单板纵向刨切背面裂隙形成及影响因素

利用摄像机拍摄单板的刨切过程,及采用放大镜观察纵向刨切单板背面裂隙度。采用正交试验,分析了单板刨切厚度、刃倾角和刨切速度对单板背面裂隙的影响。结果表明:单板背面裂隙度随着刨切厚度、刃倾角和刨切速度的增加,都有不同程度的增加,而刨切厚度对单板背面裂隙度影响显著。     

刨切机与旋切机、刨切单板与旋切单板的比较

主要对刨切机与旋切机、刨切单板与旋切单板进行比较,并指出提高刨切单板和旋切单板质量的方法,介绍了国内大型木工机械刨切机和旋切机的主要产品及其型号和技术参数.     

热压干燥对刨切单板背部裂隙的影响

表板是刨切单板的三层实木复合地板表面易出现分布广泛的小裂纹。为此,研究在表板干燥环节采用压板干燥,以期减少刨切单板背部裂隙。运用对比法对干燥前后刨切单板背部裂隙形态及分布进行分析比较,结果表明:压板干燥能有效降低刨切单板背部裂隙,且对厚度3.0 mm和3.5 mm单板的背部裂隙愈合效果更好,但对宽深裂隙的愈合效果较差;压板干燥适合于以刨切单板为表板的三层实木复合地板的表板干燥。     

刨切薄木的加工工艺

上营森林经营局的刨切单板产品于1987出口到日本。本文详细地介绍了刨切单板的加工工艺及设备,提出了刨切单板各加工工序正确的操作方法和合理的工艺参数。     

小径木星形纵向锯解后重组刨切单板的数学理论描述

【目的】提出将小径木纵向锯解为多块扇形木材后重组为近似板材再刨切为弦切单板的工艺,以提高原木出材率。【方法】首先对理想原木进行数学建模,并分别对短径方向、长径方向的弦切单板建立数学模型;然后以建立的原木及弦切单板数学模型为基础,绘制最优星形下锯图及最优弦切单板刨切图;最后分别对星形下锯与直接刨切2种不同工艺进行出材率计算,以比较原木出材率的高低。【结果】通过对模型的比较,短径方向弦切单板宽度大于长径方向弦切单板宽度,要求弦切单板宽度时,应以短径方向弦切单板为模型基础进行最优下刀;要求弦切单板数量时,应以长径方向弦切单板为模型基础进行最优下刀。计算出材率结果显示,相对于直接刨切,采用星形下锯工艺可以提高原木出材率。【结论】采用星形纵向锯解后重组刨切单板的工艺可提高原木出材率,同时可为实际选材提供理论支持,选择原木尺寸规格越大,出材率越高。     

展平竹刨切单板的生产工艺

竹展平板的问世丰富了竹产品种类,推动竹装饰材料的发展。采用竹展平板为单元制备展平竹层积材、展平竹方材,再刨切制得展平竹刨切单板,可与无纺布(纸)粘贴,制成大幅面展平竹刨切单板产品。工业化生产实践表明:展平竹刨切单板的工业化生产切实可行,开辟竹材资源精、深加工的新途径。     

刨切竹单板的软化工艺研究

为了克服刨切竹单板在家具曲面构件贴面或封边时出现横向开裂、破损等情况,采用氢氧化钠(Na OH)、碳酸氢钠(Na HCO_3)和尿素(CH_4N_2O)分别对刨切竹单板进行了软化处理。结果表明:刨切竹单板的软化工艺参数对其软化效果有较大影响,大小顺序为软化温度软化剂质量分数软化时间;随着软化温度的升高、软化时间的延长和软化剂质量分数的增大,刨切竹单板的横向柔韧性能逐渐增大;Na OH软化刨切竹单板的适宜工艺参数为:软化温度65℃、软化时间60 min、软化剂质量分数2%,Na HCO_3和CH_4N_2O则为:软化温度65℃、软化时间90 min、软化剂质量分数2%;其中,Na OH对刨切竹单板的软化效果最好。     

单板加工中应用的几种压尺

介绍了单板加工中生产和实验室使用的几种压尺类型,为新型结构压尺的研究提供参考.     

