Growth and fitness of triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis)

Two greenhouse trials were conducted over a 2 year period (2004 and 2005) to compare the relative growth potential and fitness of triazine-susceptible (TS) and triazine-resistant (TR) waterhemp biotypes. Waterhemp plants from each biotype were grown in 6 L pots in the greenhouse in a completely randomized design. There was no difference in leaf number, plant height, plant biomass, time to bud or time to flower between the two biotypes. The TR female waterhemp plants produced 30% less reproductive biomass and 39% less seed than the TS biotype. The fitness penalty associated with triazine resistance was related to reproductive capability, not to vegetative growth.     

Fitness effects of the triazine resistance mutation in Amaranthus hybridus: relative fitness in maize and soyabean crops

Fitness costs of the triazine resistance mutation were estimated in experimental populations of Amaranthus hybridus L. from Maryland and Virginia (USA). Estimated costs were attributed directly to effects of the resistance mutation, through comparisons of lines bearing similar nuclear genomes, but either resistant or susceptible cytoplasm. Experimental weed plants were established from seed in the field at a wide range of A. hybridus and crop (maize or soyabean) densities, and experiments were repeated over 3 years. Resistant cytoplasm caused large reductions in several components of fitness, but substantial differences were observed among years in these fitness costs of resistance. For the fitness component of total biomass above-ground biomass production, relative fitnesses of resistant genotypes (resistant/susceptible ratios) ranged between 0.42 and 0.70. Costs of resistance were similar in weeds growing with either maize or soyabean crops. Certain costs of resistance differed between populations: impairment of seedling establishment and early growth by the resistance mutation was evident in the Virginia population, but not in the Maryland population. This functional difference between populations was associated with greater costs of resistance in the Virginia population with respect to mid-season leaf number and total above-ground biomass production; however, only the former population difference in fitness cost was statistically significant.     

Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa spp.) biotype susceptibility to postemergence-applied imazamox

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the level of imazamox tolerance in five red rice ( Oryza sativa L.) and four barnyardgrass (three Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and one Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritch) morphologically distinct biotypes collected from rice fields in northern Greece. The susceptibility of barnyardgrass biotypes to propanil was also studied. Red rice biotypes were not controlled by imazamox applied at 40 g ha⁻¹. In contrast, 80 g imazamox ha⁻¹ provided 56–84% red rice control (averaged across shoot number and fresh weight reduction). Not all barnyardgrass biotypes were susceptible to imazamox applied postemergence. However, propanil applied at 2.6 kg ha ⁻¹ controlled the E. crus-galli biotypes well, but propanil applied at rates of 2.6 and 5.2 kg ha ⁻¹ was not effective in reducing the shoot number and fresh weight of the E. oryzoides biotype. Propanil applied at 10.4 kg ha ⁻¹ reduced the shoot number and fresh weight of this biotype by 78 and 85%, respectively. In most cases, a linear equation ( y  = % of control, x  = g ha⁻¹) provided the best fit for regressions between red rice or barnyardgrass shoot number or fresh weight and imazamox rates. The results of this study suggest that postemergence application of imazamox is not effective against all red rice and barnyardgrass biotypes found in the rice fields of Greece and that significant variability regarding herbicide efficacy among biotypes might exist.     

Physical basis for the maternal inheritance of triazine resistance in Amaranthus hybridus

In an effort to determine the physical basis of the maternal inheritance of triazine resistance in Amaranthus hybridus L. the fate of plastids and other organelles in developing pollen was investigated in triazine-resistant and susceptible biotypes. In both types, immediately after microspore mitosis, the newly formed generative cells contained an array of organelles (golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, plastids and mitochondria) similar to that in the larger vegetative cells. No selective exclusion of organelles from the generative cell was noted although only small plastids were present. The immature generative cells contained small vacuoles, within which degenerate organelles were frequently observed, and no ultrastucturally recognizable plastids were found in mature cells. Maternal transmission of the triazine resistance factor thus appears to be due to a selective destruction of paternal plastids.     

