应用虫线清乳油防治松材线虫病的施药技术

探讨了16%虫线清乳油防治松材线虫病的技术.通过林间药效筛选发现,用16%虫线清乳油的B配方防治松材线虫病的效果优于A、C配方,其是防治松材线虫病的首选药剂.无论是防治媒介昆虫成虫,还是防治活立木和枯死木内的幼虫、蛹;无论是树干打孔注药,还是林间低容量喷雾,均可取得良好防治效果.应用虫线清药剂处理林间松材线虫病枯死木或濒死木,是控制松材线虫病的一种有效、简便的方法;通过树干注入该药剂,则是预防具重要价值的松树发生松材线虫病的有效手段.     

马尾松木材防蓝变的野外试验

以Me-TBZ、CBZ和DDAC 3种药剂为主要配方由低向高浓度设3个梯度,分别以蒸馏水、75%酒精做溶剂,配制6种复合配方处理马尾松试材进行防蓝变野外试验,清水处理做对照。结果表明:质量百分比为双十烷基二甲基氯化铵(DDAC)0.50%～1.00%、甲基硫菌灵(Me-TBZ)0.05%～0.15%、多菌灵(CBZ)0.05%～0.15%复合试剂对马尾松木材防蓝变效果明显。     

薄膜覆盖熏蒸法在死松树除害中的应用效果初步调查

为探明山区使用覆盖熏蒸法在死松树除害中的实际效果及可行性,进行了试验。经调查,薄膜覆盖药物熏蒸除害超过60d以后,松材中仍发现松材线虫病传播媒介昆虫--松褐天牛幼虫成虫活体。故试验结果表明,在山区进行松材线虫病死亡松木除害处理时,用薄膜覆盖熏蒸法除害处理法缺乏可行性。     

42%威百亩水剂对松材线虫疫木熏杀处理试验

为了评价42%威百亩水剂对松材线虫疫木的熏蒸效果，采用室内试验和林间试验相结合的方法，研究不同浓度施药量、不同温度和不同处理时间对威百亩熏蒸防治松材线虫病的作用效果。室内熏蒸试验结果表明:42%威百亩水剂对松褐天牛幼虫的致死率随着药剂浓度的增加和熏蒸时间延长而增加，在0.25 L·m-3时7 d的病死率达93.3%，在1.0 L·m-3时5 d的死亡率达100%；相同药剂浓度下，温度越高对松褐天牛幼虫的致死率越高，在5?℃时10 d的死亡率为96.0%；在10?℃时10 d的死亡率高达100%。林间熏蒸试验结果表明：42%威百亩水剂对松材线虫疫木里的天牛幼虫和松材线虫都表现出良好的熏杀作用，在0.5 L·m-3剂量30d和0.75 L·m-3剂量15 d天牛幼虫死亡率达100%，且30 d疫木内松材线虫病死率为100%；熏杀效果显著优于常用磷化铝。     

陆地生态系统碳监测卫星松材线虫病变色木识别指数研究

松材线虫病是一种严重威胁松树生存的林业有害生物疫情。高分辨率卫星遥感技术是松材线虫病变色松木识别的有效手段。通过研究植被指数阈值法，利用2022年8月4日发射的陆地生态系统碳监测卫星(句芒号)优于2 m高分辨率4谱段相机的特点，开展基于指数的松材线虫病木识别示范，验证该卫星松材线虫病监测应用能力。基于松材线虫染病松木光谱特征，提出基于与生物量和色素相关的双指数识别策略，设计了松材线虫病指数(PWDI),并在山东省栖霞市疫区进行句芒号松材线虫病识别测试。结果表明，双指数识别策略相比单指数策略性能更优，其中PWDI与NDVI组合的松材线虫病变色松木识别能力最强，总体精度达到84.5%,NWI—NDVI,NGRDI—NDVI组合次之。在单指数策略下，PWDI的识别性仍能优于其他5个测试植被指数。研究表明，句芒号卫星具有可靠识别松材线虫病变色松木的良好潜力，松材线虫病变色松木双指数识别策略及新的识别指数PWDI可为其他类似卫星的松材线虫病监测提供借鉴。     

高频微波速杀松材线虫试验

总结了高频微波处理松材线虫病疫木的试验经验,以疫木中的松褐天牛和松材线虫死亡率达到100%且不损害疫木材质为目标,探索了工业上常用规格松木包装的最少处理时间和最适宜的微波发射量,为工业生产上的设备研制开发,积累相关实验参数.     

