连云港饮用水水质与市区人群健康的关系及改善措施

近几年水污染非常严重,引发了人类很多疾病.本文对连云港市水环境进行分析,并分析了连云港市人群健康的情况,发现在水体高污染的情况下,相应的疾病,特别是癌症等慢性病的发病率普遍升高.为降低水污染对人群的影响,提出了降低水污染的措施.     

山东小清河污水治理现状及对策

立足小清河水污染治理现状，对小清河水质污染状况如主要超标参数(COD、BOD等)进行了分析评价，并对污水治理现状进行了分析和评价，阐述了小清河水污染治理的必要性和迫切性，提出了小清河水污染治理的主要对策和措施。     

试论秸秆还田对改善土壤微生态环境的作用

本文分析了连云港市土壤微生态环境的现状，阐述了秸秆还田的作用，提出秸秆还田的技术措施。     

农村水污染控制的创新思路与关键对策研究

在重点分析了我国农村水污染控制体制机制与政策方面存在的问题的基础上,创新提出了从农村水污染源头控制、过程阻断和末端治理等三环节构架农村水污染控制管理的体制机制与政策。提出重点围绕农村水污染控制管理体制机制、区域化管理、技术政策评估、农业清洁生产激励机制与农村生活水污染控制管理政策等五个方面开展研究的农村水污染控制关键对...     

小流域水污染的主要成因与防治对策分析

我国近年来发展重心落在了经济建设,而忽略了对水资源的环境保护,导致当前小流域水污染问题随着工业化进程的加快日益严峻,对人类健康造成严重威胁,破坏了生态平衡。本文针对当前小流域水污染及治理现状进行分析,分别阐述了导致小流域水污染的工业废水、生活污水、农业污染物三个问题关键点,并从工程治理、生态治理以及管理治理等三个维度提出了小流域水污染的相应治理措施,从而提升小流域水污染治理效率。     

连云港市东部沿海生态旅游农业发展对策

以连云港市东部沿海地区为例,阐述了连云港市东部沿海生态旅游农业区的发展现状、存在问题,提出了开发利用连云港市东部沿海生态旅游资源,发展生态旅游观光农业的基本对策。     

白石水库2014年水质分析与研究

白石水库是大凌河流域干流上唯一的控制性骨干工程,水库总库容16.45亿m3,是集防洪、灌溉、供水、发电及养鱼功能于一体综合利用的水利枢纽工程,承担着下游阜新、义县城市用水及盘锦生态和凌海农业灌溉用水任务。通过对白石水库水质监测成果分析,根据水污染特征、原因,通过3种评价方法综合确定水质状况,据此提出减少和控制水污染建议,降低污染,改善水质。     

晋中市水质现状监测及保护对策

水资源是保障经济社会持续发展的重要战略资源。晋中市水资源短缺,水资源开发利用与水污染防治已成为人们关注的热门话题。在论述主要河流、水库、重点水源地水质监测状况的基础上,分析了造成水污染的基本原因,提出了防治水污染的对策建议。     

北京市农村地区水污染问题及对策研究

阐明了目前北京市农村地区水污染防治工作所面临的问题,分析了产生污染的主要原因,提出解决北京市农村地区水污染问题的措施和对策。     

水土流失对东平湖水质的影响研究

东平湖作为南水北调东线工程中重要的水利枢纽 ,其水质状况和生态环境对整个工程产生着重要的影响。水土流失是产生水污染的一个重要因素。以东平湖为例 ,分析了东平湖水土流失的现状及其对水质产生的影响 ,探讨了有效防治湖泊水污染的水土保持措施     

Natural Remediation of Surface Water Systems Contaminated with Nuclear Waste via Humic Substances in South Ural

Radiological waste disposal and accidents from radionuclide production over several decades have resulted in widespread radioactive contamination of surface water systems in South Ural. Natural attenuation of radioactive contamination of freshwater can be considered as an alternative to manage radioactive materials released into the environment. A management alternative takes advantage of natural remediation processes, especially the binding of radionuclides and their compounds to water body solids via humic substances. The formation of radionuclide complexes with humic acids removes and converts radionuclides to a less hazardous form and is followed by a decrease in radionuclide bioavailability to freshwater biota, especially fish and benthos. Here, we present an investigation and quantification of natural remediation of highly contaminated surface water systems located in South Ural via humic substances. Based on a large set of experimental data, we state that in the surface water systems, humic acids promote the immobilization of radionuclides and thus decrease their bioavailability for fish in the investigated water bodies. We examine the influence of humic substance on the chemical and biological interactions between radionuclides and the environment that has experienced increasing interest concerning the remedial uses of humic materials.     