Resistance of Amaranthus hybridus to atrazine

Resistance of weeds to triazine herbicides has been recorded in many countries. The extent of the problem in South Africa is uncertain. In a pilot study, the atrazine resistance of Amaranthus hybridus L. (smooth pigweed) was investigated. Suspected resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes were treated with commercially formulated atrazine. After post-and pre-emergence applications under tunnel conditions, it was found that the suspected R biotype plants were not affected at herbicide dosages of belween 1.25 and 25.0 kg a.i. ha^-1, i.e. up to 20 times gieater than the lowest recommended dosage. However, the S biotype plants were killed by the lowest dosage. In the fieid, mortalities in the R biolype were not observed after post-emergence applications of 1.25-10.00 kg a.i. ha^-1. In contrast, all S biotype plants were killed. In tunnel experiments, the R biotype was also found to be resistant to cyanazine and cyanazine+atrazine, while slight tolerance to linuron was observed. All these treatments resulted in 100% mortality of the S biotype. Although S biotype seeds oi A. hybridus were found to germinate slightly sooner under controlled conditions than R biotype seeds, preliminary results suggest that there are no major differences. Indications are that, although the growth of the S biotype may be greater than that of the R biotype, the competitive effect of the two biotypes on crop seedlings may well be similar.     

苋属4种外来有害杂草在中国的适生区预测

［目的］ 明确反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、凹头苋(A. lividus)、刺苋(A. spinosus)、皱果苋(A. viridis)4种有害杂草在中国的适生区,为有效制定检疫措施和防治决策提供依据。［方法］基于4种苋属杂草已有的分布点数据,使用GARP和Maxent两个生态位模型对其在中国的适生区进行预测。［结果］ 对4种苋属植物适生区影响最大的环境因子主要为雨日频率、海拔、极端低温、水汽压、坡度。模型评价表明,Maxent和GARP两模型对4种杂草的分布均能较好地进行预测,Maxent的结果稍好于GARP。以Maxent为主,GARP作参考,得出苋属4个种在中国的适生区主要集中在华东地区、华北的部分地区、西北和东北的少数地区、除西藏和四川西部以外的西南地区以及中南的大部分地区。［结论］ 建议相关部门对4种杂草适生区域及其周边做好相应的预警和治理工作。     

Propanil activity, uptake and metabolism in resistant Echinochloa spp. biotypes

Field resistance of Echinochloa spp. to propanil has been previously reported in Costa Rica, Colombia and Arkansas (USA). In this study, the mechanism of resistance was investigated in three resistant (R) and three susceptible (S) biotypes. The shoot fresh weight reduction in pot-grown plants from a post-emergence spray of propanil at 2.44 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ on biotypes R/S from Costa Rica, Colombia and Arkansas was 35/98%, 25/79% and 20/82% respectively. In vitro chlorophyll fluorescence data from leaf tissue incubated in propanil showed that photosynthesis was inhibited in all biotypes, indicating that the propanil-binding site and enzyme were not altered. After transfer to herbicide-free solution, photosynthesis recovered only in resistant biotypes, indicating that the mechanism of resistance was caused by enhanced metabolism of the herbicide. Simultaneous treatment with fenitrothion, an aryl acylamidase inhibitor, prevented the recovery of photosynthesis in leaf tissue in two resistant biotypes. In contrast, the cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, did not prevent recovery from propanil in leaf tissue. Application of ¹⁴C-propanil to the second leaf of intact Echinochloa plants showed that c . 90% of the radioactivity remained in the treated leaf for up to 72 h after application. No major differences in translocation between R and S biotype plants were found. TLC analysis of tissue extracts from the treated leaves showed substantially less radioactivity associated with propanil, present after 72 h in rice or in the three R biotypes, compared with S biotypes.     

Activity of mesotrione on resistant weeds in maize

Mesotrione is a new callistemone herbicide that inhibits the HPPD enzyme (p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) and introduces a new naturally selective tool into weed-management programmes for use in maize. Mesotrione provides control of the major broad-leaved weeds, and it can be used in integrated weed-management programmes depending on the grower's preferred weed-control strategy. At post-emergence rates of 150 g AI ha-1 or less, mesotrione provides naturally selective control of key species that may show triazine resistance (TR), e.g. Chenopodium album L, Amaranthus species, Solanum nigrum L, as well as species of weed that show resistance to acetolactase synthase (ALS) inhibitors e.g. Xanthium strumarium L, Amaranthus spp and Sonchus spp. The data presented show that resistant and susceptible biotypes of these species with resistance to triazine herbicides, such as atrazine, simazine, terbutylazine and metribuzin, or ALS-inhibitor herbicides, such as imazethepyr, remain susceptible to mesotrione. These results confirm that there is no cross-resistance in biotypes with target site resistance to triazine or ALS-inhibiting herbicides. It is important that herbicide choice and rotation becomes an integral part of planning weed management, so as to minimise the risks of crop losses from weed competition, build-up of weed seed in the soil and the further development of weed resistance across a range of herbicide modes of action.     

Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain

Triazine-resistant (R) biotypes of Amaranthus albus L. (tumble pigweed), A. blitoides S. Wats. (prostrate pigweed), A. hybridus L. (smooth pigweed), A. retroflexus (redroot pigweed), and Solanum nigrum L. (black nightshade) were found in Spain. The former two R biotypes were found in simazine-treated, non-tilled olive orchards, whereas the latter three came from atrazine-treated maize (Zea mays L.) crops. All R biotypes survived at rates up to 5.0 kg ha^?1 of soil-incorporated atrazine or simazine, whereas their susceptible (S) or ‘wild type’ counterparts were completely controlled at levels of 0.25 kg ha^?1 atrazine, in the case of A. hybridus, A. retroflexus and S. nigrum, and 2.5 kg ha^?1 in the case of A. albus and A. blitoides. The higher tolerance to triazines of these latter S biotypes appears to be attributable to herbicide detoxification. Photosynthetic electron transport in R biotypes was little affected by atrazine and simazine, but was inhibited by diuron, as shown by fluorescence induction measurements in whole leaves. In Hill reaction assays, the R biotypes showed a high level of resistance to atrazine and simazine (resistance factors in the range 350–900), and very slight resistance to diuron (resistance factors in the range 1.1–1.6). It is concluded that all R biotypes have evolved a chloroplastic mode of resistance similar to that previously described for other triazine-resistant weed biotypes. Résistances aux triazines des biotypes de Solanum nigrum et 4 espèces d'Amaranthus trousiées en Espagne Des biotypes résistant aux triazines (R) d'Amaranthus albus L., d'A. blitoïdes S. Wats, d'A. hybrydus et d'A. retroflexus et de Solanum nigrum L. ont été trouvés en Espagne. Les 2 premiers biotypes (R) ont été trouvés dans des oliveraies non labourées traitées à la simazine, tandis que les 3 derniers viennent de cultures de maïs traitées à l'atrazine. Tout les biotypes R ont survécu à des doses jusqu'à 5 kg ha^?1 d'atrazine ou de simazine incorporée au sol tandis que leurs équivalents sensibles (S) ou ‘types sauvages’étaient complètement détruits à des doses de 0,25 kg ha^?1 d'atrazine dans le cas d'A. hybridus, A. retroflexus et S. nigrum et de 2,5 kg ha^?1 dans le cas d'A. albus et A. blitoïdes. La tolérance plus élevée aux triazines de ces 2 derniers biotypes apparaît être attribuable à la détoxification de l'herbicide. Le transport des d'électrons photosynthétiques dans les biotypes R a été peu affecté par l'atrazine et la simazine mais a été inhibé par le diuron, comme l'ont montré des mesures d'induction de fluorescence dans des feuilles entières. Dans des essais de réaction de Hill, les biotypes R ont exprimé une haute résistance à l'atrazine et à la simazine (facteurs de résistance de 350 à 900) et une très faible résistance du diuron (facteurs de résistance de 1,1 à 1,6). Il est conclu que tous les biotypes R ont développé un mode de résistance chloroplastiques identique à celui déjà décrit par d'autres biotypes d'adventices résistant aux triazines. Triazinresistenz bei Biotypen von Solanum nigrum und vier Amaranthus-Arten in Spanien Triazinresistente Biotypen (R) von Amaranthus albus L. (Weißer Amarant), A. blitoides S. Watson (Westamerikanischer A.), A. hybridus L. (Grünähriger A.), A. retroflexus L. (Zurückgekrümmter A.) und Solanum nigrum L. (Schwarzer Nachtschatten) wurden in Spanien gefunden. Die ersten beiden R-Biotypen stammten aus Simazin-behandelten Olivengärten ohne Bodenbearbeitung, die drei anderen von Atrazin-behandeltem Mais (Zea mays L.). Alle R-Biotypen ertrugen biszu 5,0kg ha^?1 Atrazin oder Simazin, in den Boden eingcarbeitet, während empfindliche (S) oder ‘wilde’ Pflanzen mit 0,25 kg ha^?1 Atrazin (A. hybridus, A. retroflexus, S. nigrum) und 2,5 kg ha^?1 (A. albus, A. blitoides) bekämpfbar waren. Die höhere Triazintoleranz der beiden letzten Arten ist wahrscheinlich, auf eine Herbizidde-toxifikation zurückzuführen. Der photosynthetische Elektronentransport in den R-Biotypen wurde durch Atrazin und Simazin nur wenig beeinflußt, durch Diuron jedoch unterbunden, wie durch Messungen der Fluoreszenzinduktion der ganzen Blätter gefunden wurde. Bei der Untersuchung der Hill-Reaktion wurde bei den R-Biotypen für Simazin und Atrazin Resistenzfaktoren zwischen 900 und 350 festgestellt, für Diuron aber nur kleine Faktoren (1,1 bis 1,6). Daraus wurde geschlossen, daß alle R-Biotypen eine chloroplastische Resistenz entwickelt haben, wie sie schon früher für andere Triazin-resistente Unkrautbiotypen beschrieben worden ist.     

