基于格子玻尔兹曼法的TOPMODEL建模与应用

依据Freeze和Harlan的水文模型蓝图思想改进TOPMODEL,在模型构建过程中利用格子玻尔兹曼法(LBM)建立汇流过程的数值模型,采用达西公式数值模型求解饱和区土壤水运动方程,运用LBM法五速模型求解非饱和区理查兹运动方程,进而构建基于栅格的分布式LBMGTOPMODEL。模型的产流方法融合了蓄满产流理论和超渗产流理论,考虑了土壤水分剖面、土壤各向异性和地形坡度等对流域产流的影响;模型的汇流方法利用地貌水文学理论,寻求水文过程与流域地形地貌的相互作用及定量关系,此模型在汇流过程中将地貌因素与水动力扩散相结合以描述坡面水流运动,解决了坡面水流的流量分配问题。以中汤流域为对象进行水文模拟应用研究,验证得到确定性系数在0.547~0.883之间,平均值为0.725,结果良好,说明模型较为可靠。     

欧阳海水库入库洪水实时预报模型与应用

为了准确实时预报水库入库洪水，根据欧阳海水库流域的水文特征，利用分散型三水源新安江模型对欧阳海水入库洪水实时预报进行了研究，并得到了产流模型、汇流模型和校正模型。在汇流模型中应用分散性逆高斯分布流域地貌汇流模型进行汇流计算，在校正模型中应用了洪水预报残差自回归方程。     

紫荆关流域分布式HEC-HMS水文模型构建及洪水模拟

国内外学者利用HEC-HMS水文模型模拟流域降雨径流过程,发现该模型有良好的适用性。【目的】提高紫荆关流域洪水模拟精度。【方法】采用紫荆关流域水文气象及下垫面资料,将流域划分为11个子流域,通过选择产流和汇流计算方法,构建了该流域分布式HEC-HMS水文模型,并从历史实测暴雨洪水事件中选择14场洪水对构建的HEC-HMS水文模型进行了参数率定和模型验证。【结果】率定的各子流域产流参数基本相同,由于各子流域面积不同导致汇流参数也不同。模拟的洪峰流量和洪量相对误差均在20%以内,纳什效率系数为0.51～0.95,模拟与实测的洪水过程线吻合较好,模型模拟精度较高。【结论】构建的水文模型能反映紫荆关流域实际的产汇流过程,可用于该流域洪水过程模拟和洪水预报。     

长潭河流域水文模型的建立和应用

结合时变增益非线性产流模型与水箱模型的概念，建立了一个两层结构的水文模型。上层采用时变增益产流模型模拟地表产流，下层采用水箱模型综合模拟壤中流与地下径流，上下两层分别应用Nash单位线和线性水库调蓄方法进行汇流计算。该模型共有6个参数（产流模型与汇流模型分别包含3个参数）。产流模型参数采用SCEUA全局优化算法自动率定，汇流模型参数采用主观优化方法（即实测资料推求及人工调试）确定。以湖南省长潭河流域为对象进行水文模拟应用研究，结果表明尽管模型结构简单，但是能够取得比较好的模拟效果，说明模型比较可靠。     

基于DEM栅格的分布式BTOPMC模型在水文模拟中的应用

应用一个基于DEM栅格的分布式水文模型BTOPMC(Block-wise use of TOPMODEL)模型进行水文模拟研究.该模型结合IGBP全球陆面土壤覆盖与FAO全球数字土壤组成信息,以栅格为计算单元,进行产流计算;汇流采用Muskingum-Cunge法.为了探讨模型的应用范围,将BTOPMC模型与新安江模型应用于湿润流域与半干旱半湿润流域的水文日径流过程模拟,并采用SCE-UA算法进行模型参数优化.结果表明2个模型均能很好地模拟湿润流域日径流过程,在半干旱半湿润流域BTOPMC模型的模拟效果较差,模型的产流机制需要进一步的完善,以扩大模型的应用范围.     

