Relationship between landscape structure and burn severity at the landscape and class levels in Samchuck, South Korea

Fuel treatments for reducing fire risk are necessarily tied to the landscape structure including forest composition and configuration. Thus understanding the relationships between landscape structure and burn severity is important for developing guidelines and management strategies for fire-resilient forests. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between landscape structure as described by spatial pattern metrics and burn severity at the landscape and class levels. In 2000, a mostly severe fire burned 16,210 ha of dense forest located in Samchuck on the east coast of the Korean peninsula. Spatial pattern metrics including patch density, largest patch index, mean shape index, area-weighted mean shape index, Euclidean nearest neighborhood distance, and Shannon's diversity index, as well as topographic characteristics of slope and elevation, were correlated with burn severity based on delta Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) assessments. Regression tree analysis was also carried out with the same variables to avoid spatial autocorrelation and to reveal the relative importance of variables to burn severity. The results of this study strongly suggest that both composition and configuration of the forest cover patches are closely tied to burn severity. In particular, both the correlation analysis and regression tree analysis indicated that the area of red pine tree forest cover was the most significant factor in explaining the variance of burn severity. Topography and spatial configuration of forest cover patches were also significantly related to burn severity. The heterogeneity of forests also had a significant influence on burn severity. To reduce fire risk and increase the fire resilience of forests, forest managers and agencies need to consider enhancing the heterogeneity of forests when implementing fuel treatment schemes. However, such fuel treatments for landscape structure may only be effective under moderate weather conditions.     

Dynamic simulations of mixed broadleaved-Pinus koraiensis forests in the Changbaishan biosphere reserve of China

The development of mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) forests in the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve, located on the border with North Korea, was simulated using the gap model KOPIDE. Forest succession was simulated under three initial conditions from: (1) bare ground after clearcutting; (2) secondary forest; (3) old-growth forest. The simulations from the different initial conditions converged and support earlier successional theory that Korean pine is the climax species on the highlands of northeast China even under disturbed conditions. In addition to clear-cutting, the resilience of the forest to different levels of other human impacts, pine seed harvesting and selective cutting, was examined. These results further demonstrate that these forests possess a relatively stable structure characterized by the dominance of Korean pine. However, the model showed successional processes of the forest to be susceptible to high levels of pine seed harvesting. To predict forest dynamics at landscape scales, KOPIDE was linked with a Geographic Information System containing site and stand data sets. Running this model to simulate a forested area initially comprising several successional stages suggests that, in the absence of disturbance, Korean pine is likely to become increasingly dominant on the area over the next century.     

腾冲县天然林景观格局特征分析

基于森林资源规划设计调查资料,利用ArcMap 10、Fragstats 4.1、DPS 14.1、Excel等软件,选取常用的景观指数,分析云南省腾冲县天然林的景观格局特征,结果表明:①腾冲县天然林景观总体异质性高、形状复杂、聚集程度高、斑块分布比较均衡,景观格局特征比较复杂;②各森林类型面积比例从大到小依次为栎类林其它阔叶林云南松林针阔混交林旱冬瓜林硬阔林竹林冷杉林软阔林华山松林铁杉林,栎类林、其它阔叶林面积占61.51%,是腾冲县天然林景观的主要组成部分,云南松林、针阔混交林、旱冬瓜林面积占32.04%,是腾冲县天然林景观的重要组成部分,硬阔林、竹林、冷杉林、软阔林、华山松林、铁杉林面积仅占6.45%,面积虽小,但在天然林景观中具有特殊的作用;③因子分析结果,从稳定、复杂、异质性高、破碎化低、抗干扰能力强等方面综合评价,按得分从高到低依次是栎类林其它阔叶林云南松林硬阔林针阔混交林旱冬瓜林竹林冷杉林铁杉林华山松林软阔林;④聚类分析结果,可把腾冲县天然林分为4类,第一类是破碎度低、形状复杂、异质性高、抗干扰能力强的栎类林和其它阔叶林,第二类是破碎度高但形状复杂、异质性高、抗干扰能力强的云南松林、针阔混交林和旱冬瓜林,第三类是斑块间平均距离远、聚合度高、呈群团状分布的硬阔林、竹林、铁杉林和冷杉林,第四类是破碎度高、形状简单、异质性低、抗干扰能力弱的华山松林和软阔林;⑤聚类分析结果在因子分析的基础上,体现了硬阔林平均几何最邻近距离远的特征,对腾冲县天然林景观格局的评价效果比因子分析更好。     