黑龙江省大豆田反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗药性机制研究

为明确反枝苋抗性种群对氟磺胺草醚的抗性机制,分别测定了氟磺胺草醚对反枝苋抗性和敏感种群体内原卟啉原氧化酶(PPO)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:氟磺胺草醚处理后,抗性和敏感反枝苋种群PPO活性均受到一定程度的抑制,但抗性种群活性受到抑制后能逐渐恢复,而敏感种群则不能恢复;施用氟磺胺草醚后,抗性和敏感反枝苋种群GSTs和SOD活性变化无明显差异,抗性和敏感反枝苋种群POD和CAT活性均受到一定程度的抑制,但抗性种群活性受到抑制后能逐渐恢复,而敏感种群则不能恢复。研究表明,反枝苋抗性种群体内PPO对氟磺胺草醚敏感性降低是其产生抗药性的原因之一,反枝苋POD和CAT对活性氧的抵御能力差异也可能与反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗性有关。     

Negative cross-resistance to bentazone and pyridate in atrazine-resistant Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hybridus biotypes

Plants of Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hybridus resistant to atrazine and cyanazine were found in maize fields in north-eastern Spain. Both resistant foiotypes survived doses of 5 kg ha^?1 of atrazine and 2–4 kg ha^?1 of cyanazine but were controlled by lower doses of bentazone and pyridate than were susceptible biotypes. Such a negative cross-resistance was not found for chloroacetamides and MCPA. Chlorophyll fluorescence studies revealed that atrazine, bentazone, cyanazine and pyridate (10 mg litre^?1) caused inhibition of photosynlhetic electron transport in susceptible leaves, while in resistant plants, atrazine and cyanazine had no effect. Conversely, bentazone and pyridate inhibited photosynthesis to a greater extent in resistant than in susceptible biotypes. Isolated chloroplast membranes from resistant biotypes showed resistance factors of 366 and 501 to atrazine and 39 and 60 to cyanazine for A. hybridus and A. cruentus, respectively. Bentazone and pyridate were found to be more effective in chloropiasts of the resistant biotypes than those of the susceptible plants. It is suggested that enhanced susceptibility to bentazone and pyridate in triazine-resistant A. cruentus and A. hybridus biotypes may be associated with the alteration of the D-I polypeptide subunit of photosystem II, as found in triazine-resistant plants.     

种间相互作用对牧草间作体系生产力的影响

为了揭示种间相互作用对柱花草/黑籽雀稗间作体系生产力的影响,试验设计三个处理,分别是单作柱花草、单作黑籽雀稗、柱花草/黑籽雀稗间作,观测了三个不同种植模式作物整个生育的物候期、整个植株生长量、生物量、生物量的当量比及不同种植体系土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的差异。结果表明:1种植牧草270天后,间作体系地上部和地下部生物量的当量比分别是3.05和3.52,土地当量比大于1,表明柱花草/黑籽雀稗间种具有间作优势。2与单作相比,间作体系黑籽雀稗物候期推迟5天;其生长量、生物量均高于单作,株高、根长、干草产量和根系产量分别高于单作9.67 cm、7.33 cm、345.50 g·株~(-1)、131.67 g·株~(-1)。与柱花草单作对比,间作的分枝期、现蕾期、花期比单作分别推迟5天、15天、5~15天;其生长量和生物量低于单作,柱花草株高、根系深、根冠比、根瘤量、干草产量和根系产量分别低于单作10.64 cm、0.54 cm、0.08、0.84粒·株~(-1)、14.29 g·株~(-1)和1.48 g·株~(-1);3间作体系土壤养分有机质、全氮、全磷比种植前增加的量分别为0.039%、0.003%、0.001%。单作柱花草样地有机质、全氮比种植前增加的量分别为0.063%、0.006%,磷比种植前减少0.001%;单作黑籽雀稗样地有机质、全氮比种植前减少0.017%、0.002%。表明,柱花草的间作提高了样地土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量;柱花草在生物固氮过程中,以磷固氮,消耗磷素致使单作柱花草样地全磷量减少,全氮量增加。     

