球形花爆裂玉米爆花品质影响因子研究

以国产球形花爆裂玉米佳球105为试材,对影响爆花品质的多种因子进行研究。结果表明,含水量和成熟度是影响膨爆倍数、爆花率、花形及玉米花大小的主要因子,其中,膨爆倍数、花形对水分含量和成熟度反应最为敏感。在含水量13.4%～13.8%范围内膨爆倍数达到27.4～27.5倍,继续增加或降低水分含量则膨爆倍数下降;含水量在13.8%左右时玉米花最大、花形好且球形率较高,继续降低含水量时花形更加圆滑、美观但玉米花变小。成熟度与子粒体积、粒重、爆花率、膨爆倍数、球花率均呈正相关关系,同等重量的子粒,成熟度越高、子粒体积越小,粒重、爆花率、膨爆倍数、球花率越高。     

爆裂玉米种质资源的果穗性状和膨爆特性多样性及相关性分析

研究分析50份不同爆裂玉米种质材料的果穗性状及其膨爆特性。结果表明,果穗性状中秃尖长的变异系数为68.88%;果穗穗长、行数、行粒数、穗粗、百粒重呈正态分布,果穗秃尖长呈偏态分布。膨爆特性中膨爆倍数的变异系数为32.86%,膨爆倍数呈正态分布,膨爆率呈偏态分布,表明爆裂玉米种质材料间主要性状具有较为丰富的多样性。膨爆特性、果穗性状间的相关性分析表明,膨爆倍数与膨爆率呈显著正相关;膨爆倍数与穗长、穗行数、行粒数、穗粗呈正相关,与秃尖长、百粒重呈负相关;膨爆率与行粒数、穗粗呈显著正相关,与穗长、秃尖长、行数、百粒重呈正相关。     

普×爆 F3家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析

在春播和夏播两种环境条件下,对普通玉米自交系与爆裂玉米自交系杂交组配的259个F3家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析结果表明:F3家系膨爆特性较差,采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良爆裂玉米自交系的几率较小;膨爆特性都是由多基因控制的数量性状;膨爆特性间呈极显著正相关,膨爆特性与穗粒性状间多呈显著或极显著负相关;膨化体积对膨化倍数的直接正向作用最大,百粒重的直接负向作用最大,爆花率通过膨化体积对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大正效应,穗粒重通过百粒重对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大负效应。     

普×爆F3家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析

在春播和夏播两种环境条件下，对普通玉米自交系与爆裂玉米自交系杂交组配的259个F₃家系的膨爆特性及其与穗粒性状的相关分析结果表明：F₃家系膨爆特性较差，采用常规系谱法从中选育出优良爆裂玉米自交系的几率较小；膨爆特性都是由多基因控制的数量性状；膨爆特性间呈极显著正相关，膨爆特性与穗粒性状间多呈显著或极显著负相关；膨化体积对膨化倍数的直接正向作用最大，百粒重的直接负向作用最大，爆花率通过膨化体积对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大正效应，穗粒重通过百粒重对膨化倍数的间接作用为最大负效应。     

爆裂玉米若干数量性状的典型相关分析

采用典型相关对17个爆裂玉米单交种的4个子粒物理性状和3个膨爆品质性状进行分析,结果表明:在子粒水分为11％～13％的范围内,对膨爆率影响不大;子粒体积与米花体积呈同步变异的趋势,即子粒体积的增大,将提高米花体积;与膨爆倍数表现为反向变异,表明子粒过大则会导致膨爆倍数的降低,因此,在育种中不可一味追求大子粒。百粒重同膨爆倍数呈同步变异趋势,提高子粒百粒重相对可提高膨爆倍数,综合分析得出:子粒体积适中、粒重广大、比重较高的类型可作为爆裂玉米的选择模式。对爆裂玉米品质育种有一定的指导意义。     

