Decadal variation of the surface water PCO2 in the western and central equatorial Pacific

The equatorial Pacific Ocean is one of the most important yet highly variable oceanic source areas for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here, we used the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), measured in surface waters from 1979 through early 2001, to examine the effect on the equatorial Pacific CO2 chemistry of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase shift, which occurred around 1988 to 1992. During the decade before the shift, the surface water PCO2 (corrected for temperature changes and atmospheric CO2 uptake) in the central and western equatorial Pacific decreased at a mean rate of about -20 microatm per decade, whereas after the shift, it increased at about +15 microatm per decade. These changes altered the CO2 sink and source flux of the equatorial Pacific significantly.     

Influence of carbonic anhydrase activity in terrestrial vegetation on the 18O content of atmospheric CO2

The oxygen-18 (18O) content of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important indicator of CO2 uptake on land. It has generally been assumed that during photosynthesis, oxygen in CO2 reaches isotopic equilibrium with oxygen in 18O-enriched water in leaves. We show, however, large differences in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (which catalyzes CO2 hydration and 18O exchange in leaves) among major plant groups that cause variations in the extent of 18O equilibrium (theta(eq)). A clear distinction in theta(eq) between C3 trees and shrubs, and C4 grasses makes atmospheric C18OO a potentially sensitive indicator to changes in C3 and C4 productivity. We estimate a global mean theta(eq) value of approximately 0.8, which reasonably reconciles inconsistencies between 18O budgets of atmospheric O2 (Dole effect) and CO2.     

大气CO_2增加对森林生态系统影响研究综述

本文针对大气ＣＯ２逐年增加的现状，分别从受控实验室模拟、历史时期冷暖期演变、气候变化后森林迁移、气候变化后林木生长潜力预测模拟四个方面，对大气ＣＯ２增加对森林生态系统影响的研究进行综述，指出了大气ＣＯ２增加导致全球气候变化的严重后果及其今后的研究对策，概述了ＣＯ２增加对森林生态系统影响研究的最新进展．     

Evolution of the eastern tropical Pacific through Plio-Pleistocene glaciation

A tropical Pacific climate state resembling that of a permanent El Ni?o is hypothesized to have ended as a result of a reorganization of the ocean heat budget approximately 3 million years ago, a time when large ice sheets appeared in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We report a high-resolution alkenone reconstruction of conditions in the heart of the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) cold tongue that reflects the combined influences of changes in the equatorial thermocline, the properties of the thermocline's source waters, atmospheric greenhouse gas content, and orbital variations on sea surface temperature (SST) and biological productivity over the past 5 million years. Our data indicate that the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation approximately 3 million years ago did not interrupt an almost monotonic cooling of the EEP during the Plio-Pleistocene. SST and productivity in the eastern tropical Pacific varied in phase with global ice volume changes at a dominant 41,000-year (obliquity) frequency throughout this time. Changes in the Southern Hemisphere most likely modulated most of the changes observed.     

土地生产潜力对CO2浓度和气候变化的响应——以河北省康保县为例

运用环境因子逐步订正法对河北省康保县在1985~2007年CO2浓度增加和气候变化情况下的土地生产潜力进行了估算。借鉴陆地生态系统模型4.0版本（TEM 4.0）,首次对CO2浓度增加对区域光合生产潜力影响进行定量化研究。1985~2007年,CO2浓度的增加,使光合生产潜力增加了5%（6745.0 kg/hm2）,达到141645.0 kg/hm2 温度升高使光温生产潜力增加16%（5595.0 kg/hm2） 气候变化使降雨量减少,而温度升高使潜在蒸散量增加,导致光温水生产潜力下降了6%（478.8 kg/hm2）,最终导致土地生产潜力下降了6%（360.5 kg/hm2）。     

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination

A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations.     

A 23,000-year record of surface water pH and PCO2 in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

The oceans play a major role in defining atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and although the geographical distribution of CO2 uptake and release in the modern ocean is understood, little is known about past distributions. Boron isotope studies of planktonic foraminifera from the western equatorial Pacific show that this area was a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere between approximately 13,800 and 15,600 years ago. This observation is most compatible with increased frequency of La Ni?a conditions during this interval. Hence, increased upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific may have played an important role in the rise in atmospheric CO2 during the last deglaciation.     