Quantification of Spatial Heterogeneity in Old GrowthForests of Korean Pine

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福建茫荡山自然保护区森林景观格局研究

在ARC/INFO支持下,利用福建茫荡山自然保护区1∶50000植被分布图和其它辅助数据,选取多个有代表性的景观指数对保护区景观空间格局进行了分析研究.结果表明,茫荡山自然保护区景观异质性较高,连通性较好,破碎化程度不明显;各景观组分的面积和周长分布极不平衡,森林景观是区内主要景观类型,常绿阔叶林和暖性针叶林等少数几种组分在景观中占绝对优势;受干扰程度最大的景观类型是竹林和农田景观.     

安化县天然林景观格局与动态演变研究

基于2013年安化县森林资源规划设计调查数据、2017年林地变更调查数据,利用地理信息系统软件及景观格局指数计算软件,分析安化县天然林景观格局特征,对安化县天然林空间格局与动态演变进行研究。结果表明:安化县天然林主要是由竹林和阔叶林组成,占安化县天然林总面积的80%以上;从天然林整体变化情况来看,2013—2017年安化县天然林面积整体呈减少趋势,各森林类型斑块密度、景观类型比略有变化,天然林景观整体变化不大,景观维持平衡稳定;天然林景观在空间分布趋于聚集分布,连接状况趋于更佳,天然林斑块的形状趋于更规则、更复杂,景观格局趋于更好。     

Species-specific spatial structure,species coexistence and mortality pattern in natural,uneven-aged Scots pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L.)-dominated forest

Complexity of uneven-aged forests results from the heterogeneity of their structure reflected among others by the spatial pattern of their components. Forest structure is usually modified by various processes operating at different scales and time. Structure and processes are not independent, and both are important drivers of forest dynamics. The impact of natural processes on forest structure manifested in the specific spatial pattern of trees can be quantified by point pattern analysis applied to long-term repeatedly measured stem-mapped plots. Such studies are relatively scarce in the literature although they provide better insight into the mechanisms affecting forest dynamics. Our study is focused on the spatiotemporal analysis of the structure of mixed uneven-aged Scots pine-dominated forest located at the Kampinoski National Park (Poland). Univariate analysis showed that the initial pattern of all live trees was initially random and it shifted toward more uniform with forest aging. Spatial patterns of individual tree species varied from that stated for all forest community. We observed changes in spatial pattern of Scots pine and common oak from random toward more clumped (pine) or uniform (oak) pattern. In case of black alder and common birch, the initial aggregated pattern was maintained over the examined 14-year period of the forest succession. Bivariate analysis showed that the most common interspecific association between pairs of tree species was spatial segregation (pine vs. alder, alder vs. birch and oak vs. birch) followed by spatial independence (pine vs. oak and oak vs. alder). The positive association was stated only for pine and birch and only for certain spatial scales (> 5 m). Simultaneously, at small distances they showed reciprocal repulsion. Changes in spatial relationships between tree species were negligible over 14-year period of forest succession. Our results confirmed the density-dependent mortality process in the uneven-aged Scots pine-dominated forest over 14-year period of forest development. Our study showed that spatial interactions between individuals along with species-specific ecological requirements should be incorporated into realistic models of forest development, helping to manage the forest ecosystems toward their greater structural complexity.     