冰冻对球形花爆裂玉米品质的影响

以球形花爆裂玉米佳球105为试验材料，分别在-10℃、-20℃、-30℃条件下对含水量15%、18%、21%、24%、27%的爆裂玉米进行冰冻20 d处理，分析冰冻对球形花爆裂玉米品质的影响。结果表明，冰冻处理会使爆裂玉米品质下降，-10℃、含水量为24%处理会发生果皮分离现象。膨爆倍数随着含水量的升高和温度的降低而降低，含水量为24%时，-10℃、-20℃、-30℃处理分别比对照降低3.0%、3.9%、7.7%；含水量为27%时，-10℃、-20℃、-30℃处理分别比对照降低5.2%、8.4%和12.9%。冰冻对玉米花的脆性有明显影响，当含水量为24%、27%时，-30℃冰冻条件下玉米花的硬度明显增大，分别比对照增加31.6%和35.2%，口感变差。当含水量为21%、24%、27%时，冰冻使果皮脱落量增加，其中-10℃处理脱落量最大，含水量为24%和27%处理分别比对照高出2倍和8倍。当含水量为24%、27%时，-10℃处理会出现整块果皮的大量脱落。冰冻对玉米粒外观、玉米粒体积、爆花率、花形、成球率影响较小。     

爆裂玉米

爆花，过去都是用一般农家玉米品抑制做，爆花率较低。而禽，由中国农科院品种资源所育成的黄玫瑰1号、2号、3号等爆裂玉米系列新品种，成为独具特色的替代产品，其爆花率高这99％以上。膨爆倍数可达28倍之多，爆花是完整的蘑菇形，是有独特的清香风味。爆裂玉米和一般玉米不同，可在常压下加热膨爆，在家中用普通炒菜锅、高压锅等炊具即可制做玉米花。该产品具有营养均衡的特点，在发达国家已成为生活中颇为流行、老少皆宜的保健小食品。常食用玉米花有益于健康。爆裂玉米@姜连峰     

稻米爆裂特性的初步研究

为了筛选出爆裂性较好的水稻资源,以来自中国、日本、巴西等多个国家不同年代育成的138个粳稻糙米为试验材料,采用家用微波炉对其进行膨爆试验。结果显示,不同品种爆裂特性有较明显的差异,爆花率范围是2．5％-70．5％,平均爆花率24．87％;同一品种的稻谷与糙米的爆裂特性也不相同,糙米的爆花率多数高于稻谷的,但膨爆倍数却是稻谷大于糙米。     

TP爆裂玉米的品种特性

从泰国爆裂玉米TP中分离出30多个株系，对它们的生育期、穗部性状和爆裂品质进行了观察和测定。结果表明，绝大多数株系从出苗至抽雄期为68天左右，各株系表现出穗较长较粗、行数多、单株产量较高的特点，平均穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、单株产量分别为15．9cm、3．4cm、15.7行、39粒、13．5g和71．3g。爆花率平均为886％，27％以上的株系高于95％。膨胀倍数平均为16．4倍。30％以上的株系在18倍以上。膨胀体积平均为21．3ml／g，13％的株系在250ml／g以上，穗部性状与爆裂品质之间只有微弱的相关，表明对TP群体进行进一步改良是有潜力的。     

爆裂玉米膨爆机理的研究进展

膨爆特性是爆裂玉米的最重要的特性,膨爆的关键是子粒内部高压的形成。果皮和胚乳的致密结构是内部高压形成的重要保证。综述了近年来国内外对子粒本身的结构特性、外在因素的影响以及遗传因素等膨爆机理的研究。对今后的研究方向提出展望。     

Effects of hybrid,environment, oil addition,and microwave wattage on popped popcorn morphology

The objective of this study was to understand what factors influence the formation of different shapes of popped popcorn through the development of statistical models. Microwave popcorn popping was conducted across a range of microwave wattages (750–1240 W) and oil additions (0–30%) using a set of three popcorn hybrids grown in three environments. After popping, expansion volume was measured and the relative proportion of different popped shapes was enumerated by visual characterization of popped flakes, namely: unilateral, bilateral, or multilaterally expanded. The percentage of flake morphologies varied from 1 to 24% unilateral, 20 to 55% bilateral, and 31 to 68% multilateral across all runs. The relative percentage of each shape was influenced by hybrid, growing location, corn:oil ratio, and microwave wattage. The proportion of unilateral flakes was positively correlated to oleic acid in the kernel and negatively correlated to kernel sphericity, while bilateral flakes were positively correlated to dietary fiber in the kernel. Expansion volume was positively correlated to occurrence of bilaterally expanded flakes and negatively correlated to unilateral shape. These data may support the development of new hybrids or varieties of popcorn that produce the most desirable amounts of popped shapes in order to optimize consumer liking or create differentiated products and market new usages for popcorn.     

