松墨天牛携带的松材线虫PCR检测技术

利用本研究筛选出的一对松材线虫特异性PCR引物(上游引物:5'-CTACGTGCTGTTGTTGAGTTGGC-3',下游引物:5'-TGGTGCCTAACATTGCGCGA-3'),从松材线虫DNA中,扩增出一条长度403 bp(基因库登陆号:DQ855275)的特异性DNA片段.该引物可以将松材线虫DNA与松墨天牛组织以及拟松材线虫、畸刺伞滑刃线虫、变异伞滑刃线虫、小角伞滑刃线虫、利昂伞滑刃线虫、湖南伞滑刃线虫、红松滑刃线虫、滑刃属线虫、斯坦纳长尾线虫、小茎线虫、剑尾齿杆双胃线虫和寄生小杆属线虫等12种线虫的DNA区分开来.在此基础上,建立一套利用PCR技术直接从受感染的松墨天牛组织中检测出松材线虫的技术,并在实际运用中得到检验.     

“松材线虫SCAR标记与系列分子检测技术及试剂盒研制”项目通过鉴定

2006年5月，由南京林业大学森林资源与环境学院叶建仁教授主持完成的“松材线虫SCAR标记与系列分子检测技术及试剂盒研制”通过了江苏省科技厅组织的科技成果鉴定。该项研究对松材线虫与拟松材线虫特异片段进行了系统筛选，共获得了7个松材线虫DNA特异片段与5个拟松材线虫DNA特异片段，为松材线虫与拟松材线虫的分子鉴定奠定了基础。首次将2个松材线虫与2个拟松材线虫的DNA特异片段成功转化为SCAR标记，丰富了松材线虫与拟松材线虫分子标记方法。首次采用SCAR标记方法成功构建了松材线虫检测试剂盒，PCR检测过程仅需2．2小时。首次成功标记了一个可用于检测松材线虫的非放射性探针DIG-F2／R1。用该探针对线虫基因组DNA点杂交，松材线虫均表现有较强的杂交信号，而拟松材线虫、霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、大核滑刃线虫、长尾属线虫等均无杂交信号。     

河北省长针线虫新纪录种松长针线虫Longidorus pinus Xu,Ye,Wang & Zhao的形态与分子鉴定

2018年,在河北省保定市园林植物紫荆(Cercis chinensis)根围分离到一种长针线虫。经形态学观察和28S rDNA D2D3区序列分析,将其鉴定为松长针线虫(Longidorus pinus Xu, Ye, Wang&Zhao)。其雌虫主要形态特征为:雌虫体长3 048～3 464μm,唇区明显缢缩,宽9.5～10.5μm,侧器囊袋状,齿尖针长66.0～69.5μm,导环距体前端27.5～30.0μm,尾长31～33μm,短圆锥形,尾长与肛门处体宽比值=1.5～1.6。松长针线虫河北种群28S rDNA D2D3区与GenBank数据库的山西种群进行序列比对,相似性为99.2%～99.9%。松长针线虫是河北省长针线虫新纪录种。紫荆是松长针线虫的新寄主。     

栗瘿蜂寄生蜂的研究概述

栗瘿蜂为一种孤雌生殖的瘿峰 ,是危害板栗树的最主要的害虫之一。它有许多天敌 ,尤其是长尾小蜂 ,被认为是有效的生物防治手段。文中介绍了栗瘿蜂天敌的种类 ,其中着重介绍长尾小蜂科的有益长尾小蜂和中华长尾小蜂 ,对它们在形态及生理生化上的区别进行了简要综述。中华长尾小蜂的种群在日本增长缓慢 ,在定殖上有一定难度 ,据报道 ,可能与雌雄性比比较低和本地兼性重寄生蜂的活动有关     

水曲柳和落叶松人工林土壤线虫密度的季节动态

以水曲柳和落叶松人工林为研究对象,于2007年和2008年5月(春)、7月(夏)和10月(秋)分别对2个林分土壤线虫进行调查研究,采用淘洗-过筛-蔗糖离心法提取土壤线虫,探讨土壤总线虫和各营养类群线虫密度的土层变化与季节动态,以及它们与土壤温度、湿度和pH值的关系.结果表明:1)水曲柳林总线虫密度显著高于落叶松林,水曲柳林每100 g干土中1079条,落叶松林每100g干土394条(2年平均值),其中植食线虫占比例最高,食细菌线虫次之,杂食-捕食线虫和食真菌线虫密度最少;2)土壤总线虫和各营养类群线虫密度均随土壤深度的加深而逐渐下降,且各土壤深度间差异显著;3)在2林分中,土壤总线虫和各营养类群线虫密度均在秋季(10月)最高,秋季与夏季或春季差异显著;4)土壤水分和pH值与线虫总密度显著负相关,春季和夏季土壤温度与线虫密度显著正相关,这3个因子的综合作用可以解释线虫总密度变异的46％(水曲柳)和49％(落叶松).这些研究结果对于了解水曲柳和落叶松人工林土壤线虫密度变化,以及与环境因子之间的关系具有重要意义.     

