蚜虫跳小蜂的重寄生现象及生物学特性简报

蚜虫跳小蜂Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus(Mayr)是蚜茧蜂僵蚜期的重要寄生天敌、麦蚜的重寄生蜂,为有害天敌。笔者1980—1986年在蚜苗蜂的研究中发现了此蜂和另外4种重寄生蜂,其对麦田蚜茧蜂 (主要是燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae Haliday)的破坏作用极大。     

印巴黄蚜小峰的发育历期观察

印巴黄蚜小蜂(Aphytins melinus)是柑桔红圆蚧(Aonidiella anrantii)的主要寄生蜂种之一。为更好地利用该小蜂,我们对其发育历期进行了观察研究。 一、材料与方法 1.成蜂寿命观察 对刚羽化的印巴黄蚜小蜂成蜂进行寿命观察,设6种温度(19,22,25,28,30和32℃);两种食物处理:供给蜂蜜和不供给蜂蜜。     

浙江省不同寄主植物上烟粉虱寄生蜂之调查

为明确浙江省不同地区以及不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci寄生蜂种类,更好地利用寄生蜂对烟粉虱进行生物防治,通过对浙江省8个地区进行田间烟粉虱末期若虫或伪蛹采样,并将其带回实验室内饲养直至寄生蜂成蜂羽化进行形态学鉴定。结果表明,在浙江省8个地区共采集到3 490头烟粉虱寄生蜂,其中蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus mundus Mercet、狄氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus debachi RoseRosen和浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia(GiraultDodd)的数量最多,比例分别达到了53.0%、27.8%和9.9%;在温州发现的寄生蜂种类最多,共有10种;在20种寄主植物种类或品种上共发现10余种烟粉虱寄生蜂,其中17种寄主植物上共有的烟粉虱寄生蜂有蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂、12种寄主植物上共有的是浅黄恩蚜小蜂、10种寄主植物上共有的是狄氏桨角蚜小蜂;表明这3种寄生蜂是浙江省广泛分布的优势种类。     

松突圆蚧寄生蜂优势种及引进寄生峰的繁殖利用研——Ⅰ.寄生蜂种类的调查、采集、引进和中间寄主的饲养研究

松突圆蚧Hemiberlesin pitysopila的寄生蜂繁殖和利用是防治该虫的重要手段之一。本地林间的优势种为长缨盾蚧丽蚜小蜂Encarsia citrina,爱友丽蚜小蜂E.amicula和范氏黄蚜小蜂Aphytisvandenboschi。日本引进的蜂种为匀鞭蚜小蜂Encarsia sp.和范氏黄蚜小蜂等两种。几种供繁蜂用的中间寄主以茶钹盾蚧Abgrallaspiscyanvphylli、红圆蚧Aonidiella (aursmlii、褐圆蚧Chrysomphalua aonidum、夹竹桃蚧Aspidiotus nerii、桑白盾蚧Pseudau lacaspispentagona等几种较为理想,其中以茶钹盾蚧为好。几种繁蜂用寄主可以用南瓜、马铃薯和柠檬等易于找到的和耐保存的植物果实在室内大量繁殖。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂与蓝色长盾金小蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧的联合控害影响因子

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere与蓝色长盾金小蜂Scutellista caerulea Fonscolombe分别是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的内寄生与外寄生天敌,为了明确寄主龄期、寄生蜂比例、温度对两种蜂联合防治橡副珠蜡蚧效果的影响,作者在室内进行了3因子5水平的正交试验。结果表明：寄主龄期、寄生蜂比例、温度对日本食蚧蚜小蜂和蓝色长盾金小蜂联合控害效果均有显著影响;各因子影响两蜂对蚧虫总寄生率的主次水平为寄生蜂比例>温度>寄主龄期;最优处理组合为橡副珠蜡蚧若蚧：成蚧=1：1,温度27 ℃,单独接蚜小蜂。本研究旨在为两蜂的室外联合释放提供理论依据。     