Microbial Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Water: A Current Perspective

It is well documented that faecal contamination of drinking water has caused numerous disease outbreaks. Because the risks of disease outbreaks correlate with the incidence of faecal contamination, faecal bacteria are used as indicators of faecal contamination and hence, the possible presence of disease-causing organisms. However, different microbiological faecal indicators are used in different countries and jurisdictions. Therefore, it is important to understand the potentials and limitations of these indicator organisms before realistically implementing guidelines and regulations to safeguard our water resources. This review considers the history of indicator organisms, the evolution of the analytical methodologies (biochemical and molecular) and addresses the advantages and limitations of current faecal indicator microorganisms.     

Vulnerability Assessments of Colorado Ground Water to Nitrate Contamination

Nitrate (NO₃-N) contamination of ground water aquifers is an important problem in the United States and throughout the world, particularly as ground water resources become increasingly relied upon to support human needs. Cost effective methodologies are needed to facilitate decision-making for ground water protection. To aid ground water protection organizations, we designed two tools to assess aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination in Colorado. The first tool is a statewide aquifer vulnerability map (VM) that identifies regions vulnerable to ground water contamination. The VM uses five factors that influence aquifer vulnerability on a regional scale: aquifer locations, depth to water, soil drainage class, land use, and recharge availability. We validated the VM using 576 discrete ground water sample points from throughout the state and found that the VM was able to delineate areas of increased aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination (r ²= 0.78). The second aquifer assessment tool is a vulnerability matrix (VMX) developed to help practitioners determine relative aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination on a field scale. The VMX consists of a series of factors that are rated and combined for a particular field. This rating is used to give landowners an index of general aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination for a specific field, and inform them of changes in management practices to reduce the vulnerability. The VMX can be used in conjunction with the VM to determine NO₃-N contamination potential from intensive agriculture.     

三峡库区消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析

三峡库区是我国重要的水源地, 研究库区水陆交错带消落区内土壤重金属污染程度并解析其来源,对水库的水环境和土壤环境具有重要意义。本研究采用地质累积指数, 对三峡库区消落区175 m 水位蓄水前12 个采样区表层68 个土样的土壤重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As 和Cr 污染进行评价, 结果表明: 整个研究区不受Cr 污染, 研究区70%以上面积不受Pb、Cu 和Zn 污染; 研究区As 污染最严重, 其次为Cd 和Hg。利用因子分析法对这7 种重金属来源进行解析的结果表明, 库区消落区土壤重金属源可分为2 大类别:“自然因子”类别元素(Cr、Pb、Cu 和Zn)和“工业污染因子”类别元素(Hg、As 和Cd)。消落区表层土壤重金属污染评价及源解析可为消落区生态环境的综合治理提供参考。     

Field validation of chlordecone soil sequestration by organic matter addition

Purpose

The use of chlordecone (CLD) has caused pollution of soils, which are now a source of contamination for crops and ecosystems. Because of its long-term impacts on human health, exposure to CLD is a public health concern and contamination of crops by CLD must be limited. To this end, we conducted field trials on chlordecone sequestration in soil with added compost.

Materials and methods

The impact of added compost on chlordecone sequestration was measured in nitisols. After characterization of the soil, the transfer of chlordecone from soil to water was assessed in a leaching experiment and from soil to two crop plants in a nitisol plot. Finally, to understand the underlying processes, changes in CLD content were measured in soil fractions and soil porous properties were assessed after the addition of compost.