柳杉根际线虫群体数量与柳杉赤枯病的相关性研究

于2002～2003年间．发现福建农林大学南平校区柳杉绿化林带有严重病害发生，经过病原鉴定为柳杉赤枯病(Cercospora secoiae)。同时，从柳杉病区林木根系及根际土壤分离到大量双宫螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus Dihystera)、马丁矮化线虫(Tylenchorhynchus martini)、肾形肾脏线虫(Rotylenchulus reniformis)、微小针线虫(Paratylenchus minuts)、垫刃线虫(Tylenchus platycephalus)及一定量的盘旋线虫(Rotylenchus ctmdnphasmidius)、美洲剑线虫(Xiphinema americanum)、长针线虫未定种(Longidorus sp．)、尾滑刃线虫(Aphelenchoides composticola)、环线虫未定种(Macroposthonia sp)、昏暗毛刺线虫(Trichdorus obscurus)、燕麦真滑线虫(Aphelenchus avemae)。根据相关性分析和有关报道，认为柳杉根际线虫某些类群的群体数量与柳杉赤枯病的发生有明显的相关性。     

3种江西省新记录植物

报道了产自寻乌县的3种江西省新记录植物,它们是厚叶铁线莲(Clematis crassifolia Benth.)、长尾毛柱樱桃(Cerasus pogonostyla var.obovata(Koehne)T.T.Yu&C.L.Li)以及狭叶卫矛(Euonymus tsoi Merr.)。标本存放于华南农业大学林学院植物标本室(CANT)。     

松材线虫SCAR标记与检测技术

将松材线虫RAPD特异片段OPM05-X2100进行分离、回收,与载体pGEM-TVector连接,转化大肠杆菌并培养,对目标克隆测序。根据测序结果,用Oligo5.0软件设计引物,正向引物为M05F2(5’-CGGGT CATGG CTGGA GGTAT CGT-3’),反向引物为M05R1(5’-TGGCT CAATG GCAAA TCCTT CGTA-3’),成功地将松材线虫特异片段OPM05-X2100通过引物对M05F2/R1转化为SCAR-M05-X600。运用SCAR标记引物M05F2/R对枯死松树体内分离的92份线虫样本的DNA进行标记,并对单条线虫经简易方法提取的DNA进行检测。结果表明:引物组合对所有81份松材线虫株系均扩增出一条600bp的清晰、明亮的条带,而对8份拟松材线虫、1份霍夫曼尼伞滑刃线虫、1份大核滑刃线虫、1份长尾属线虫均无扩增产物。该对引物可以检测单条松材线虫。利用这对特异引物组合可构建松材线虫检测试剂盒,实现对松材线虫的快速检测的目标。     

栗瘿绿色长尾小蜂的初步观察

<正>栗瘿绿色长尾小蜂Torymus(synto maspis)SP.(俗称栗瘿长尾小蜂或长尾小蜂),属膜翅目,小蜂总科,长尾小蜂科。是栗瘿蜂的主要天敌。近年来,板栗产区栗瘿蜂发生普遍。为了更好地保护和利用栗瘿长尾小蜂,以控制栗瘿蜂的为害,我们对栗瘿长尾小蜂进行了观察,现将结果初报如下。     

河北省长针线虫新纪录种松长针线虫Longidorus pinus Xu,Ye,Wang&Zhao的形态与分子鉴定

2018 年,在河北省保定市园林植物紫荆（Cercis chinensis）根围分离到一种长针线虫。经形态 学观察和 28S rDNA D2D3 区序列分析,将其鉴定为松长针线虫（Longidorus pinus Xu, Ye, Wang & Zhao）。 其雌虫主要形态特征为：雌虫体长 3 048~3 464 μm,唇区明显缢缩,宽 9.5~10.5 μm,侧器囊袋状,齿尖 针长 66.0~69.5 μm,导环距体前端 27.5~30.0 μm,尾长 31~33 μm,短圆锥形,尾长与肛门处体宽比值＝ 1.5~1.6。松长针线虫河北种群 28S rDNA D2D3 区与 GenBank 数据库的山西种群进行序列比对,相似性为 99.2%~99.9%。松长针线虫是河北省长针线虫新纪录种。紫荆是松长针线虫的新寄主。     