麦蚜重寄生蜂的观察

一、麦蚜重寄生蜂的种类 在山东临清,寄生麦蚜茧蜂的5种寄生蜂中,以蚜虫跳小蜂Aphidencyrths aphidivorus为主,占67.3％;环腹瘿蜂Figites sp.第二位,占13.5％;黄足分盾细蜂Dendrocerus(Atritomellus)laticeps占9.6％,还有宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron sp.,短腹柄腹金小蜂Asaphes sp.。在小麦灌浆前期以瘿蜂多见;小麦黄熟期以跳小蜂为主要种类。它们是蚜茧蜂僵蚜期的主要寄生天敌、麦蚜的重寄生蜂,是有害的。     

烟粉虱寄生蜂种类及繁殖方式多样性

本文列举了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci寄生蜂种类,共计74种,其中恩蚜小蜂属Encarsia 47种,桨角蚜小蜂属Eretmocerus24种,埃宓细蜂属Amitus 2种及新姬小蜂属Neochrysocharis 1种;从生殖方式、寄生行为及寄主发育阶段喜好程度等方面论述了烟粉虱寄生蜂种类及繁殖方式的多样性;介绍了目前烟粉虱寄生蜂的引种工作;最后提出了今后有关烟粉虱寄生蜂的研究方向.     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌性生殖系统的解剖结构

首次对烟粉虱的寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati（Zolnerowich＆Rose）和浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia（Girault＆Dodd）的雌性生殖系统结构进行了研究。两种小蜂的卵巢均由6条卵巢管构成,雌蜂羽化后卵巢内有部分成熟卵,而羽化后24 h的成熟卵量较羽化后6 h有所增加,两种寄生蜂均是同步卵（synovigenic）类寄生蜂;海氏桨角蚜小蜂羽化6 h和24 h后体内成熟卵的数量均显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,这与海氏桨角蚜小蜂24 h雌蜂的寄生量显著高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂,而寄主取食量却低于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的结果一致。     

江西柑桔粉虱、蚧类寄生性天敌——蚜小蜂的识别

粉虱、蚧类的寄生性天敌种类多,为开展生物防治提供依据,现将我省已知11种蚜小蜂记述如下。一、江西已知粉虱、蚧类蚜小蜂种的检索表(蚜小蜂科 Aphelinidae)1.触角5—6节……2触角8节……42.触角5节,前翅有一不显著光滑斜带,前后翅缘缨很长……棒角蚜小蜂触角6节,前翅有一显著的光滑斜带……33.斜带上方有毛7列……什食蚜小蜂斜带的上方有毛3—5列……     

颈双缘姬蜂触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

为了明确颈双缘姬蜂Diadromus collaris（Gravenhorst）触角感受器的种类及分布,本试验对雌、雄蜂触角及感受器进行了扫描电镜观察。结果表明,颈双缘姬蜂触角具有毛形感受器、刺形感受器、锥形感受器、板形感受器和腔锥形感受器等5种感受器,其中毛形感受器分2种类型,锥形感受器分6种类型。毛形感器在雌蜂的触角上分布多于雄蜂,锥形感受器11只分布于雄蜂的触角上,而锥形感受器IⅡ、Ⅳ、V和Ⅵ及腔锥形感受器仅分布在雌蜂上,板形感器在雄蜂的触角上分布多于雌蜂。本文对5类感受器的形态进行了详尽描述,并与其它寄生蜂的感受器进行了比较,同时对各类型感受器的功能进行了探讨。     

泰安郊区小麦田蚜虫两类天敌发生与流行的初步研究

对泰安郊区小麦田蚜虫病原真菌和寄生蜂的发生情况进行了2年的调查,探讨了两类天敌的发生与气候因子和生物因素的关系。结果显示:麦蚜真菌病的发生水平与温度和降雨量成显著的正相关关系,与蚜虫密度成极显著的负相关。寄生蜂的寄生率与温度成极显著的正相关,而与蚜虫密度、相对湿度和降雨量均成显著的负相关。定量地描述了感菌有翅蚜在整个真菌病发生期间所发挥的作用。     