工艺参数对刨切薄竹染色上染率影响的研究

染色是提高竹材装饰性能的重要手段,对提高刨切薄竹的附加值,拓展刨切薄竹的应用范围具有重要的意义。染色工艺是薄竹染色的重要手段,上染率是判断刨切薄竹染色效果的主要指标。本文对染色上染率的工艺参数如染色温度、染色时间、pH值以及染液材积比等进行研究。结果表明,染色温度对刨切薄竹单板上染率的影响极显著,随着温度的升高,上染率增加,90℃时,上染率达到最大值;随着染色时间的延长,刨切薄竹单板上染率逐步增加。0.4 mm厚的刨切薄竹单板在90℃染色30 m in,能达到要求的染色效果;随着材积比的增加,染料吸附量也增加。     

小径木双面刨切单板的材积计算与效益分析

【目的】提出双面刨切工艺、下刀优化以及合理选材的措施,以期解决传统方法制备单板效率低下、出材率低并且容易出现缺陷的问题。【方法】提出采用小径木双面刨切加工工艺来提高出材率及生产效率的方法(双面刨切是指从小径木两侧同时进行纵向刨切,直到剩余厚度为20 mm的固定芯板时结束刨切,然后将多次加工后剩余的中间固定芯板再次进行刨切的工艺);通过对理想小径木进行数学建模、实际计算,分别给出刨切单板的短径、长径2个方向的具体材积计算公式,以此作为合理下刀的理论基础;对小径木截面进行数学建模,给出出材率的具体计算公式,并对将要进行刨切的小径木进行实际参数测量,根据所得公式分别计算其出材率。【结果】通过小径木出材率的实际分析计算得出,随着小径木长短径尺寸的增大(所讨论对象是无节子、径向无弯曲度的理想小径木),刨切出材率逐步增加,所以双面刨切单板时选择尺寸较大的小径木,可以在一定程度上提高小径木出材率。【结论】制备单板时,采用双面刨切单板工艺,不仅可以节省时间,而且可以减少人力,大大提高加工效率及出材率;将本研究得到的小径木数学模型、长短径方向材积计算公式及出材率公式作为基础,可以进行合理的选材、下刀以及刨切,减少木材资源的浪费,提高经济效益。     

Influence of wood planing on the second-order effects of moisture sorption in sugar maple

Summary Two types of machines, a conventional planer, and a fixed-knife pressure-bar planer were used to prepare matched specimens of sugar maple wood. After adsorption and desorption, both experiments at 21 °C, the EMC, swelling in all principal directions as well as compliance coefficient in radial compression were measured. Two specimen sizes were used for these expe‐riments. For a given equilibrium moisture content, tangential and radial dimensions were greater after desorption than after adsorption, as previously described. When equilibrium was reached by gaining moisture, the wood was stiffer in radial compression compared to when the equilibrium was reached after losing moisture. The magnitude of this phenomenon, second-order effects of moisture sorption, was slightly affected by the type of planing. These effects on swelling were greater for large specimens prepared by conventional planing compared to fixed-knife pressure-bar planing. Small specimens showed similar magnitudes of this phenomenon with both planing methods. No differences between planing methods were found for the radial compliance coefficient measured on either specimen size. Therefore, the second-order effects of moisture sorption appeared to be a bulk phenomenon and not restricted to the superficial layers of wood. Received 9 December 1997     

华山松针叶表皮结构与抗疱锈病关系的初步研究

通过对来自云南4个华山松疱锈病典型发病区的122份华山松针叶样本的解剖结构研究,发现华山松的感病组与健康组之间在针叶表皮结构上有显著差异,其中主要差异为表皮细胞厚度和角质膜厚度,有抗病特性的植株具有显著加厚的针叶表皮结构,抗病的健康组比感病组的角质膜和表皮分别增厚达30.5%和8.0%,而气孔数量和内皮层厚度上差异不明显.结果支持疱锈菌感染华山松是通过主动侵入机制从表皮进入针叶,角质膜厚度和表皮厚度对华山松抵抗疱锈菌感染有重要作用.这一结果为弄清疱锈菌侵入华山松的途径提供了实验证据.     

Morphological, histochemical and phytochemical investigation of the genus Hypericum of the Central Italy

Eight entities of the genus Hypericum that spontaneously grow on the Central Italy (Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano) have been studied under the morphological, histochemical and phytochemical aspects. From the morphological standpoint, they differ in the shape and size of flowers and leaves and in the dimension and distribution of the secretory structures through the various parts of the plant. It has been possible, with the histochemical and phytochemical studies, to localize and identify some secondary metabolites inside the secretory structures.     

四川白日坝大桥动力特性分析

国内外针对大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥抗震方面的研究则处于相对薄弱的阶段,成桥实例很少,而国内现行公路及铁路桥梁抗震设计规范对此类桥梁结构的抗震性能也尚无具体规定.本文以四川白日坝大桥为工程背景,用ANSYS软件建立了该桥的空间有限元模型,进行了该桥的自振特性分析,讨论了拱肋、横撑等参数对其动力特性的影响.分析表明,拱肋刚度、横撑刚度及数量对钢管混凝土拱桥的动力特性具有较大的影响.     

