提供理论依据及一些重要参数。     

四川盆地西缘柳杉人工林结构及生长预测的初步研究

运用多元统计分析的方法,研究了四川盆地西缘山地柳杉人工林的密度和直径—株数分布的规律,筛选出了影响林分密度的主导因子(林今年龄、地位指数和林分平均直径),并建立了林分密度预测模型。还根据西泽正久(1978)所提供的求解Weibull分布参数e的gamma和Cud数值表,对48块林令标准地的林木株数调查结果用Weibull分布函数进行了拟合。结果表明:有33块标准地的拟合结果经卡方检验达到极显著水牛(α=0.01),有10块标准地达显著水平(α=0.05),另有5块标准地的拟合结果则不符合weibull分布。在此基础上,对影响柳杉人上林Weibull分布函数的 b、c参数的林分结构因子进行了回归分析,并用易测林分结构因子建立了两个参数的预测模型。 通过建立上述预测模型,作者对柳杉人工林的结构和生长量进行了综合预测。经检验结果表明:本次研究所建立的预测模型达到精度要求,为森林资源预测、森林经营管理、抚育间伐提供科学依据。     

Characterising the diameter distribution of Sal plantations by comparing normal,lognormal and Weibull distributions at Tilagarh Eco-park,Bangladesh

For many years foresters have been using statistical probability density functions to describe and characterise stand structure. Predicting the current and future yields of a stand is essential for successful stand and timber management. Implicit prediction of current yield is accomplished by using diameter distribution methods. All diameter distribution yield systems predict the number of trees per unit area by diameter class. In this study, the normal, lognormal and the three-parameter Weibull probability density function were compared to characterise the diameter distributions of Sal (Shorea robusta) plantations grown at Tilagarh Eco-park, Bangladesh. Data from 70 plots, established in three plantations, were used for this study. The Weibull parameters were estimated by the maximum likelihood and moments estimator methods. A one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used for the goodness of fit for all models. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test results showed that both lognormal and Weibull distributions were suitable to characterise the diameter distributions of Sal plantations in the study area and may be applicable for other Sal forests in Bangladesh.     

Predicting and calibrating diameter distributions of Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden plantations in Zimbabwe

Diameter distribution models for even-aged Eucalyptus grandis plantations in Zimbabwe were developed using the two-parameter Weibull function. The analysis was based on data from Correlated Curve Trend (CCT) experiments replicated on four different sites. Parameters of the Weibull distribution were predicted using stand characteristics as regressors. Two sets of parameter models were estimated: a set with and one without stand basal area as a predictor. Stand variables such as dominant height, age, site index and number of stems were used in both sets. The models were further calibrated to result in a given number of stems and stand basal area simultaneously. The usability of constructed models was tested both in prediction of yield in a stand inventory situation and in simulation of growth in connection with different growth models. The results indicated that models not including stand basal area produce considerably less precise stand volume estimates compared to models including also stand basal area. Calibration improved the accuracy of diameter distribution models. In growth simulation diameter distribution models can be connected both to single tree growth models and to stand projection models. The usability of calibration in growth simulation depends on the accuracy of the prediction of stand characteristics.     

广东省针阔混交林直径分布规律研究

基于2012年广东省森林资源连续清查样地和样木调查数据,分析广东省针阔混交林直径分布特征,应用Weibull分布函数分别按全林分、不同起源、不同龄组和不同林分密度对省域尺度的针阔混交林林木直径分布进行了拟合和卡方检验。结果表明,在SPSS和Matlab软件中拟合出的15个模型中有10个能够较好地由Weibull分布函数模拟,多模型较好地表达了起源、龄组、林分密度等主要林分因子的针阔混交林林木直径分布。但纯天然起源、人工植苗、幼龄林、中龄林、林分密度为1 000~1 500株/hm2和2 000~3 000株/hm2的针阔混交林林木直径分布模型因受人为干扰,Weibull拟合效果不理想,需进一步尝试其它抗干扰模型。     

抚育间伐对栓皮栎人工林直径和树高分布的影响

【目的】以河南登封林场栓皮栎人工林为研究对象,研究抚育间伐对林分不同生长阶段林木株数、林木直径分布和树高分布的影响,为制定科学合理的抚育经营措施奠定理论和技术基础。【方法】在株数强度为31.55%的间伐林分和条件基本一致的未间伐林分内,分别设置1个1 hm2样地,间伐作业2 a后获取每木检尺数据,分别利用Normal分布、Gamma分布、Lognormal分布、Weibull分布、Logistic分布函数对间伐样地和对照样地栓皮栎人工林林木个体直径分布、树高分布进行拟合,并应用Kolmogorov-Smirnov(KS)拟合优度检验,选择拟合效果最好的分布模型。【结果】1)间伐和对照样地幼树、小树和大树林木株数比例分别是9:642:582和229:978:585。相比对照样地,间伐样地林木小树和大树生长阶段株数比重较高。2)间伐样地林木直径分布范围主要集中在8~18 cm,高于对照样地的4~16 cm。KS拟合优度检验结果表明,间伐样地林木直径分布采用Weibull分布拟合效果最好,Normal和Logistic分布次之;对照样地林木直径分布采用Weibull分布拟合效果最好,Normal和Gamma分布次之。3)间伐样地和对照样地林木树高级分别为8~16 m和4~14 m,但KS拟合优度检验结果表明,5种分布函数对间伐样地和对照样地树高分布拟合优度排序一致,说明抚育间伐对林分树高分布的影响不明显。【结论】抚育间伐调整了栓皮栎人工林林分的直径结构,林分直径分布向较大径阶方向偏移,使林分直径分布结构更趋于对称分布,但对树高分布影响不明显。     