Hybrid and environment effects on popcorn kernel physiochemical properties and their relationship to microwave popping performance

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of hybrid and environment on physical and chemical characteristics of popcorn kernels that have shown importance in predicting end-use quality. Three popcorn hybrids grown in three different environments were tested for physiochemical attributes and popping performance. Hybrid had a significant effect on kernel sphericity, time-to-grind, dietary fiber, sugars, and starch. Environment effect alone affected total mineral content. Hybrid and environment main effects influenced test weight, tangential abrasive dehulling device index, thousand-kernel weight, total carbohydrates, and kernel protein content. Oil adherence to the bag averaged 15.8% and was proportional to oil amount added prior to microwave popping. Unpopped kernels averaged 11.4 ± 5.3%. Most unpopped kernels were observed to successfully pop when heated a second time in microwave tests. Expansion volume was 44.7 ± 3.7 and 47.3 ± 6.4 cm³/g, depending on the method of determination. Expansion volume was correlated (p < 0.05) with several kernel physiochemical parameters that were influenced by hybrid effect. Sphericity, thousand-weight, and total fat are physiochemical characteristics that appear to be good predictors (p < 0.05) of expansion volume.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping and meta-analysis across three generations for popping characteristics in popcorn

Popping characteristics play a determinant role in the utilization of popcorn (Zea mays L.). In this study, the RIL population with 258 recombinant inbred lines was evaluated to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for three popping characteristics (PF, popping fold; PV, popping volume; PR, popping rate) under four environments. Meta-analysis was used to integrate detected QTLs across three generations (RIL, F_2:3 and BC₂F₂) derived from the same cross. All eleven QTLs were detected for three traits, on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 for PF, on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7 and 10 for PV, and on chromosomes 1, 4, 6 and 10 for PR. Three, 1, 3, 6 and 6 QTL were detected in the same marker intervals in 4, 3, 2, 1 cases, respectively. Four QTLs at bins 1.05–1.06, 1.08–1.09 and 7.03–7.04 were commonly detected in the same or near bins in all three generations. Six and 2 QTLs showed consistency across RIL/F_2:3 or RIL/BC₂F₂ generations respectively. Nine meta-QTLs (mQTL) were detected on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Except mQTL7-1, only related with PV, other mQTLs included two or three traits, reflecting pleiotropic or tightly linkaged QTLs for popping characteristics. The QTL influencing all the three popping traits at bins 1.05–1.06 were also detected in other previous researches using different populations, which could be put into use in marker assisted breeding for popping characteristics in popcorn.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping and meta-analysis across three generations for popping characteristics in popcorn

Popping characteristics play a determinant role in the utilization of popcorn (Zea mays L.). In this study, the RIL population with 258 recombinant inbred lines was evaluated to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for three popping characteristics (PF, popping fold; PV, popping volume; PR, popping rate) under four environments. Meta-analysis was used to integrate detected QTLs across three generations (RIL, F_2:3 and BC₂F₂) derived from the same cross. All eleven QTLs were detected for three traits, on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 for PF, on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7 and 10 for PV, and on chromosomes 1, 4, 6 and 10 for PR. Three, 1, 3, 6 and 6 QTL were detected in the same marker intervals in 4, 3, 2, 1 cases, respectively. Four QTLs at bins 1.05–1.06, 1.08–1.09 and 7.03–7.04 were commonly detected in the same or near bins in all three generations. Six and 2 QTLs showed consistency across RIL/F_2:3 or RIL/BC₂F₂ generations respectively. Nine meta-QTLs (mQTL) were detected on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Except mQTL7-1, only related with PV, other mQTLs included two or three traits, reflecting pleiotropic or tightly linkaged QTLs for popping characteristics. The QTL influencing all the three popping traits at bins 1.05–1.06 were also detected in other previous researches using different populations, which could be put into use in marker assisted breeding for popping characteristics in popcorn.     

普×爆后代3个膨爆特性的遗传分析

采用三倍体胚乳种子性状遗传模型及其分析方法对5个普通玉米自交系与4个爆裂玉米自交系间20个杂交组合8个世代进行研究。结果表明:3个膨爆特性指标同时受直接、母体和细胞质效应3种遗传体系控制,且以加性效应为主,非加性效应也起着非常重要的作用;普通玉米自交系会显著降低普×爆后代的膨爆特性,爆裂玉米自交系的作用相反,不同自交系的各类遗传效应不完全一致。