An equatorial pacific ocean source of atmospheric mercury

Pronounced increases in total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the near surface marine atmosphere were found in the equatorial region (4 degrees N to 10 degrees S) of the Pacific Ocean at 160 degrees W. The atmospheric enhancement of TGM corresponded closely to sea-surface manifestations of equatorial upwelling as reflected in measured changes of temperature and nutrient concentrations as well as to variations of reactive mercury in surface seawater. The elevated atmospheric TGM levels most probably result from oceanic mercury evasion associated with upwelling and increased biological production that occurs in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.This evidence of sea-to-air mercury transfer supports model predictions of an oceanic source of atmospheric mercury and suggests that marine-derived mercury emissions should occur in other biologically productive regimes.     

The nature of the near-infrared features on the venus night side

Near-infrared images of the Venus night side show bright contrast features that move from east to west, in the direction of the cloud-top atmospheric superrotation. Recently acquired images of the Venus night side along with earlier spectroscopic observations allow identification of the mechanisms that produce these features, their level of formation, and the wind velocities at those levels. The features are detectable only at wavelengths near 1.74 and 2.3 micrometers, in narrow atmospheric windows between the CO(2) and H(2)O bands. The brightest features have brightness temperatures near 480 Kelvin, whereas the darkest features are more than 50 Kelvin cooler. Several factors suggest that this radiation is emitted by hot gases at altitudes below 35 kilometers in the Venus atmosphere. The feature contrasts are produced as this thermal radiation passes through a higher, cooler, atmospheric layer that has horizontal variations in transparency. The 6.5-day east-west rotation period of the features indicates that equatorial wind speeds are near 70 meters per second in this upper layer. Similar wind speeds have been measured by entry probes and balloons at altitudes between 50 and 55 kilometers in the middle cloud layer. The bright features indicate that there are partial clearings in this cloud deck. The presence of these clearings could decrease the efficiency of the atmospheric greenhouse that maintains the high surface temperatures on Venus.     

155,000 years of West African monsoon and ocean thermal evolution

A detailed reconstruction of West African monsoon hydrology over the past 155,000 years suggests a close linkage to northern high-latitude climate oscillations. Ba/Ca ratio and oxygen isotope composition of planktonic foraminifera in a marine sediment core from the Gulf of Guinea, in the eastern equatorial Atlantic (EEA), reveal centennial-scale variations of riverine freshwater input that are synchronous with northern high-latitude stadials and interstadials of the penultimate interglacial and the last deglaciation. EEA Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were decoupled from northern high-latitude millennial-scale fluctuation and primarily responded to changes in atmospheric greenhouse gases and low-latitude solar insolation. The onset of enhanced monsoon precipitation lags behind the changes in EEA SSTs by up to 7000 years during glacial-interglacial transitions. This study demonstrates that the stadial-interstadial and deglacial climate instability of the northern high latitudes exerts dominant control on the West African monsoon dynamics through an atmospheric linkage.     

Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles

It has been hypothesized that changes in the marine biological pump caused a major portion of the glacial reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide by 80 to 100 parts per million through increased iron fertilization of marine plankton, increased ocean nutrient content or utilization, or shifts in dominant plankton types. We analyze sedimentary records of marine productivity at the peak and the middle of the last glacial cycle and show that neither changes in nutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean nor shifts in plankton dominance explain the CO2 drawdown. Iron fertilization and associated mechanisms can be responsible for no more than half the observed drawdown.     

Paleozoic Atmospheric CO2: Importance of Solar Radiation and Plant Evolution

Changes in solar radiation, as it affects the rate of weathering of silicates on the continents, and other changes involving weathering and the degassing of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) have been included in a long-term carbon-cycle model. These additions to the model show that the major controls on CO(2) concentrations during the Paleozoic era were solar and biological, and not tectonic, in origin. The model predictions agree with independent estimates of a large mid-Paleozoic (400 to 320 million years ago) drop in CO(2) concentrations, which led to large-scale glaciation. This agreement indicates that variations in the atmospheric greenhouse effect were important in global climate change during the distant geologic past.     

Glacial to Interglacial Fluctuations in Productivity in the Equatorial Pacific as Indicated by Marine Barite

An empirical correlation between marine barite (BaSO4) accumulation rate in core-top sediment samples from two equatorial Pacific transects (at 140°W and 110°W) and the estimated primary productivity of the overlying water column were used to evaluate glacial to interglacial changes in productivity. Fluctuations in barite accumulation rates down-core indicate that during glacial periods of the past 450,000 years, the productivity in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific was about two times that during intervening interglacial periods. This result is consistent with other evidence that productivity was high in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific during the last glacial.     

Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period

Reconstructions of ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variations help us better understand how the global carbon cycle and climate are linked. We compared CO2 variations on millennial time scales between 20,000 and 90,000 years ago with an Antarctic temperature proxy and records of abrupt climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature were positively correlated over millennial-scale climate cycles, implying a strong connection to Southern Ocean processes. Evidence from marine sediment proxies indicates that CO2 concentration rose most rapidly when North Atlantic Deep Water shoaled and stratification in the Southern Ocean was reduced. These increases in CO2 concentration occurred during stadial (cold) periods in the Northern Hemisphere, several thousand years before abrupt warming events in Greenland.     

Time-transgressive late cenozoic radiolarian events of the equatorial indo-pacific

A biostratigraphic study of late Cenozoic Radiolaria in the equatorial Indo-Pacific shows an asymmetrical distribution between synchronous and diachronous events. A majority of synchronous events (15 out of 19) are last occurrences; the majority of diachronous events (10 out of 13) are first occurrences. Extinctions may therefore be preferable to first occurrences in the selection of datum levels for the definition of biostratigraphic zonations and for correlation control within global time scales. Diachronous equatorial radiolarian events span 1 to 2 million years, several orders of magnitude longer than the nominal mixing time of the oceans, suggesting that the biological and physical exchange processes associated with speciation events may not follow simple advective mixing models.     

Amplification of Cretaceous warmth by biological cloud feedbacks

The extreme warmth of particular intervals of geologic history cannot be simulated with climate models, which are constrained by the geologic proxy record to relatively modest increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Recent recognition that biological productivity controls the abundance of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the unpolluted atmosphere provides a solution to this problem. Our climate simulations show that reduced biological productivity (low CCN abundance) provides a substantial amplification of CO2-induced warming by reducing cloud lifetimes and reflectivity. If the stress of elevated temperatures did indeed suppress marine and terrestrial ecosystems during these times, this long-standing climate enigma may be solved.     

大气CO2浓度增加对树木生长和生理的可能影响

文章系统综述了国际上在不同组织层次和时空尺度上开展的大气ＣＯ２浓度增加对树木生理和生长影响的最新研究成果和相关的实验方法。包括细胞水平上酶的变化；叶片水平的生理反应。     

Oceanic Uptake of Fossil Fuel CO2: Carbon-13 Evidence

The delta(13)C value of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean has decreased by about 0.4 per mil between 1970 and 1990. This decrease has resulted from the uptake of atmospheric CO(2) derived from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. The net amounts of CO(2) taken up by the oceans and released from the biosphere between 1970 and 1990 have been determined from the changes in three measured values: the concentration of atmospheric CO(2), the delta(13)C of atmospheric CO(2) and the delta(13)C value of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean. The calculated average net oceanic CO(2) uptake is 2.1 gigatons of carbon per year. This amount implies that the ocean is the dominant net sink for anthropogenically produced CO(2) and that there has been no significant net CO(2) released from the biosphere during the last 20 years.     

CO_2浓度对水稻籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸含量的影响

本试验通过开顶式气室控制CO2含量,研究了大气CO2增长对水稻籽粒蛋白质及氨基酸组分含量的影响。结果表明,在大气CO2含量（摩尔分数）为550和750μmol·mol^-1时,与正常大气CO2水平相比,水稻籽粒蛋白质含量和氨基酸总量有下降趋势,蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,分别下降3．10％和5．49％,氨基酸中的色氨酸和组氨酸下降幅度最大,分别为17．19％-35．16％和10．81％-28．38％。     

土壤养分及棉花植株干物质量对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

通过田间小区试验研究不同大气CO2浓度对土壤养分及植株干物质量的影响.结果表明:正常大气CO2浓度(CK)下施氮降低了土壤pH值,C540、C720水平下,不施氮处理土壤pH值先降后升,施氮处理土壤pH值先升后降.随大气CO2浓度增加,土壤碱解氮增加;有机碳在不同土层表现出不同变化,0～20 cm土层呈现出下降趋势,20～40 cm土层先降后升.棉花地上部干物质量随大气CO2浓度升高而增加.CK水平下施用氮肥棉花根冠比减少,C540和C720并没有得出一致性结果.