Competition between Imperata cylindrica and maize in the forest savannah transition zone of Nigeria

Imperata cylindrica is a noxious weed that infests annual and perennial crops in most tropical regions. High crop densities may offer opportunities to reduce I. cylindrica competition in small‐scale farming systems. The competitive ability of maize relative to I. cylindrica was evaluated in an addition series experiment in the forest savannah transition zone in 2006 and 2007 at Ibadan, Nigeria. Maize and I. cylindrica were planted in eight monoculture densities (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 32, 48 and 64 plants m^?2) and in a 1:1 mixture at eight total densities (2:2, 4:4, 6:6, 8:8, 10:10, 16:16, 24:24 and 32:32 maize: I. cylindrica plants m^?2) as in monoculture. Non‐linear regression models were used to relate crop and weed shoot biomass to their densities and total grain yield to maize density. In maize, intraspecific competition was more than interspecific competition; in I. cylindrica, interspecific competition was higher than intraspecific. As expected, total grain yield was lower in the mixture than in maize monoculture at all total densities. Average maize grain yield in maize monoculture differed from that in mixtures by 0.77 t ha^?1 in 2006 and 0.57 t ha^?1 in 2007. Niche differentiation indices were <1 in 2006 and >1 in 2007, indicating that both species competed for similar resources in 2006, but not in 2007. The greater competitive ability of maize over I. cylindrica may be associated with rapid growth and canopy development observed in the field.     

Growth and competitiveness of paraquat-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Hordeum leporinum

Growth, competitiveness and seed characteristics were compared in paraquat-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Hordeum leporinum Link collected from neighbouring fields. Dry weight and tiller production were greater in the susceptible biotype as compared with the resistant biotype in the absence of competition, however, the reproductive output was the same. Competitiveness in the field was estimated using a replacement series design that showed only slight differences between the two biotypes. There were no differences in seed weight, number of seeds per head, seed viability or seedling establishment between the two biotypes. When grown in pots in monoculture, the production of tillers was the same throughout the growing season, but inflorescences appeared on the resistant biotype earlier and matured earlier than did those of the susceptible biotype. We conclude that under field conditions the resistant biotype does not show a reduction in fitness as compared with the susceptible biotype.     

反枝苋对烤烟农艺性状及产值的影响

为了明确烟田主要杂草反枝苋对贵州烤烟农艺性状、产量、产值的影响,反枝苋按0~25株/m~2的密度栽种,共设置13个处理,在烤烟成熟期记录株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶鲜质量、地上植株鲜质量、茎秆鲜质量、叶干质量、产值等一系列指标参数,通过11种曲线方程进行拟合、回归分析。结果发现三次方程(y=b_0+b_1×x+b_2×x~2+b_3×x~3)具有最高的拟合度和实用性,建议生产上可以用该三次方程预测反枝苋对烟草农艺性状、产量、产值的影响。     

Allelopathic potential of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius) on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Water extracts obtained from the roots, shoots, and fruits of mature wild onion ( Asphodelus tenuifolius ) plants and soil taken from an A. tenuifolius field were used to determine their allelopathic effects on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) in the laboratory. The roots, shoots, and fruits of A. tenuifolius were soaked individually in water in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h to prepare the extracts. Distilled water was used as the control. The germinated seeds were taken out from the Petri dishes and counted every day for 12 days. The seeds of chickpea were also sown in sand and in each of the controlled, normal soil and the soil taken from the A. tenuifolius -infested field in Petri dishes to record the length and weight of the roots and shoots 18 days after sowing. The mean germination time reached the maximum amount for the stem and fruit extracts. The fruit extract caused the most reduction in the germination index and the germination percentage of chickpea. The different wild onion organ extracts significantly reduced the root and shoot length and biomass of the chickpea seedlings compared with the distilled water. The fruit extract of wild onion proved to be the most detrimental to the root length, shoot length, and dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. The soil beneath the A. tenuifolius plants significantly reduced the emergence, root length, shoot length, shoot dry weight, and seedling dry weight but increased the root dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. It is suggested that A. tenuifolius releases phytotoxic compound(s).     