Adjustment approach to boundary effect on aggregation index and its application

Calculating aggregation index by the sample-plot data used to lead to computing error due to the existence of a boundary effect. Here, we suggest a method for adjusting boundary effect in the analysis of spatial patterns at different stages of development of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. This method is good for the reasonable management and biological control of the forests. The total station was used to sample the relative coordinates data at four corners of the temporary sample plot and of each tree in the field. Based on the sampling data, a correct approach to the boundary effect on aggregation index was put forward to the spatial pattern analysis of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in its different stages of development. The results showed that the forest trees grew in a clumped pattern in the stage dominated by the pioneer trees, and that the trees were distributed in a random pattern in the stage dominated by the companion trees or in the mature stage. The spatial pattern of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest changing from clumped to random distribution is influenced by biological characteristic, the adaptive strategy of tree species and the natural disturbance in its entire development. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2005, 29(3): 57–60 [译自: 南京林业大学学报, 2005, 29(3): 57–60]     

基于森林资源调查数据的上海城市森林景观格局动态变化研究

城市森林景观格局既反映了城市化对城市森林的影响,也决定其在城市生态系统服务中的功能,掌握城市整体森林景观格局有利于全面了解一个城市的森林特征。本文基于上海市森林资源调查数据,根据景观生态学原理,利用景观指数法对2004年和2014年上海市城市森林的景观格局进行城乡梯度及其森林类型的动态分析。实验结果显示:上海市森林景观空间分布与城市地貌格局吻合,在人类活动的强烈干扰下,不管从景观构成还是景观指数方面看,森林景观生态质量均低下。在景观尺度上,虽然十年间城市森林面积显著增长,但城市森林从2004年到2014年呈现景观破碎化程度高、景观连接度较差、景观斑块边界整齐单一、斑块间生态过程联系较弱等问题。在森林类型景观尺度上,阔叶林占上海市森林类型的大部分且其面积有增长趋势,果树林呈减少趋势;相比其他类型,阔叶林空间聚集分布范围集中在近郊,且聚集效应相对明显。通过城乡梯度划分和分析,上海市城市森林景观呈现明显的梯度变化特征,且区域差异有进一步增大的趋势。研究结果从宏观水平上分析城市森林空间格局动态变化,以期为城市景观格局优化和管理提供支持。     

Evaluation of regeneration potential of Pinus koraiensis in mixed pine-hardwood forests in the Xiao Xing’an Mountains, China

Large scale harvest of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) seeds as a food product in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest of northeastern China poses a serious threat to the sustainability and restoration of this endangered regional ecosystem.Seed collection over past decades greatly reduced the seed bank and subsequent seedling and sapling recruitment,and impacting a wide array of granivorous animals that rely on the pine seeds.We surveyed Korean pine seeds,including solid seeds(SS),insect consumed seeds(ICS) and other(animal) consumed(OCS) kernels,of the seed bank(forest floor and the top 10 cm of mineral soil),the seedlings and saplings from 1 m 2 sample plots in five forest types in Liangshui Nature Reserve(LNR) of the southern Xiao Xing’an Mountains in northeastern China to provide accurate information for assessing the Korean pine regeneration potential.The average number of pine seeds in the seed bank were 11.2 seeds/m 2,9.1 seeds/m 2,4.6 seeds/m 2,1.1 seeds/m 2,and 0.2 seeds/m 2 in Korean pine-basswood forest,mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest,mixed conifer-hardwood forest,white birch forests,and oak forests,respectively.In the first three forest types,percentages of SS(potentially viable seeds) were 11.2%,3.5% and 27.8%,respectively.The percentages of ICS(not viable seeds) were consistent at around 35%.The higher but variable percentages of OCS(not viable seeds) indicated high seed predation in these forests.Compared with other studies,we recorded higher percentages of seed damage,probably due to our survey approach and the increased depth of seed bank sampled in our study.Depletion of pine seeds in the seed bank greatly reduced seedling and sapling recruitment.Densities of pine seedlings varied from about 180 trees/ha in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest to about 5,400 trees/ha in the mixed conifer-hardwood forests and showed a high degree of spatial variation.Saplings were rare in the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest,but ranged in the thousands in other forests.Large scale pine seed harvest has seriously threatened the sustainability of the mixed Korean pine-hardwood forest ecosystem.Scaling down the seed harvest or supplemental planting of pine saplings are urgently needed to maintain the health of the existing Korean pine forests and to restore this endangered ecosystem.     