基于DEM的分布式水文模型汇流顺序研究

各个栅格在水平空间中模型计算顺序的确定,是构建基于DEM的分布式水文模型过程中的关键环节之一.对比研究3种基于DEM的分布式水文模型汇流顺序确定的方法:随机抽样法、分级确定法和多叉树后序遍历算法.通过构建基于DEM的分布式水文模型,以实例研究3种方法对汇流演算的影响及其适用性.结果表明:3种方法得到的汇流顺序对应的模型计算结果完全一致.多叉树后序遍历算法具有分形特点,计算效率高,在实际应用中,建议采用多叉树后序遍历算法确定分布式水文模型的汇流顺序.     

王家厂水库洪水实时预报方法及应用研究

考虑到流域降雨时空变化和流域地形、河道特征对流域产汇流的影响，应用新安江三水源产流模型、流域分散入流非线性汇流模型以及流域洪水实时预报校正模型，对王家厂流域洪水进行模拟，取得了较为满意的计算结果。     

考虑土壤膨胀性的流域水文模型应用研究

目前分布式水文模型在进行流域水文过程模拟时,还未考虑土壤膨胀性对降雨入渗的影响,这会造成模型模拟失真,制约着流域分布式水文模型的适用性。对传统降雨入渗产流模型(TGAM)进行修正,引入膨胀性土壤导水系数和膨胀性土壤饱和含水量,提出考虑土壤膨胀性影响的降水入渗产流模型(GJGAM),并将其应用到流域分布式水文模型WEP-L模型中。最后,以南小河沟流域作为研究区域,选择十八亩台断面为控制断面,分别利用改进前、后的WEP-L模型模拟研究区的降水径流过程,对比验证WEP-L模型改进后的适用性。结果表明,利用改进前后的WEP-L模型,率定期内研究断面的月径流模拟值与实测值的相对误差变化不大,但Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数显著提高。验证期内相对误差减小,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数提高。通过考虑土壤膨胀性对降雨入渗的影响,WEP-L模型对南小河沟流域降雨入渗过程的模拟效果明显改善,具有较好适用性。     

岔巴沟流域次暴雨产流无量纲模型

为了建立小流域次暴雨产流预报模型，在岔巴沟流域选取大小不同的4个小流域10 a水文资料，分析降雨、地貌等因素对流域产流的影响，选取主要因素最大30 min雨量、最大30 min雨强、流域沟道比降、流域面积和流域狭长度。用无量纲参数和逐步回归分析的方法估计模型参数，得到了岔巴沟流域次暴雨产流无量纲模型，用模型预报结果与实测结果对比，模型预报精度为70%。结果表明，所建立的模型具有参数少、结构简单、量纲和谐、物理意义明确的特点，可为流域产流模型进一步研究提供参考。     

HBV模型的改进与应用

在HBV模型原理及其特点的基础上,结合广东省所处的暴雨径流地区的水文特征,去掉冰雪融水量对产汇流的影响,增加了坡面产流和汇流模块,并把河网线性汇流改成马斯京根河网汇流。将改进的模型应用于韩江棠荆流域做进一步的研究,并把原模型及改进模型所得到的结果分别与实测结果进行比较分析,从而为今后继续拓展HBV模型在该流域的应用提供有益的研究经验。     

分布式水文模型在流域水资源开发

简要阐述了我国水资源开发利用和管理研究的基本状况。指出,目前的水资源管理是基于一定水文规律的现状水资源的调控与开发利用。认为在自然和人类活动的双重作用下,水文循环规律发生了变化,具有物理基础的分布式水文模型将为研究宏观尺度上变化环境下水文循环规律和开发利用流域水资源提供科学有力的工具。回顾了国内外分布式水文模型的研发现状,认为目前我国分布式水文模型的研究开发还不能适应水资源开发利用和管理的现状,开发具有物理基础的分布式水文模型将为我国水资源开发利用和管理提供技术支撑和保障。文章最后给出了分布式水文模型建立过程中模型结构、尺度及模型参数的确定过程中存在的问题及处理方法。     