中国的12个省份113个县发现松材线虫病

国家林业局新闻发言人曹清尧称，中国的松材线虫病疫区已扩大到12个省份的113个县，江苏、浙江、安徽、福建和广东省的19个县是今年新增的疫区。松材线虫病也传播蔓延至山东、湖北、湖南、重庆、贵州和云南。利用松木包装材料包装货物跨省运输，特别是一些疫区非法调运、加工松木的现象日益增多，是中国松材线虫病扩散蔓延最为重要的原因，大部分松材线虫病新发疫点的疫情是由松木包装材料引起的。     

大连地区松材线虫病林间接种试验初报

通过2次人工接种试验来模拟大连地区感染松材线虫病林木发病的全过程,实验表明:大连地区松材线虫病的感病松木过程为感染枝先开始枯萎,然后整株树木失绿枯萎,然后整株树木枯死。大连地区感病松木存在2种外部症状类型,一种是当年枯死,一种是越年枯死。当年枯死的病程是8~20周,6月份以前发病死亡的基本都是越年枯死感病木。     

长岛县松材线虫病发生规律研究

松材线虫病现已扩散到长岛县整个南长山岛约 333hm2 的黑松和赤松林。发病时间为 4～ 10月 ,9月份发病树最多。松褐天牛在长岛1年 1代 ,5月下旬为出孔盛期。该病在长岛有自然扩散和人为扩散两种途径。 11～ 2 0a的感病树占总感病树的 6 3.5 % ,10年以下的幼树感病率只占 4 .8%。病树木材中蓝变现象分布的不均匀性 ,暗示以木材蓝变作为检疫松材线虫的直观特征时 ,有漏检的可能。     

克线磷防治松材线虫病的研究

为防治松材线虫病，１９８８－１９９２年间，使用３种药剂对松材线虫（Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ）进行室内毒性测定，并选用５％克线磷颗粒剂在林间、盆栽树苗上作防治试验．巴丹在１００×１０－６时，线虫仍可存活、繁殖；Ｆ—００１药剂在５０×１０－６以上时，灭虫率均可达９０％以上，克线磷浓度在６０×１０－６以上时，则可完全抑制线虫的生长繁殖．在林间，以克线磷处理的黑松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｔｈｕｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ）植株，均比对照株死亡率低．盆栽苗上的施药、接种试验，更进一步证实了该药剂的防病效果．     

云南松纵坑切梢小蠹蛀干期虫坑真菌类群初步研究

纵坑切梢小蠹（ＴｏｍｉｃｕｓｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａＬ．）是松科（Ｐｉｎａｃｅａｅ）树木的主要蛀食性害虫,分布遍及国内各省、自治区［１,２］,在云南该虫主要危害云南松（ＰｉｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）。近１０多年来,云南松蠹害林已达数十万公顷,给当地林业生产和生态环境造成了严重破坏［３～５］。国外对小蠹虫侵害机理及暴发成因的深入研究,揭示了小蠹虫携带的病原性伴生真菌在蠹害过程中发挥重要作用。如：伴生真菌是云杉八齿小蠹（ＩｐｓｔｙｐｏｇｒａｐｈｕｓＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）成功定殖的先决条件［６］;对于栎…     

Susceptibility of thermo-hydro-treated birch plywood to mould and blue stain fungi

In this study, mould and blue stain susceptibility, capillary water uptake (CWU) and microstructural properties of two thermo-hydro-treated (THT) birch plywood products A and B were investigated. Plywood A represented a THT industrial plywood glued with a phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive. Plywood B represented panels from THT veneers glued with a PF film. The THT regimes were (temperature, °C/time, min): 150/10, 150/50, 160/10 and 160/50. Both THT plywood products and untreated samples were resistant to mould and blue stain growth in 1 month of exposure in laboratory and outdoor conditions. A statistically significant correlation between fungal growth in laboratory and outdoor conditions for plywood products A and B was not found (P?>?.05). Artificial weathering of both plywood products provided adverse fungal growth results compared to the natural weathering test outdoors. The fungal growth on plywood A and B samples mutually strongly correlated (P?相似文献   

华山松大小蠹对华山松韧皮部营养和矿物元素的利用

对健康和蓝变真菌侵染的华山松韧皮部以及华山松大小蠹排泄物中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、淀粉、还原性糖、可溶性总糖、游离态氨基酸和Na,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn等8种元素进行分析,结果表明:华山松大小蠹对寄主华山松营养物质的利用率依次为:还原性糖＞粗脂肪＞可溶性总糖＞粗纤维＞淀粉＞粗蛋白.华山松韧皮部的17种游离态氨基酸中含有华山松大小蠹必需的9种氨基酸;华山松大小蠹对寄主华山松韧皮部组织内的Na,K,Ca,Mg,Fe,Cu,Mn,Zn等8种矿物元素需求量存在明显差异,其中对K元素的需求量最大,而对Cu,Mn,Zn 3种元素的需求量较小.同时,华山松大小蠹共生真菌能够加速华山松木质部和韧皮部中营养的分解转化,为华山松大小蠹在被害华山松韧皮部和木质部间的生存和发育创造条件,并加速被害华山松树势的衰弱和死亡.     