基于主成分分析的森林景观格局研究

【目的】为更好地了解洪田村森林景观结构,以2011年和2016年小班调查数据为基础,分析研究洪田村的森林景观格局。【方法】以永安市洪田村2011年实地调查小班数据及2016年二类调查数据为基础,将选取的19个景观指数从内部细化为三类,并采用主成分分析法选取了12个最能表征洪田村森林景观格局的景观指数;借助地理信息系统(Arc GIS),分析了洪田村的森林景观结构及功能。【结果】1)主成分分析筛选的12种景观指数在其所属类别上的因子载荷值均在90%以上,具有很好的代表性,可作为洪田村森林景观格局分析的指标。2)洪田村森林景观要素组成类型单一且分布不均,杉木和硬阔叶树种为主的景观格局占主导优势。3)斑块形状简单抗干扰能力差,景观整体异质性较高。4)灌木林和软阔类树种较低的边缘密度(ED)表明这两种森林景观与其他类型景观之间的能流、物流交换低。【结论】未来对洪田村进行森林景观规划与设计时应着重调整不同森林景观类型的空间布局,合理配置乡土树种(杉木、马尾松)、引进树种(桉树)、灌木林及其他树种的比例。     

RS和GIS支持的南瓮河自然保护区景观变化驱动力研究

利用2000年和2010年遥感影像作为基本信息源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,并结合地面资料对南瓮河保护区景观空间格局的变化情况及其驱动力进行了分析。结果表明：2000—2010年,南瓮河自然保护区景观类型没有明显变化,主要以森林和草本沼泽为主;森林沼泽和道路呈增加趋势,而沼泽化草甸、灌丛沼泽、永久性河流变化较小,呈现缓慢的减少趋势,森林群落呈现退化的趋势;景观异质性在增大,破碎化程度在提高;森林采伐和道路修建等人为干扰是景观格局时空演变的驱动力之一,火灾引发的森林及沼泽湿地大面积过火是湿地干扰的主要因素。     

2种类型阔叶红松林优势种群空间分布格局及其关联性

以吉林蛟河2块1 hm2阔叶红松林样地全林每木定位数据为基础,运用基于RipleyK (d)函数和Mark相关函数的O-ring统计分析方法,分析了2块样地中红松种群与主要优势种群林分中层与林分上层空间分布格局及树种的空间关联性,结果表明:水曲柳红松林中的红松种群和水曲柳种群在小尺度上为聚集分布的趋势,林分中层的红松种...     

东北地区阔叶红松林恢复的相关问题研究

东北林区现有林经营面临的首要任务是恢复阔叶红松林。栽针保阔是恢复阔叶红松林的科学理论,但还需时间的检验并不断完善。天保工程的实施为提高现有林生产力、恢复阔叶红松林提供了历史机遇,但在实施过程中还存在诸多问题,需要转变观念,正确认识。以近自然森林经营理论为指导,适当发展红松人工林具有重要意义,落叶松人工林可以通过人为诱导向阔叶红松林发展。传统意义上的封山育林不利于阔叶红松林的恢复,应由“封山”向“育林”转变。     