基于GIS的国内外流域水土资源模拟模型研究评析

流域模拟正在发展为水、沙和溶质运动的多相流动过程的研究,考虑了诸如养分、农药等输移过程,并按能量、质量的传输过程来测定和分析三者之间的相互作用。遥感与GIS技术的兴起为流域模拟提供了更为强大的表达工具,充分利用了GIS的空间与属性数据库管理功能及强大的分析与可视化功能,将是今后流域水土资源模拟模型发展的方向。为此,着重从基于GIS流域模拟模型发展情况、GIS与流域模型集成方式及空间离散方法的发展等几方面,对国内外近期流域模拟研究的现状进行了评析。     

基于SWAT模型的卧虎山水库流域径流模拟

为探讨SWAT模型在中小流域的适用性,以卧虎山水库流域为例,在3S技术的支持下,制备了SWAT模型所需的DEM、土地利用、土壤及气象等数据库,构建了卧虎山水库流域SWAT分布式水文模型,并以2007-2009年实测数据对模型参数进行率定,以2010-2011年数据进行模型验证。结果表明,逐月径流量模拟值与实测值的Nash效率系数、相关系数均大于0.70,相对误差小于15%。总的来说,SWAT模型能够较好地模拟卧虎山水库流域的地表径流过程,可以在该地区推广应用。     

Development and application of a modeling approach for surface water and groundwater interaction

Investigation of the interaction of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) is critical in order to determine the effects of best management practices (BMPs) on the entire system of water resources. The objective of this research was to develop a modeling system for considering SW–GW interactions and to demonstrate the applicability of the developed system. A linked modeling approach was selected to consider SW–GW interaction. The dual-simulation scheme was developed to consider different time scales between a newly developed surface model: Dynamic Agricultural Non-point Source Assessment Tool (DANSAT), and existing groundwater models; a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) and a modular three-dimensional transport model (MT3D). A distributed and physically based DANSAT predicts the movement of water and pesticides in runoff and in leachate at a watershed scale. MODFLOW and MT3D simulate groundwater and pesticide movement in the saturated zone. Only the hydrology component of the linked system was evaluated on the QN2 subwatershed in the Nomini Creek watershed located in the Coastal Plain of Virginia mainly due to lack of observed data for MT3D calibration. The same spatial scale was used for both surface and groundwater models while different time scales were used because surface runoff occurs more quickly than groundwater flow. DANSAT and MODFLOW were separately calibrated using the integrated GW approach which uses own lumped baseflow components in DANSAT, and using the steady-state mode in MODFLOW, respectively. Then the linked system was applied to QN2 based on the parameters selected for DANSAT and MODFLOW to simulate time-dependent interactions on the entire system. The linked approach was better than the integrated approach for predicting the temporal trends of monthly runoff by improving the monthly Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index from 0.53 to 0.60. The proposed linked approach will be useful for evaluating the impacts of agricultural BMPs on the entire SW–GW system by providing spatial distribution and temporal changes in groundwater table elevation and enhancing the reliability of calibrated parameter sets.     

基于GIS/RS的不同土地利用类型重金属面源污染比较

针对不同土地利用类型,采样测定土壤重金属质量比背景值;基于DEM数据和遥感影像数据,结合空间信息技术（GIS/RS）,利用RUSLE模型和SCS-CN模型分别核算流域内不同土地利用类型的土壤流失量和地表径流量,在验证模型准确性的基础上,估算重金属非点源污染负荷。研究结果表明：研究区域不同土地利用类型的重金属质量比背景值差异较大,重金属Cu和Pb在工矿用地、草地和住宅用地的背景值较高,在有林地的背景值较低。综合估算随2种主要迁移途径输出的重金属面源污染负荷,重金属Cu总污染负荷量大约为651913kg/a,重金属Pb总污染负荷量大约为268004kg/a。不同土地利用类型中,随土壤侵蚀输出的重金属污染负荷,以疏林地和草地的贡献率最大,有林地和水浇地最小;随地表径流输出的重金属污染负荷,以草地和疏林地的贡献率最大,有林地和旱地最小。     

数字流域水文模拟在增江流域中的应用

基于DEM的流域水文模拟已成为近年来流域水文模型的热点之一。探讨基于DEM的流域水文模拟方法入手，研究了数字高程模型和新安江模型相结合的半分布式水文模型的建模思路，并把它应用于增江流域洪水预报中，结果证明该模型切实可行。     

