发展平原井灌增加粮棉产量

发展平原井灌　增加粮棉产量贾焕章，张小敏，丁成之（河南省水利厅郑州市４５０００３）关键词平原井灌，浅层地下水，机井建设机井作为河南省农业灌溉的重要水利设施，在历年抗旱夺丰收中发挥了重要作用。截止１９９４年底，全省配套机电井７２．４万眼，井灌面积２５６...     

井灌井排区机井运行的优化调度

根据宁夏井灌区机井运行费用高耐效率低的实际情况，运用动态规划原理，建立了以井灌区机井运行费用最小为目标的多阶段优化模型，可用于确定井区机井运行的最优井数和经济指标，从而提高现有井灌区的运行管理水平及经济效益。     

三江平原井灌水稻区农用机井的优化设计

针对三江平原广大井灌水稻区农用机井布局、结构等不合理现象，结合富锦试区实际情况，对农用机井的合理优化布局，井型、井孔、井径的选择与优化匹配及农用机井节能、节水技术措施做了初步探讨。     

从聊城机井普查谈“八五”机井建设

聊城地区是我省重要的机井灌区,井灌面积540.7万亩,占全省井灌面积的12％。1989年聊城地区组织各县水利局和有关乡镇对全区的机井进行了全面细致的普查。笔者就其机井现状部分的普查情况,结合目前我省机井建设的实际和“八五”机井规划谈几点粗浅的看法。     

农用机井井口工程设计技术研究

总结了农用机井井口工程现状,分析了现状井口工程在安全防护、井灌区节水改造、运行管理等方面存在的问题,结合生产实践及有关实用新型专利技术,提出了方便运行管理、节约运行管理成本的机井井口工程形式,对于规范机并工程安全防护设施、消除机井工程建设和运行管理安全隐患、完善井灌技术体系、提升全国机并工程建设和管护水平有着重要意义.     

实行机井折旧 促进机井建设

我市农用机井始建于1952年,经过39年发展,现有农用机井9.22万眼,其中配套机井8.53万眼。井灌面积395万亩,占全市水浇地面积的75.4％,机井效益十分显著,在农业生产中起着举足轻重的作用。“六五”以来,由于农村集体经济削弱,国家对机井建设投资减少,机井更新资金短缺,坏井不能及时修补,机井数量减少,造成井灌面积     

机井淤积与防治

机井是我国北方干旱与半干旱地区的主要灌溉设施,迄今机井数量已达240多万眼,其中井深小于50m的浅机井就有200余万眼。井灌总面积达1.7亿亩,其中浅机井灌溉面积为1.5亿亩,井灌对该地区农业发展的作用是不可忽视的。我国机井建设始于60年代,70年代是大发展时期,此后主要是更新打井,每年约15万眼。由于大部分机井是70年代所打,机     

谈提高井灌工程系统效率

<正> 井灌工程系统包括机井、抽水机具和输水管渠等工程,在井灌区的建设和技术改造中,必须对每一项工程进行优选,才能提高井灌工程系统效率,充分发挥其经济效益。 一、机井滤水结构的优选 滤水结构的优劣标志着机井的优劣,选用优良的滤水结构,对机井工程来说,是非常重要的。     

井灌区井机泵管(渠)系统综合效益的测试

一、概况阳谷县地处鲁西北黄泛平原,是一个老井灌区。五十年代开展了打砖井、下深泉,六十年代初开始机井建设,七十年代出现高潮,至今全县机井达到1万眼,平均103亩耕地一眼机井。共有排灌机械20817台,24.26万马力。随着井灌事业的发展,特别近几年连续大旱,地下水超量开采,漏斗面积逐年扩大,井灌出现了机井老化、单井涌水量减少、机井耗能高、装置效率低,灌溉成本高     

关于农村井灌管理组织及服务情况的调查

<正> 山东兖州水利局于1990年6月组织了28名职工对该县农村井灌管理组织及服务情况做了一次专题调查,现将调查所得总结如下: 一、井灌服务现状 (一)井机概况 兖州县地处淮河流域的山前冲积平原,地下水资源比较丰富。全县耕地面积65万亩,从六十年代开发机井以来至1989年底,全县机井13 336眼,贫水区开挖长条井23条,王因、漕河建有提水站二处。配套机械17 384台,14.63万瓩,有效灌溉面积62.27万亩,占总耕地面积的96％,轮灌周期7～10天左右,年提取地下水2.5～2.8亿m~3。在近十几年连续少雨干旱地下水位持续下降的情况下,广大农村充分利用现有井灌设施,通过各级井灌服务组织的职能     

宁夏银北灌区井灌工程优化配套技术

宁夏银北灌区开发利用地下水资源,井灌井排,能有效降低地下水位,防止土壤次生盐碱化,其次,开发利用地下水资源,井渠互补,使农作物得到适时灌溉,同时也是发展喷灌、滴灌等节水技术的理想水源,就银北灌区井灌规划和井泵优化配套提出了计算方法。     

