大通牦牛血清淀粉酶多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对大通牦牛血清淀粉酶的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：（１）被检大通牦牛有ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３三种同工酶；（２）ＡＭＹ１同工酶受ＡＭＹ１＾Ｂ，ＡＭＹ１＾Ｙｔ ＡＭＹ１＾Ｃ三个共显性等位茵控制，其中ＡＭＹ１＾Ｙ的优势等位基因；（３）ＡＭＹ２同工酶呈单态；（４）ＡＭＹ３有３带和４带两种表型，其出现分别是９１％和９％。     

三种鹿属动物血清淀粉酶同工酶的电泳研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对３４头白唇鹿，５８头马鹿和１１头梅花鹿的血清淀粉酶同工酶进行了比较研究。结果发现：（１）３种鹿的血清淀粉酶都有ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３种同工酶，但白唇鹿ＡＭＹ１和ＡＭＹ２同工酶的相对迁移率小于马鹿和梅花鹿；（２）３种鹿的ＡＭＹ１同工酶都有ＡＭＹ１Ｆ和ＡＭＹ１Ｓ两种表型，以ＡＭＹ１Ｆ为优势表型（分别为６４．７１％，６８．９７％和８１．８２％）；（３）白唇鹿的ＡＭＹ２同工酶存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ，ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ和ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ３种表型，以ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ为优势表型（５０．００％）；（４）马鹿的ＡＭＹ２同工酶存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ，ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ，ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ和ＡＭＹ２Ｏ４种表型，梅花鹿存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ和ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ两种表型，以ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ为优势表型（分别为８９．６６％和９０．９１％）。     

青海黄牛血清淀粉酶的多态性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法对３７９头青海黄牛血清淀粉酶的多态性进行了研究。结果发现：⑴青海黄牛存在ＡＭＹ１,ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３三种同工酶,但只有ＡＭＹ１同工酶存在多态性;⑵ＡＭＹ１同工酶受ＡＭＹ１＾Ｂ和ＡＭＹ１＾Ｃ一对共显性等位基因控制,两者的基因频率分别为０．５２７７和０．４７２３;⑶柴达木黄牛ＡＭＹ１同工酶的多态性特征与青海东部黄牛相同。     

白唇鹿血清同工酶酶谱的电泳研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳地对３４头白唇夜以继日的４种血清同工酶酶谱及其多态性进行研究。结果（１）酯酶包括ＥＳ１，ＥＳ２和ＥＳ３三种同工酶，其中ＥＳ２存在多态性；（２）碱性磷酸酶存在在ＡＬＰＢ和ＡＬＰＯ两种表型，以ＡＬＰＯ型为优势表型（６７．６５％）；（３）淀粉酶包括ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３三种同工酶，ＡＭＹ１和ＭＡＹ２两种同工酶存在多态性，（４）白唇鹿的乳酸脱氢酶显现出与众不同的同工酶酶谱。     

海兰褐鸡血清淀粉酶同工酶

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对５５只海兰褐鸡血清淀粉酶同工酶进行研究。结果：①血清淀粉酶有ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３三种同工酶；②ＡＭＹ２同工酶存在ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ，ＡＭＹ２ＡＢ和ＡＭＹ２Ｅ８三种表型，其表型频率分别为０．１８，０．３１和０．５１；③各同工酶区带的相对迁移率为：ＡＭＹ１１０．２１％，ＡＭＹ２ＡＡ８．１６％，ＡＭＹ２ＢＢ６．６３％，ＡＭＹ３２．０４％。     

青海双峰驼的血清同工酶酶谱

采用聚丙烯酰胺胺凝胶电泳法对６４峰青海双峰驼的四种血清同工酶酶谱进行研究。结果表明：（１）酯酶呈现单一的ＥＳａ型；（２）淀粉酶由ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＷＭＹ３三种同工酶组成单一酶谱；（３）乳酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶同工酶酶谱存在年龄差异；（４）成年驼和幼年驼的碱性磷酸酶均有不同的同工酶酶谱。     

青海细毛羊血清淀粉酶的多态性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对３７３只青海细毛羊血清淀粉酶的多态性进行了研究，表明结果：血清淀粉酶有ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３三部分，但只有ＡＭＹ２存在多态性，ＡＭＹ２具有ＡＭＹ２ Ａ和ＡＭＹ２Ｏ两种表型，受ＡＭＹ＾Ａ和ＡＭＹ＾ｏ一对等位基因的控制，ＡＭＹ＾Ａ对ＡＭＹ＾ｏ呈显性；有种公羊、周岁公羊和母羊组，两种ＡＭＹ２表型之间的体重，毛长和产毛量等生产性状无显著差异。     

青海半细毛羊血清淀粉酶型及其与血清蛋白质指标的关系

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对４８只青海半细毛羊的血清淀粉酶进行了表型分析，并研究了血清淀粉酶表型与血清蛋白质各项指标之间的关系。结果表明：①血清淀粉酶有ＡＭＹ１、ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３三种同工酶，只有ＡＭＹ２存在多态性；②ＡＭＹ２有Ａ和Ｏ两种表型，以ＡＭＹ２Ｏ为优势表型（６０．４２％）；③ＡＭＹ２Ａ和ＡＭＹ２Ｏ之间的血清总蛋白、白蛋白，球蛋白和血清蛋白各组分均无显著性差异。     

青海藏羊血清淀粉酶多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对２４６只青海藏羊的血样进行了血清淀粉酶多态性的研究。结果发现：①藏羊的血清淀粉酶有三种同工酶：ＡＭＹ１，ＡＭＹ２和ＡＭＹ３，但只有ＡＭＹ２具有多态性；②ＡＭＹ２位点上存在ＡＭＹ２Ａ和ＡＭＹ２Ｏ两种表型，其表型频率分别为２５．６１％和７４．３９％；③根据绵羊ＡＭＹ２受一对等位基因ＡＭＹ２￣Ａ和ＡＭＹ２￣０的支配，ＡＭＹ２￣Ａ对ＡＭＹ２￣０呈显性的假说，其等位基因频率分别为０．１３７５和０．８６２５。     

柴达木马血清白蛋白多态性的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺电泳对１３１匹柴达木马血清白蛋白的多态性进行研究。结果：（１）柴达木马血清白蛋白基因座有ＡＬＡ＾Ａ和ＡＬＢ＾Ｂ两个等位基因，基因频率分别为０．４１２２和０．５８７８；（２）柴达木马存在ＡＬＢ ＡＡ，ＡＬＢ ＡＢ和ＡＬＢ ＢＢ三种基因型，以ＡＬＢ ＡＢ为优势基因型；（３）基因杂合度为０．４８４６，有效等位基因数为１．９４个。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.