Applying SWAT for TMDL programs to a small watershed containing rice paddy fields

The main objective of this study was to apply the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) to develop total maximum daily load (TMDL) programs for a small watershed containing rice paddy fields in the Republic of Korea. The total maximum daily load system (TOLOS), based on ArcView SWAT (AVSWAT) using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS), was incorporated with the SWAT model to simulate water balance and water quality from irrigated paddy fields. Model parameters related to hydrology and water quality were calibrated and validated by comparing model predictions with the field data collected for 4 years. The results indicated that the simulated runoff and water quality values were acceptably close to the observed data. Water quality parameters also appeared to be reasonably comparable to the field data. The applicability of the system for TMDL development was tested in terms of TMDL allocations and the redistribution of load reductions to 23 sub-areas within the watershed. The results demonstrated that the urbanized subwatershed #2, with residences and other community activities, required the largest allocation of road reduction. TOLOS thus appears to be a useful tool for planning TMDL for a small watershed including rice paddies in Korea.     

子牙河流域河网编码与流域划分方法的研究

对改进的流域河网复合编码方法和基于主干河网与测点稀疏地形情况下的子流域分割方法做了详细的说明。河网复合编码将流域内各微小河段、河段连成的河道、河道级别、汇入节点逐次进行编码。子流域分割方法采用相对粗糙地形资料,无需进行洼地填充等前处理,直接从各微小河段出发遍历搜索汇入河段的集水区域,并对低洼地区进行二次搜索。将河网复合编码方法与子流域分割方法应用于子牙河流域,子流域划分结果与实际河网与流域控制面积资料对比基本吻合,为研究区域内各子流域的分区计算提供了良好的数据结构关系。数字流域模型的河网复合编码方法与子流域切割方法,能快速对流域中河段进行直接定位,方便流域点、线、面之间的拓扑关系运算,为分布式流域水文模型前处理提供了新的研究思路。     

Geospatial estimation of soil moisture in rain-fed paddy fields using SCS-CN-based model

Paddy fields are characterized by standing water and saturation condition during the entire crop growth period. However, in sub-humid and semi-arid areas, scarce rainfall and intermittent dry spells often cause soil moisture depletion resulting in unsaturated condition in the fields. These distinctive characteristics of the paddy fields have significant influence on the runoff generation and soil moisture retention characteristics of the watershed. In this study, the objective is to extend the application of the Soil Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS-CN)-based models for the geospatial and temporal simulation of soil moisture to paddy field-dominated agricultural watersheds in the water scarce areas. Different SCS-CN-based models, integrated with the soil moisture balance equation, are used to estimate the surface runoff and soil moisture content wherein, the spatial variation in the soil hydraulic characteristics is used to calculate the geospatial variation in soil moisture content. Physical significance of the terms initial abstraction (I_a) and potential maximum retention (S) in these models and their influence on the estimation of runoff and soil moisture are analysed in detail. A new SCS-CN-based model for soil moisture simulation (SCS-CN-SMS), to improve the soil moisture estimation, is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is built up on the soil moisture balance equation to account for the effect of ponding condition and soil moisture variation between the dry and saturation condition. The method is tested with 3 years observed surface runoff data and crop production statistics from a part of the Gandeshwari sub-watershed in West Bengal, India. The entire study area is divided into cells of 20 m × 20 m. Various components of the soil moisture balance equation are estimated for each cell as a function of the soil moisture content. Remote Sensing Technique and Geographic Information System (GIS) are used to extract and integrate the spatially distributed land use and soil characteristics. The Hortonion overland flow concept adopted in the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the soil hydraulic characteristics of each cell in which the curve number is used to infer the spatial variation of the land use and soil characteristics. Even though the original SCS-CN method and the existing modified versions are efficient for runoff estimation, these models are found to be inappropriate for the estimation of soil moisture distribution. On the other hand, the proposed SCS-CN-SMS model gives better results for both runoff and soil moisture simulation and is, therefore, more suitable for the hydrological modeling of paddy field-dominated agricultural watersheds.