Results and discussion

A rapid seven-fold decrease in water extractable CLD was observed in amended soils. Five percent amendment led to a significant reduction in the contamination of crops by CLD; edible radish tubers were 50% more contaminated without added compost and cucumber fruits were 60% more contaminated. After the addition of compost, CLD content increased in the fraction of pre-humified or partially mineralized organic debris. Finally, in contrast to andosols, adding compost to nitisols did not affect the soil microstructure.

Conclusions

Increasing chlordecone sequestration by adding compost could be an alternative solution until soil decontamination techniques become available. This could be a provisional way to control further release of CLD from contaminated soils towards other environmental compartments.     

The effect of waste water treatment on river metal concentrations: removal or enrichment?

Purpose

Discharge of untreated domestic and industrial waste in many European rivers resulted in low oxygen concentrations and contamination with trace metals, often concentrated in sediments. Under these anoxic conditions, the formation of insoluble metal sulfides is known to reduce metal availability. Nowadays, implementation of waste water treatment plants results in increasing surface water oxygen concentrations. Under these conditions, sediments can be turned from a trace metal sink into a trace metal source.

Materials and methods

In an ex situ experiment with metal contaminated sediment, we investigated the effect of surface water aeration on sediment metal sulfide (acid volatile sulfides (AVS)) concentrations and sediment metal release to the surface water. These results were compared with long-term field data, where surface water oxygen and metal concentrations, before and after the implementation of a waste water treatment plant, were compared.

Results and discussion

Aeration of surface water in the experimental setup resulted in a decrease of sediment AVS concentrations due to sulfide oxidation. Metals, known to precipitate with these sulfides, became more mobile and increasing dissolved metal (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu)) concentrations in the surface water were observed. Contrary to As, Cd, or Cu, manganese (Mn) surface water concentrations decreased in the aerated treatment. Mn ions will precipitate and accumulate in the sediment as Mn oxides under the oxic conditions. Field data, however, demonstrated a decrease of all total metal surface water concentrations with increasing oxygen concentrations following the implementation of the waste water treatment plant.

Conclusions

The gradual decrease in surface water metal concentrations in the river before the treatment started and the removal of metals in the waste water treatment process could not be countered by an increase in metal flux from the sediment as observed in the experiment.     

Reduction of Nitrate and Ammonium Adsorption Using Microscale Iron Particles and Zeolitite

Nitrate contamination of groundwater represents a threat to human health. Many researchers have studied zerovalent iron as a mean to remediate nitrate contamination. However, the application of such method is limited by ammonium production. This work investigates the use of microscale iron particles in association with zeolitite, a natural material containing zeolite, to remove nitrate and ammonium from groundwater. The association of the two materials is shown to lower the nitrate concentration in both deionized water and groundwater under the limit suggested by the European Union and to significantly reduce the ammonium concentration. The method is potentially applicable in water filtration.     

北京市密云水库上游坡地水土流失监测系统的建立及应用

以北京市密云水库上游为示范监测区,利用遥感及地理信息系统,通过坡度、土地利用和植被覆盖度专题图形制作、交叉分析和土壤侵蚀强度判别,进行流域自然状况及水土流失面积调查;根据坡地土壤侵蚀区分布及坡地水土保持治理情况布设坡地径流小区,观测各类型区水土流失量及污染物流失量;分析计算全流域的水土流失量、污染物流失量及治理措施的水土保持效益。     

涡河干流水污染时空分布特征与水质动态评价

涡河是淮河流域严重污染的支流之一.对涡河干流主要污染参数NH₃-N、BOD₅、COD_Cr、TP、砷、氟化物的监测分析,表明涡河干流水污染具有显著的时空变化特征,污染参数表现为春季最高,秋季最低,由春季向秋季逐渐降低,然后又逐渐升高的“Ⅴ”字型变化规律,且在各采样断面各种污染参数季节变化特征具有较好的一致性.空间分布上表现为上游高、下游低,呈上游向下游逐渐降低的分布态势.模糊综合评价结果表明,涡河干流水污染严重,绝大多数河段全年为V类水质,已失去或大部分失去生活饮水和生产性用水的价值.涡河流域水资源严重污染及其时空分布特征,是流域自然过程与人为活动强干扰耦合作用的结果.     

Use of Enrichment,and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd,Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland

In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.