甘肃叶蜂种类调查及分类研究 Ⅶ.叶蜂科潜叶蜂亚科、粘叶蜂亚科、凹颜叶蜂亚科及平背叶蜂亚科属种名录

整理采自甘肃膜翅目叶蜂科潜叶蜂亚科、粘叶蜂亚科、凹颜叶蜂亚科及平背叶蜂亚科标本总计252号,经鉴定分为22属40种。其中,潜叶蜂亚科3属4种:纹潜叶蜂属2种、枝潜叶蜂属1种、闭潜叶蜂属1种;粘叶蜂亚科3属6种:华波叶蜂属1种、类粘叶蜂属1种、粘叶蜂属4种;凹颜叶蜂亚科1属1种:凹颜叶蜂属1种;平背叶蜂亚科15属29种:原曲叶蜂属1种、斑腹叶蜂属3种、尖唇叶蜂属1种、狭蕨叶蜂属1种、小唇叶蜂属1种、雅叶蜂属1种、曲叶蜂属1种、平背叶蜂属2种、秋叶蜂属1种、大曲叶蜂属1种、亚室叶蜂属1种、金叶蜂属1种、绅元叶蜂属4种、片爪叶蜂属1种、元叶蜂属9种。包括1中国新记录属:纹潜叶蜂属;17科学新种:中华纹潜叶蜂、痕脉纹潜叶蜂、开臀枝潜叶蜂、中华闭潜叶蜂、异类粘叶蜂、长角粘叶蜂、山楂粘叶蜂、长角凹颜叶蜂、李氏斑腹叶蜂、甘肃斑腹叶蜂、李氏狭蕨叶蜂、吕氏平背叶蜂、平唇秋叶蜂、脊盾片爪叶蜂、邹氏元叶蜂、沟顶元叶蜂、丽角元叶蜂;15甘肃新记录种和8已知种。     

木荷天然林与人工林群落结构特征比较

通过样地法群落调查,对木荷林群落学特征进行了分析和研究。研究表明本群落是以山茶科和壳斗科为主的常绿阔叶林,其优势种为木荷、马尾松以及罗浮栲。随着演替的进行,木荷在群落中的重要值呈现先增大后减小的趋势。进一步分析木荷天然林与人工林的生态学差异,表明:木荷天然林和人工林群落物种组成都较丰富,通过木荷人工林与天然林的物种组成比较,可以看出人工林虽然受人为影响较大,但是经过一定时间的恢复,其物种组成和群落结构都趋于复杂化,并在科、属、种组成上与天然林具有较高的相似性。     

华南人工林乔木树种叶片氮、磷、硫生态化学计量特征

为研究南亚热带人工林植物叶片氮（N）、磷（P）、硫（S）生态化学计量特征在近源类群、不同生长阶段间的差异,在佛山市云勇林场人工改造恢复形成的3~11 a生的针阔混交林和桉树林中,选择21个优势造林树种,测量了叶片N、P、S含量并计算了N:P,分析了这些指标之间的相关性以及不同生长阶段共有种生态化学计量特征的差异。结果显示：21个树种叶片平均N、P、S含量分别为16.71±0.79,1.07±0.05,1.56±0.09 mg/g,N:P为16.51±0.76,生态化学计量特征在不同树种间存在显著差异。叶片N、P、S含量相互之间显著正相关。近源类群（木兰科、樟科）植物对氮的吸收有较大差异,对磷和硫的吸收差异不大。 不同生长阶段的6个共有树种的N、P、S生态化学计量特征随生长的变化因物种而异,整体上N:P随生长无明显变化趋势。本研究说明南亚热带人工林的施肥抚育管理要考虑养分利用的种间差异特性。     

西江中下游针阔混交林优势种群的结构及分布格局研究

以西江中下游的针阔混交林为研究对象,通过固定样地、每木调查和林下更新层调查法获得野外资料,采用径级代龄级的方法,研究主要优势树种的种群结构,以及应用方差／均值比、平均拥挤度指数、聚块指数、丛生指标、负二项式参数等5个指标分析其种群格局状况。结果表明不同优势种群的径级结构差异明显：马尾松和烟斗柯缺失或缺乏幼苗,为衰退型种群;福建青冈幼苗充足,中龄级立木占绝对优势,表现为增长型种群,但结构不稳定;鸭脚木幼苗数量丰富,径级分布呈倒J字型,为稳定的增长种群。种群的格局动态因树种和发育阶段而不同,表现为马尾松由均匀分布过渡到集群分布,福建青冈始终为群集分布,鸭脚木和烟斗柯则由幼苗的集群分布向成树阶段的随机分布转变,4个种群的格局动态呈现出聚集强度降低的扩散趋势。     