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of triazine-resistant and triazine-susceptible biotypes of Solanum nigrum– analysis using RAPD markers

The expansion of weed species is a major problem in agriculture, especially when the number of herbicide-resistant biotypes is rising continuously. The major ecological questions associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance involve an intricate understanding of the interplay between gene frequency, fitness, inheritance and gene flow. In this study, the RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) technique, which facilitates detection of variability at DNA level, was used to examine the spread of Solanum nigrum L. populations. Twenty-five populations, from Poland, France and the UK, were analysed. Six populations from Poland and one from France showed target site-based triazine resistance. The genetic relationship between individuals was studied using the RAPD technique. It was found that some resistant populations from the Gabin and Grojec areas show very high affinity levels compared with individuals from France. Three groups of populations in which resistance had developed independently were distinguished. The results of the present investigation suggest that migratory birds, such as Turdus pilaris L. and Sturnus vulgaris L., play an important in spreading S. nigrum seeds.     

Sulfometuron-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus: cross-resistance and molecular basis for resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides

A biotype of Amaranthus retroflexus L. is the first weed in Israel to develop resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. The resistant biotype (Su-R) was collected from Ganot, a site that had been treated for more than 3 consecutive years with sulfometuron-methyl + simazine. On the whole-plant basis, the resistance ratio ( ED₅₀ Su-R)/( ED₅₀ Su-S) was 6–127 for sulfonylureas, 4–63 for imidazolinones, 20–35 for triazolopyrimidines and 11 for pyrithiobac-sodium. Similar levels of resistance were found also when the herbicides were applied before emergence. Based on a root elongation bioassay, Su-R was 3240-fold more resistant to sulfometuron-methyl than Su-S. In vitro studies have shown that the Su-R biotype was resistant at the enzyme level to all ALS inhibitors tested. The nucleotide sequences of two amplified regions between the Su-S and the Su-R differed in only one nucleotide. One substitution has occurred in domain A, cytosine by thymine (C C C to C T C) at position 248, that confers an exchange of the amino acid proline in the susceptible to leucine in the Su-R. The proline to leucine change in domain A is the only difference in the amino acid primary structure of the regions sequenced, indicating that it is responsible for the ALS-inhibitor resistance observed.     

反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸抗性水平及分子机制

为初步明确大豆田反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸的抗药性水平,并从分子角度对抗药性机制进行解释,以我国四川成都和黑龙江嫩江采集的反枝苋种子为材料,通过琼脂法检测了反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸的抗药性水平,并分别对R(嫩江抗性种群)和S(成都敏感种群)的乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)部分序列进行扩增和测序。皿内生测结果表明,成都种群的GI50为11.20,嫩江种群的GI50为52.26,其抗药性指数RI为4.67。分子检测结果表明,与S种群相比,R种群反枝苋ALS位于高度保守区Domain B编码574位氨基酸的基因发生突变,TGG突变为TTG,导致色氨酸被亮氨酸取代。ALS保守区域氨基酸的替换可能是嫩江反枝苋种群对咪唑乙烟酸产生抗性的重要原因之一。     

Comparison of inhibitory activity of amides derivatives in triazine-resistant and -susceptible chloroplasts from Chenopodium album and Brassica campestris

Half-inhibitory concentrations of some substituted ureas and other amide derivatives were measured in chloroplasts extracted from triazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Chenopodium album and Brassica campestris. It was shown that the binding contribution weakened in triazineresistant chloroplasts was not hydrophobic. The existence of two independent interactions could be deduced from their differential behavior toward triazine resistance. A nitrogen-dependent interaction, possibly involving an acidic proton, is preferentially affected by triazine resistance, whereas a carbonyl-dependent interaction maintains its contribution to binding. Analogies with triazine behavior could be shown, which are compatible with an identity of electronic binding components at the site of action of amide derivatives and triazines.