平原井灌区地下水多年调节配水模型及其应用

华北平原纯井灌区水资源严重不足。限水灌溉是保持地下水平衡、农业可持续发展的必要条件,通过对作物耗水规律及地下水动态规律的分析,在保持地下水多年平衡的前提下,不追求个别年份高产,以多年粮食总产量最高为目标,提出了地下水均衡开采的调节配水模型,并采用非线性规划理论对该模型进行了论证。应用该模型可计算出不同水文年地下水开采量及各作物灌溉定额,进而计算灌溉制度,可广泛应用于纯井灌区的井灌工程的规划设计。     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

单井膜下滴灌灌溉制度优化

根据单井膜下滴灌系统运行中 ,机井出流量均匀无调蓄能力、灌水定额小、周期短的特点 ,提出单井出流量一定条件下作物各生长阶段水量分配及单井控制面积优化方法 ,建立了与膜下滴灌系统相适应以周为时段的灌溉制度优化模型 ,并结合实例进行了计算与分析。     

轻型井结构与井泵优化配置研究

轻型井是采用轻质、薄壁管材,优化的滤水结构,合理的成井工艺建成的一种小口径管井。具有取水效率高,单井出水量大,施工简便,造价低廉,管理方便等优点。针对宁夏银北灌区目前井灌工程效率低下的问题,通过抽水试验,经过理论分析,计算得出了灌区井灌系统的最优出水量、最佳扬程,从而提高了机井灌溉效率。     

鲁中平原井灌区小麦玉米机械规模化生产研究

通过鲁中平原井灌区小麦-玉米周年生产现有规模化经营主体经营现状的调研,对影响小麦-玉米全程机械化生产的种植规模、种植方式、机具配备、机械作业过程及机械作业成本效益等进行分析总结,提出一种适合鲁中平原井灌区小麦-玉米全程机械规模化生产的规范化作业技术,并对机械化作业薄弱环节提出了解决思路及对策。     

三江平原井灌水稻区地下水动态变化规律研究

由于水田面积迅速增加,导致三江平原井灌水稻区地下水位持续下降,吊泵、局部超采现象时有发生。为解决上述问题,以853农场为例,采用时间序列分析方法建立了853农场地下水埋深动态预测模型,对地下水埋深进行模拟和预测,揭示了该区地下水动态变化规律,为三江平原地下水资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据。     

引黄灌区纯井灌水均衡及效益分析

灌溉模式多是井渠双配套,导致工程重叠,土地占压多,引沙量大,且浪费有限的水资源。为实行开源节流,地表水与地下水联合应用,在引黄灌区部分区域开展纯井灌溉是非常必要的。茌平县阁三里位于位山引黄灌区中游,周围引黄条件好,却一直利用地下水实行纯井灌溉。该井灌区(以下简称试区)拥有丰富的地下水动态及水文地质资料,开展阁三里纯井灌水均衡及效益研究,对于指导当前水资源合理调度及工程规划具有重要意义。该文通过系统地分析研究,证明在引黄灌区内部分区域开展纯井灌是必要的、合理的、成功的。     

中小型灌区排涝泵站优化运行模式探讨

以靖江市孤山灌区为例,依据中小型提水灌区排涝泵站的特点,分别以排涝泵站开机机组总耗能最少、能耗率最低为目标函数,采用按开机机组装置效率最大和动态规划的方法,探讨了在满足特定排涝设计标准下孤山灌区内自成排水体系的竖河大港排水片排涝泵站最优运行方式,对提高中小型提排灌区泵站管理水平,减少能源浪费有一定的指导作用。     

Estimation of water levels in a main drainage canal in a flat low-lying agricultural area using artificial neural network models

The Chiyoda basin is located in the Saga Prefecture of the Kyushu Island, Japan, and lies next to the tidal compartment of the Chikugo River, into which excess water in the basin is drained away. This basin has a total area of approximately 1100 ha and is a typical flat and low-lying agricultural area. The estimation of the water levels at the gates and along the main drainage canal is a crucial issue that has recently been the subject of much research. At these locations farmers and managers need to control the operation of the irrigation and drainage systems during periods of cultivation. An attempt has been made to apply a feed-forward artificial neural network (FFANN) to model and estimate the water levels in the main drainage canal. The study indicated that the artificial neural network (ANN) could successfully model the complex relationship between rainfall and water levels in this flat and low-lying agricultural area. Input variables and the model structure were selected and optimized by trial and error, and the accuracy of the model was then evaluated by comparing the simulated water levels with the observed ones during an irrigation period in July 2007. The water levels at two locations, located upstream and downstream of a main drainage canal, were investigated by using a time series at intervals of 20, 30, and 60 min. At these intervals, rainfall and tide water levels in the Chikugo River were measured, and the backward time-step numbers of the input variables of rainfall and tide water level were searched. For the upstream location, the optimal combination yielding good agreement between the observed and estimated water levels was obtained when the interval of the time series was 60 min. The number of backward time-steps of the input variables of rainfall and tide water level were 5 and 4, respectively. In contrast to the downstream location, the optimal combination was obtained for the interval time series of 20 min with 4 backward time-steps for both the input variables of rainfall and tide water level. The present study could provide farmers and managers with a useful tool for controlling water distribution in the drainage basin, and reduce the cost of installing water level observation points at many locations in the main drainage canal.