白河自然保护区生态景观格局变化初步分析

四川省白河自然保护区是目前所知的四川岷山山系川金丝猴种群最大、密度最高、最具有代表性的保护区,对该地区在地震前后的生态景观格局变化进行分析有利于物种资源的保护。本研究基于地理信息系统和遥感数据处理软件平台,结合2008年汶川地震与2017年九寨沟地震发生的关键时间节点,从2003—2018年每隔5年,选取了Landsat5 TM和Landsat8 OLI的遥感影像,利用生态景观格局类型及景观生态指数来分析两次地震前后15年间白河自然保护区在景观水平和斑块类型水平尺度上的生态景观格局的变化情况。结果表明,白河自然保护区景观类型由裸岩、草地/灌木、温带针叶林、针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林5种类型组成。在Fragstats4.2中选取8个景观指数,分别从斑块类型水平和景观水平对保护区生态景观格局变化进行初步分析发现,斑块类型水平上,2003—2018年白河自然保护区的主要景观类型为针阔混交林,其次为温带针叶林和落叶阔叶林,且两次地震均导致主要景观类型所占面积下降,各景观类型斑块数量增多,景观类型平均面积减小,景观的破碎化程度增加;景观水平上,两次地震导致景观多样性降低,景观整体形状趋于复杂,景观空间异质性程度下降,各景观类型面积所占比例的差距增大,整体景观朝着非均衡化方向发展。本研究结果对地震前后的生态环境变化监测,灾后生态恢复重建,以及物种资源尤其是川金丝猴的栖息地保护提供科学的参考依据。     

A succession and silviculture model for the broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Changbai Mountain Area

IntroductionGaPSinforestSwereoftenfomledduetobigtreesfalldown.Regenerationandgrowtl1inthegapsincreasebe-causeofIheAnprovementoflightcondition-Thegapwillbefilledwithnewregeneratedtrees.Wattnamedtl1isforesIdynamicsastheforestgrowtllcycle.SinceD.Bot-kindevelopedthefirstGapmo`Iel(JANOWAnlodel)basedontheforestgrowthcycletheory,dleresearchongapmodelbecameoneofthemostactivedirectio11slilecologybecauseofJANoWAnlodeI'ssuccess.H.Sl1ug-artandhisstUdentSmadegreatc()ntributio11stogapmodeI'sdeve…     

Evaluating spatial structure of a mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest based on neighborhood relationships in Mudanfeng National Nature Reserve,China

China’s 13 th 5-year forestry plan explicitly requires the end of commercial harvesting and the improved management of natural forests by means of adjusting and optimizing forest structure and developing high-quality forest production.This requires the quantification of stand structure and species diversity.In this study,species distribution,association and size differentiation in a mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold&Zucc.)forest in Mudanfeng National Nature Reserve were analyzed using three spatial structure indices:uniform angle index,complete mingling index,and size differentiation index.The results show that the species were randomly distributed,with a moderate size differentiation and high mixed structure.Three dominant species exhibited different patterns in terms of the three indices and their bivariate distribution.Overall,Korean pine showed an opposite trend to Manchurian maple(Acer mandshuricum Maxim.),whereas the distribution pattern of Manchurian linden(Tilia mandshurica Rupr.&Maxim.)was similar to that of the entire stand.Our work contributes to further the knowledge of population structure in order to optimize the structure of secondary forests and plantations.     

退耕坡地系统生态综合评价中几个景观生态学问题

退耕坡地系统属于退化土地生态系统,大部分是毁林(草)开荒形成的,是人为加速了自然生态系统的逆行演替而形成的低产脆弱的生态系统。对退化生态系统进行综合整治与恢复,以及人工生态系统的重建的理论基础是生态演替和人为设计理论。退耕还林(草)是通过一定的社会物质和能量的投入定向加速景观生态系统的演替过程。评价退耕地的生态经济效益是退耕还林(草)工程的重要组成部分,重点评定项目是否实现预期目标、项目的产出、效果和影响。本文应用景观生态学的理论:景观尺度与等级理论、景观空间格局与异质性理论、景观演化与干扰理论探讨了退耕地生态评价的内容、方法和应注意的问题,从而为退耕还林(草)工程的顺利进行提供有力的保障。     

云南大石林风景区景观格局变化研究

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