取食对寄生蜂的影响

寄生蜂是调节昆虫种群动态的重要因子之一,其对寄主害虫产生影响的因素主要有寄生蜂摄入的营养、寄生蜂的寿命和生殖力以及其对寄主的搜寻效率等。寄生蜂的营养主要来源于幼蜂体内营养积累和成蜂取食两个途径。其中成蜂取食又包括取食寄主和取食非寄主食物两个方面。某些种类的成蜂通过取食寄主来获得生存和生殖所需的营养,但是大部分成蜂需要取食糖类来作为其主要能源,而且糖类对寄生蜂的生存和生殖也会产生一定的影响。本文综述了寄生蜂的食物来源、食物营养在寄生蜂体内的分配、取食寄主和非寄主食物对寄生蜂的影响以及寄生蜂在寄主搜寻和非寄主食物搜寻之间的权衡,以期为寄生蜂的饲养和利用提供参考。     

湿地松粉蚧三种寄生蜂蛹及蛹壳的比较

本文主要通过对湿地松粉蚧Oracella acuta(Lobdell)两种引进天敌迪氏跳小Zarhopalus debarri、火炬松短索跳小蜂Acerophagus coccois与本地天敌粉蚧长索跳小蜂Anagyrus dactylopii(Howard)的蛹及蛹壳的比较，指出可通过寄生蜂蛹及蛹壳的形状、颜色、羽化孔、表面结构特征等对上述三种寄生蜂进行区分。     

利用意大利蜜蜂蛹为替代寄主繁育两种肿腿蜂

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae和松褐天牛肿腿蜂S.alternatusi是天牛和吉丁类害虫的重要天敌?本试验以意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蛹为替代寄主, 研究了两种肿腿蜂寄生意大利蜜蜂蛹时其子代的发育过程和数量?结果表明, 利用意大利蜜蜂蛹能成功繁育白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂?白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对蛹的寄生率和羽化出蜂的寄主比例与松褐天牛肿腿蜂无显著差异?以意大利蜜蜂蛹为寄主时, 两种肿腿蜂的产卵前期?卵期?幼虫期?蛹期和卵-成蜂发育历期均无显著差异?单头肿腿蜂雌蜂寄生1头蛹时, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(17.61头/窝)和子代总数(18.83头/窝)均显著低于白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(25.10头/窝)和子代总数(26.52头/窝)?两种肿腿蜂的子代性比均具有显著的偏雌特征, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂子代雄性比分别为6.83%和6.35%, 其子代雄蜂数和雄性比例均无显著差异?综上所述, 意大利蜜蜂蛹可作为白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂人工繁育的替代寄主, 这为两种肿腿蜂的规模化繁育提供了参考?     

Insecticide susceptibility of surviving Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hym: Aphidiidae) as affected by sublethal insecticide dosages on host insects

The effects of sublethal dosages of insecticides applied to Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach (Homoptera: Aphidiidae) on the insecticide susceptibility of the surviving endoparasitoids, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), were studied in Shangjie, Minhou, China. The susceptibility to methamidophos and the sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to methamidophos and dichlorvos in the adults of host insects were substantially lower than those in the two parasitoids. The host insects were treated with sublethal dosages of methamidophos in P. xylostella and of methamidophos and avermectin in L. erysimi. The cocoon formation in the two parasitoids decreased significantly, from 35.0% (control) to 13.0% (with methamidophos treatment) for C. plutellae; from 20.6% (control) to 9.0% (with methamidophos treatment) and from 24.3% (control) to 16.7% (with avermectin treatment) for D. rapae. The susceptibility to methamidophos of the resultant emerging adults of the two parasitoids was found to be significantly lower than that of the control when the parasitoids were left in contact with the same dosages of methamidophos. The average AChE activity inhibition by methamidophos and dichlorvos in 34-60 adults of the two parasitoids that emerged from the treatments (15.1% and 31.8% respectively for C. plutellae, and 21.1% and 26.9% for D. rapae) was also significantly lower than those of the controls (55.4% and 48.3% respectively for C. plutellae, and 42.9% and 51.7% for D. rapae). The bimolecular rate constant (k(i)) values of AChE to methamidophos and dichlorvos in the adults of parasitoids without the insecticide treatment were 1.78 and 1.56 times as high as those that emerged from the host insects treated with methamidophos for C. plutellae, and 1.91 and 1.66 times as high as those in the case of D. rapae. It is suggested that there is a difference in AChE sensitivity to insecticides between the resultant emerging parasitoids with and without insecticide pretreatment. Furthermore, the introduction of the insecticides to the host insects could be an important factor in the insecticide resistance development of the endoparasitoids. The natural selectivity would favour the parasitoids that had developed an insensitivity to the insecticide(s).     