Emulating natural disturbances: the role of silviculture in creating even-aged and complex structures in the black spruce boreal forest of eastern North America

Ecosystem-based forest management is based on the principle of emulating regional natural disturbance regimes with forest management. An interesting area for a case study of the potential of ecosystem-based forest management is the boreal forest of north-western Québec and north-eastern Ontario, where the disturbance regime creates a mosaic of stands with both complex and simple structures. Old-growth stands of this region have multi-storied, open structures, thick soil organic layers, and are unproductive, while young post-fire stands established following severe fires that consumed most of the organic soil show dense and even-sized/aged structures and are more productive. Current forest management emulates the effects of low severity fires, which only partially consume the organic layers, and could lead to unproductive even-aged stands. The natural disturbance and forest management regimes differ in such a way that both young productive and old-growth forests could ultimately be under-represented on the landscape under a fully regulated forest management regime. Two major challenges for ecosystem-based forest management of this region are thus to: (1) maintain complex structures associated with old-growth forests, and (2) promote the establishment of productive post-harvest stands, while at the same time maintaining harvested volume. We discuss different silvicultural approaches that offer solutions to these challenges, namely the use of (1) partial harvesting to create or maintain complex structures typical of old-growth stands, and (2) site preparation techniques to emulate severe soil burns and create productive post-harvest stands. A similar approach could be applied to any region where the natural disturbance regime creates a landscape where both even-aged stands established after stand-replacing disturbances and irregular old-growth stands created by smaller scale disturbances are significant.     

四川卧龙国家级自然保护区水青树生态特性的初步研究

本文主要采用样方法调查研究了卧龙自然保护区水青树林,揭示了其分布、生境、群落组成、群落结构和生物学特性。     

A new dimeric aporphine from the roots of Artabotrys spinosus

A new dimeric aporphine, artabotrysine along with five known compounds was isolated from the roots of Artabotrys spinosus. Their structures were fully established on the basis of spectral evidence. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity on HeLa and KB cells.     

Crown Index: a canopy balance indicator to assess growth and regeneration in uneven-aged forest stands of the Coastal Range of Chile

A balanced diameter structure, i.e. similar crown area allocatedto the different cohorts in uneven-aged forest stands, has beentraditionally regarded as a requirement for achieving bettergrowth rates and regeneration. Long-term experiments have demonstratedthe sustainability of these structures, but quantitative datainforming on how growth and regeneration behave under a balanceddiameter structure compared with other structures have beenscarce. Similarly, vertical structure has not been properlyaccounted for as a variable that can affect growth and regenerationin uneven-aged stands. In this study a Crown Index (CI) wasused as a surrogate of a balanced diameter structure and anindicator of vertical structure. This new index is obtainedby dividing the canopy area of trees in the main and upper canopypositions in a stand by the canopy area in lower strata. A CIof 1.0 indicates, on average, an even allocation of canopy areato each of four strata, namely, a balanced structure; values>1.0 or <1.0 reflect unbalanced structures, with excesscanopy cover of large trees or medium and small trees, respectively.From data obtained from stands at relatively poorer and bettersites in uncut and partially cut old-growth stands in the CoastalCordillera of southern Chile, the effects of CI, proportionof large and small trees, canopy area, and basal area on diametergrowth of Laurelia philippiana Looser (Monimiaceae) –the most important species in these forests – and regenerationof all canopy tree species were tested. Results indicated thefollowing: the CI was most strongly correlated to the proportionof large and of small trees (i.e. structural indicator), andto a lesser extent to basal area (a density indicator); theCI was by far the best explanatory variable of growth at bettersites and of regeneration at poor sites; and, in general, greatergrowth and more seedlings occurred as CI values decreased towards1, which reflects a balanced diameter structure. Results supportthe value of balanced diameter structures in managed uneven-agedstands, but also suggest that alternative structures could besought.     

蔷薇属3种植物叶片的比较解剖结构及其与抗旱性的关系

通过石蜡切片、电镜扫描等方法对3种蔷薇属植物玫瑰、黄刺玫、月季的叶片进行形态解剖并加以研究。结果表明:三种蔷薇属植物叶的解剖构造属中生型植物的特征,具有一定的抗旱性,其抗旱性从强到弱排列顺序依次为:黄刺玫玫瑰月季。     

木材性质对其染色效果影响的研究进展

介绍了木材染色的可能性及其染色机理, 分析了木材的解剖构造、物理性质和化学组成等对染色效果的影响, 提出了木材染色研究的几点建议。