龙王山区落叶阔叶林林分结构特征研究

为全面掌握龙王山自然保护区落叶阔叶林的林分结构特征,设置了3个100m×100m样地,对其中的6个30m×30m样方,进行群落和林分调查。经统计分析,结果表明龙王山落叶阔叶林中树种种类多,优势树种为小叶白辛树和锐齿槲栎,林分树种组成具有一定的复杂性和多样性。林分株数密度平均为1511株/hm2,林分样地间差异不明显。胸径分布呈典型的倒"J"型;树高主要集中在4-9m的树高级,分布则呈偏左的正态分布。林分结构总体上具有多树种复层异龄的基本特征,具有良好的生物多样性保护和植物种质资源保存作用。     

A growth model for Pinus radiata D. Don stands in north-western Spain

A dynamic whole-stand growth model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stands in north-western Spain is presented. In this model, the initial stand conditions at any point in time are defined by three state variables (number of trees per hectare, stand basal area and dominant height), and are used to estimate total or merchantable stand volume for a given projection age. The model uses three transition functions derived with the generalized algebraic difference approach (GADA) to project the corresponding stand state variables at any particular time. These equations were fitted using the base-age-invariant dummy variables method. In addition, the model incorporates a function for predicting initial stand basal area, which can be used to establish the starting point for the simulation. Once the state variables are known for a specific moment, a distribution function is used to estimate the number of trees in each diameter class by recovering the parameters of the Weibull function, using the moments of first and second order of the distribution. By using a generalized height-diameter function to estimate the height of the average tree in each diameter class, combined with a taper function that uses the above predicted diameter and height, it is then possible to estimate total or merchantable stand volume.     

苏州光福木荷林林分特征及经营对策

通过样地调查对苏州光福自然保护区木荷林的林分特征、直径分布和生长情况进行研究.结果表明,木荷种群在林分乔木层中占绝对优势,并处于旺盛生长期.以Weibull分布拟合光福自然保护区木荷林乔木树种直径,发现Weibull分布均可以较好地描述光福木荷林主要乔木树种分布;偏度为偏左,峰度值为正.林分蓄积量67.211～246.088m3/hm2,其中木荷平均胸径6.473～11.480 cm,平均树高6.35～13.53m,蓄积量32.517～205.598 m3/hm2,占全林蓄积量的31.17%～99.87%.     

Biomass, basic density and biomass expansion factor functions for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark

The objective of this study was to analyse the within-tree allocation of biomass and to develop biomass functions for above- and below-ground components of European beech in Denmark. Separate functions were developed for stem, branches, below-ground stump and root system, total above-ground biomass and total tree biomass. For each of these components or aggregate components, models were also developed for the average basic density of wood and bark. To enhance the versatility of the models, a function for estimating the biomass expansion factor (BEF) was also developed. The functions were based on 66 trees measured for total biomass. Model performance was evaluated based on 74 trees measured only for above-ground biomass. The trees were sampled in 18 different forest stands covering a wide range of tree sizes and stand treatments. Models were estimated using a linear mixed-effects procedure to account for within-stand correlations. The functions for biomass and BEFs included only diameter at breast height and total tree height for individual trees as predictor variables. Inclusion of additional variables reflecting site quality or stand density did not improve model performance. The functions for basic density included individual tree diameter, tree height and quadratic mean diameter as predictor variables, indicating an effect of stand density on the basic density of wood and bark.     

北京西山油松人工林结构特征研究

以西山试验林场近自然经营试点区建立的11块中龄油松人工林样地为依据,对油松林分的结构特点、表达模型和树种多样性格局进行了分析。结果表明：油松人工林林分平均密度为1069株／hm^2,平均胸径为13．7cm,平均高为8．6m,蓄积量为86．36m3／hm^2。应用正态分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布、Gamma分布和Beta分布拟合直径和树高结构,发现正态分布拟合直径分布和树高分布效果最好,也符合人工林的林分结构规律;油松人工林层次结构简单,物种多样性较低,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Shannon—wiener指数、均匀度指数分别为0．355、0．726、0．160和0．372、0．651、0．266;幼苗更新各高度级均以构树和栾树为主,他们分别占总体更新树种的72．2％和10．2％。