Primary and secondary Hymenopteran parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in fruit orchards in Syria

A survey for primary and secondary Hymenopteran parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in fruit orchards (apple, plum, date, olive, fig, citrus), was conducted in Syria during 2009–2012. Thirty three species of parasitoids belonging to the families Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae were recorded as parasitoids on scale insects. Thirty two of these were primary parasitoids and one was a hyperparasitoid. The family with the greatest number of genera and species is Encyrtidae with 8 genera (48% of the total) and 12 species (35% of the total). The genus with the greatest number of Encyrtid species was Metaphycus. Parasitoids of scale insects identified included several species already included on the List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region ‘EPPO Positive list' and suggestions for additions to this list were made.     

寄生蜂对水稻二化螟生态控害功能的研究与应用

二化螟是我国水稻的重要钻蛀性害虫,常年发生危害严重,给水稻生产带来巨大产量损失。寄生蜂是二化螟重要的生态调节因子和生物防控天敌资源,对田间二化螟的种群数量具有明显的自然控制作用。本文主要就二化螟寄生蜂多样性及其影响因素、二化螟卵寄生蜂和幼虫寄生蜂生态控害功能及优势种利用、二化螟幼虫越冬滞育期间寄生蜂对越冬幼虫种群基数的控制和寄生蜂生态控害功能的评估等方面的研究与应用进行综述,并探讨寄生蜂对二化螟生态控害功能的评估,尝试提出二化螟寄生蜂生态控害功能研究应在越冬代重视二化螟盘绒茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂对越冬滞育幼虫的生态控害潜力、非越冬世代则重点发掘稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂等卵期优势寄生蜂以降低田间二化螟卵的孵化率、减轻二化螟幼虫为害率,以期为提升寄生蜂的生态控害功能提供参考。     

Introduction of exotic parasitic wasps for the control of Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt., Agromyzidae) in Senegal

Abstract

Liriomyza trifolii Burgess had first been reported from Senegal in 1980. Field surveys in 1982 revealed its presence in all vegetable growing areas of the country, heaviest damage being registered in the Cap Vert. Five indigenous eulophids (larval parasitoids) plus five other rare parasitoids, frequently parasitized over 90% of the flies. These rates were higher in insecticide free fields, and very much above the 30–40% reported for 1981. The most important parasitoids were Hemiptarsensus semialbiclava (Girault), which dominated in the second half of the dry season, and two Chrysonotomyia spp., which were more abundant in the rainy season. Surveys for exotic parasitoids indicated Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford from Trinidad to be a promising species for introduction in the New World. This parasitoid, together with eight other chalcidoids (mostly larval parasitoids) and two braconids (larval‐pupal parasitoids), were collected in the field or received from established insectary cultures. They were studied and shipped for rearing and release in Senegal. Nine species were released at the end of 1982 and in 1983. Many were recovered shortly after release, but only Opius dissitus Muesebeck was recovered in later samples and became relatively abundant.     

美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂研究概况

本文综述了美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂的研究概况,包括寄生蜂的种类、生物学、寄主选择特性,寄生蜂与植物的关系,化学农药对寄生蜂的影响,以及寄生蜂的保护和利用。