陕北黄龙山森林植物群落的初步研究

水文对森林植物群落的类型、结构、生活型谱、排序和动态做了初步研究。结果表明:森林植物群落分2个植被型,4个群系,19个群丛组;群落垂直结构分乔术、灌木、草本3层,植物组成分属于34科、76属108种;群落生活型谱反映了气候条件;群落排序结果满意;顶极植物群落为松栎林,山杨、白桦林将为辽东栎林演替,油松林与山杨林、白桦林之间的动态演替关系值得进一步研究。     

Recovery of understory vegetation biomass and biodiversity in burned larch boreal forests in Northeastern China

Recovery of biomass and biodiversity of forest understory vegetation after fire disturbance has been widely studied; however, how this relationship changes and what are the determinants at different post-fire stages in larch boreal forests are still unclear. We investigated a chronosequence of 81 understory plots in larch boreal forests that were disturbed by fires in 1987 (S5), 1992 (S4), 1996 (S3), 2002 (S2), or 2007 (S1). Analysis of variance was conducted to test the differences of biodiversity and biomass among various post-fire stages. Different regression models were used to fit the relationship between biomass and biodiversity, while factors influencing this relationship were identified by boosted regression tree analysis. Results showed that total understory biomass increased from 2.51?t?ha^?1 in S1 to 8.47?t?ha^?1 in S3 and declined to 5?t?ha^?1 in S5. Similar dynamics were also found between species richness and species diversity. Positive linear correlations linked biomass and biodiversity throughout most of the post-fire periods. Slope and stand density were the two most important factors influencing the secondary succession of understory vegetation after fire. Geographical factors and overstory competition determine the orientation of vegetation recovery, and the impacts of climate on vegetation are muted after fire disturbances.     

Change in oak abundance in the eastern United States from 1980 to 2008

Although oaks (Quercus spp.) have historically dominated much of the forest land in eastern North America, a great deal of fragmentary and sometimes anecdotal evidence suggests that they have been yielding dominance in recent decades to other, typically more shade-tolerant species. Using FIA data, our work formally quantifies the change in oak abundance in the eastern U.S. during the period of 1980-2008. The results indicate that most areas in the eastern U.S. experienced some decline in oak abundance, but the decrease was not universal either geographically or among species. Declines were especially marked in the Central Hardwood Region, which lost oak abundance on 81% its forested area as measured by importance value (IV). Areas with a high oak abundance were more likely to see a reduction in abundance. Among all 25 species analyzed, eight species decreased significantly in IV while two increased. Both the top two most prevalent white oak species (white oak (Quercus alba) and post oak (Quercus stellata)) and red oak species (northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and black oak (Quercus velutina)) had significant decreases in density and IV. Water oak (Quercus nigra) is one of the red oak species that had a near universal increase of its abundance throughout its native range (83% of area). This study provided a comprehensive quantification of the dynamic of oak species in a regional-wide geographic context, which will provoke forest researchers and managers to revisit the oak decline problem by using knowledge from other regions and other species.     

A comparison of seedling emergence and survival between Quercus glauca and Symplocos prunifolia

Seedling emergence and initial survival were compared for two evergreen broad-leaved species, Quercus glauca and Symplocos prunifolia. The relationships between the two seedling dynamics variables and environmental factors for the two species were also investigated. The number of seedlings that emerged in the study period was larger for S. prunifolia than for Q. glauca, while the survival rate was lower for S. prunifolia, presumably due to the closed canopy of this site. Models were selected for each species to determine the combination of variables explaining the most variation in emergence and survival of seedlings. The model selected for seedling emergence of Q. glauca showed that more seedlings emerged in lower hillslope positions and where the canopy in winter was more open. The model selected for S. prunifolia showed that fewer seedlings emerged on steeper slopes and that more emerged under a more open canopy in winter. With respect to seedling survival, models with only the proportion of open canopy in summer were selected for both species. These models showed that the survival rate was higher where the canopy in summer was more open. This is to be expected as both species are regarded as pioneer or mid-successional species. Q. glauca seemed to have the ability to persist as a dominant in the secondary forest at this site for longer than S. prunifolia due to the former’s better seedling survival rates and the rarity of climax species such as Castanopsis cuspidata.