Surface mould growth on wooden claddings – effects of transient wetting,relative humidity,temperature and material properties

ABSTRACT

Effects of climatic factors and material properties on the development of surface mould growth on wooden claddings were investigated in a laboratory experiment. Specimens of aspen (Populus tremula), Siberian larch (Larix Sibirica), American white oak (Querqus alba), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and thermally modified pine were incubated in eight climatic chambers at specified wetting periods (2 or 4?h per day), relative humidity (58–86%) and temperature conditions (10–27°C). Surface mould growth was assessed weekly for 13 weeks, and the results were evaluated statistically using Generalized Estimating Equations logistic regression models. All tested climatic factors had significant effects on the mould growth, and there were significant differences between the materials. The ranking of the materials varied with temperature and over time. Aspen, pine sapwood and oak were overall most susceptible to mould growth, and thermally modified pine least susceptible. There were significant differences between sapwood and heartwood for pine and spruce. The effect of density was tested on the spruce heartwood material, but was not found to be significant. The results can be used to further develop prediction models for mould growth on wooden claddings.     

Editor's summary

Abstract

Characterization of the virulence of bark beetle-vectored fungi is important for assessing potential impacts of beetle outbreaks. Massive inoculation of trees with a cork borer appears to give the most accurate estimate of fungal virulence, but cork borer inoculation is time and labor intensive. In October 2003, 18 Pinus contorta var. latifolia were inoculated with a beetle-associated fungus, Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel et al., at densities of 200 and 800 cork borer holes m^?2. In July 2004 nine trees were inoculated using bark flap inoculations. The fungal-induced moisture content reduction, sapwood occlusion area and needle discoloration were similar for the 800 cork borer holes m^?2 density and for bark flap inoculations, while pathogenicity symptoms induced by the 200 cork borer holes m^?2 were less intense. Bark flap inoculations were three times faster to perform than high-density cork borer inoculations, but differences in incubation time and yearly weather variation highlight the need for further studies. The bark flap method may be an efficient alternative to using massive inoculation densities when testing the ability of specific fungi to kill hosts, while the cork borer method may be a better method to assess pathogenic symptoms or the aggressiveness of specific fungi.     

引起橡胶和马尾松木材蓝变的真菌—可可球二孢

可可球二泡(Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.)早在1879年就被Cooke发现,目前,至少拥有48个异名,常见的异名是Diplodia theobromae(Pat.)Nowell,Diplodia natalensis PoleEvans,Lasiodiplodia theobromae(Pat.)Griff.＆ Maubl。Punithalingam和Sutton分别对该菌作过详细的评述。它广泛分布于热带、亚热带和温带。其寄主植物已知约500种,它不但引起植物病害,而且还引起木材蓝变,是引起热带阔叶树木材蓝变的主要真菌之一。虽然国外对这种真菌已进行了大量研究,但国内研究尚少,由它引起的木材蓝变,国内尚未见报道。     

橡胶、松树木材变色菌研究及对其中之长喙壳属菌的特性研究

研究了从橡胶和松树变色木上分离到的长喙壳属(Ceratocystis sensu lato)和其他木材变色菌。证明引起这两种木材变色的主要真菌是Ceratocystisspp.,Ophostomaspp.,Lasiodiplodia theobromae和Sphaeropsissp.。进而研讨了其中之长喙壳属真菌的分类学和形态学特征,传播媒介,寄主范围,以及温度对长喙壳菌引起的木材变色速度、菌落生长、子囊壳的形成和对子囊孢子成熟的影响。     

木材变色和变色菌的研究现状

长喙壳属真菌不仅是引起木材变色的主要真菌，而且也是重要的植物病原菌。文中对木材变色的原因、木材变色对木材性质的影响、主要变色菌的种类、寄主范围、传播媒介等作了简述。     

樟子松木材的变色规律

通过对樟子松木材变色部位的化学处理及分析认为,樟子松蓝变类型属于微生物变色;室温下,自然和湿润两种状态放置的樟子松木材,随着时间的变化(以2个月为1个时间单位),L*(明度)、a*(变红度)、TW(白度)都有所下降,DE*(总色差)呈上升趋势,而b*(变黄度)分别呈现增强和减弱两种相反方向的变化趋势.